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Muscle Area (muscle + area)
Kinds of Muscle Area Selected AbstractsImpaired nutritional status in common variable immunodeficiency patients correlates with reduced levels of serum IgA and of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 6 2001M. Muscaritoli Background Common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) is a primary defect of the immune system. Infections, persistent diarrhoea and malabsorption may result in malnutrition, which may in turn contribute to increased morbidity. In this paper, the prevalence of malnutrition in CVI was evaluated. Patients and methods Forty CVI patients (20 male, 20 female, aged 17,75 years) underwent anthropometric measurements from which body mass index, arm fat and muscle area were calculated. Body mass index values <,18·5 and arm fat and muscle area values <,10th percentile were considered indicative of malnutrition. Patients were divided into four groups according to circulating CD4+ T cells (lower or greater than 300 µL,1) and serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels (detectable and undetectable). Results Body mass index <,18·5, arm fat and muscle area <,10th percentile were observed in 23%, 58% and 44%, respectively, of patients. Lower values of body mass index, arm fat and muscle area were more frequent in patients with low CD4+ cells and undetectable IgA. Low arm fat values were more frequent in patients with diarrhoea (P = 0·03). Infectious episodes were more frequent in undetectable IgA than in detectable IgA patients (P = 0·04). Conclusions Anthropometric measurements revealed an increased rate of malnutrition in CVI patients, particularly in those with low CD4+ and undetectable IgA, suggesting that selected CVI subjects could be considered for standard or specialized nutritional support. [source] Validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in Japanese elderly peopleGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2008Akiko Hagiwara Aim: In Japan, there are no valid and reliable physical activity questionnaires for elderly people. In this study, we translated the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) into Japanese and assessed its validity and reliability. Methods: Three hundred and twenty-five healthy and elderly subjects over 65 years were enrolled. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between PASE scores and an accelerometer (waking steps and energy expenditure), a physical activity questionnaire for adults in general (the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, JALSPAQ), grip strength, mid-thigh muscle area per bodyweight, static valance and bodyfat percentage. Reliability was evaluated by the test,retest method over a period of 3,4 weeks. Results: The mean PASE score in this study was 114.9. The PASE score was significantly correlated with walking steps (, = 0.17, P = 0.014), energy expenditure (, = 0.16, P = 0.024), activity measured with the JALSPAQ (, = 0.48, P < 0.001), mid-thigh muscle area per bodyweight (, = 0.15, P = 0.006) and static balance (, = 0.19, P = 0.001). The proportion of consistency in the response between the first and second surveys was adequately high. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the PASE score was 0.65. Conclusions: The Japanese version of PASE was shown to have acceptable validity and reliability. The PASE is useful to measure the physical activity of elderly people in Japan. [source] Do Muscle Mass, Muscle Density, Strength, and Physical Function Similarly Influence Risk of Hospitalization in Older Adults?JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2009Peggy Mannen Cawthon PhD OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between strength, function, lean mass, muscle density, and risk of hospitalization. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Two U.S. clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 70 to 80 (N=3,011) from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. MEASUREMENTS: Measurements were of grip strength, knee extension strength, lean mass, walking speed, and chair stand pace. Thigh computed tomography scans assessed muscle area and density (a proxy for muscle fat infiltration). Hospitalizations were confirmed by local review of medical records. Negative binomial regression models estimated incident rate ratios (IRRs) of hospitalization for race- and sex-specific quartiles of each muscle and function parameter separately. Multivariate models adjusted for age, body mass index, health status, and coexisting medical conditions. RESULTS: During an average 4.7 years of follow-up, 1,678 (55.7%) participants experienced one or more hospitalizations. Participants in the lowest quartile of muscle density were more likely to be subsequently hospitalized (multivariate IRR=1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.24,1.73) than those in the highest quartile. Similarly, participants with the weakest grip strength were at greater risk of hospitalization (multivariate IRR=1.52, 95% CI=1.30,1.78, Q1 vs. Q4). Comparable results were seen for knee strength, walking pace, and chair stands pace. Lean mass and muscle area were not associated with risk of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Weak strength, poor function, and low muscle density, but not muscle size or lean mass, were associated with greater risk of hospitalization. Interventions to reduce the disease burden associated with sarcopenia should focus on increasing muscle strength and improving physical function rather than simply increasing lean mass. [source] Adrenarche and Bone Modeling and Remodeling at the Proximal Radius: Weak Androgens Make Stronger Cortical Bone in Healthy Children,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 8 2003Thomas Remer Abstract Adrenarche, the physiological increase in adrenal androgen secretion, may contribute to better bone status. Proximal radial bone and 24-h urinary steroid hormones were analyzed cross-sectionally in 205 healthy children and adolescents. Positive adrenarchal effects on radial diaphyseal bone were observed. Obviously, adrenarche is one determinant of bone mineral status in children. Introduction: Increased bone mass has been reported in several conditions with supraphysiological adrenal androgen secretion during growth. However, no data are available for normal children. Therefore, our aim was to examine whether adrenal androgens within their physiological ranges may be involved in the strengthening of diaphyseal bone during growth. Methods: Periosteal circumference (PC), cortical density, cortical area, bone mineral content, bone strength strain index (SSI), and forearm cross-sectional muscle area were determined with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at the proximal radial diaphysis in healthy children and adolescents. All subjects, aged 6,18 years, who collected a 24-h urine sample around the time of their pQCT analysis (100 boys, 105 girls), were included in the present study, and major urinary glucocorticoid (C21) and androgen (C19) metabolites were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results and Conclusions: We found a significant influence of muscularity, but not of hormones, on periosteal modeling (PC) before the appearance of pubic hair (prepubarche). Similarly, no influence of total cortisol secretion (C21) was seen on the other bone variables. However, positive effects of C19 on cortical density (p < 0.01), cortical area (p < 0.001), bone mineral content (p < 0.001), and SSI (p < 0.001),reflecting, at least in part, reduction in intracortical remodeling,were observed in prepubarchal children after muscularity or age had been adjusted for. This early adrenarchal contribution to proximal radial diaphyseal bone strength was further confirmed for all cortical variables (except PC) when, instead of C19 and C21, specific dehydroepiandrosterone metabolites were included as independent variables in the multiple regression model. During development of pubic hair (pubarche), muscularity and pubertal stage rather than adrenarchal hormones seemed to influence bone variables. Our study shows that especially the prepubarchal increase in adrenal androgen secretion plays an independent role in the accretion of proximal radial diaphyseal bone strength in healthy children. [source] Body composition in older orthopaedic rehabilitation inpatients: Are field methods valid?NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 3 2010Alison YAXLEY Abstract Aim:, The assessment of body composition is an important aspect of the determination of nutritional health. This cross-sectional measurement study aimed to assess the relative validity of a range of field techniques for the measurement of body composition in a sample of older orthopaedic inpatients participating in rehabilitation. Methods:, Assessment of percent fat-free mass of 31 adults, aged 65 years and over, was conducted under fasting conditions by two types of bioelectrical impedance analysis (multi-frequency and single frequency,using manufacturer's pre-programmed prediction equation) and compared with percent fat-free mass estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, a reference technique. Data from multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis were also used to calculate percent fat-free mass from the prediction equation of Dey et al. for comparison. Skeletal muscle mass was derived from assessment of corrected arm muscle area and compared with skeletal muscle mass from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to determine the level of agreement between each field technique and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results:, Mean bias and limits of agreement between single frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were ,5.7% (,24.0, 12.6), between multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (manufacturer's pre-programmed prediction equation) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were 1.4% (,13.4, 16.1), between multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (Dey et al. prediction equation) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry were ,5.0% (,16.6, 6.6) and between skeletal muscle mass as derived from assessment of corrected arm muscle area and skeletal muscle mass from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis ,0.97 kg (,8.37, 6.43). Conclusion:, None of the methods assessed are clinically acceptable for assessment of body composition in older orthopaedic rehabilitation patients; however, estimation of skeletal muscle mass, as derived from corrected arm muscle area, is likely to be of more use in the clinical setting as there is no requirement for patients to be fasted. [source] Malnutrition and neutropenia in children treated for Burkitt lymphoma in MalawiPEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 1 2009Trijn Israëls MD Abstract Background Infection in neutropenic children is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children treated for cancer. In developing countries, children with cancer are often malnourished at diagnosis. In Blantyre, Malawi, children with Burkitt lymphoma are treated with a local protocol with limited toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and outcome of febrile neutropenia during this treatment and the association with malnutrition at diagnosis. Methods We documented nutritional status, febrile and/or neutropenic episodes, antibiotic therapy and short term outcome of all children with Burkitt lymphoma treated according to the local protocol and admitted from January 2007 to March 2008. Results Fifty eight (69%) of 84 patients were acutely malnourished at diagnosis with an arm muscle area (AMA) below the 5th percentile. Malnutrition at diagnosis was associated with a significantly higher rate of profound neutropenia. This association remained significant (OR 12; 95% C.I. 1.5 - infinitely; P,=,0.012) after control for clinical stage of disease, bone marrow involvement and HIV infection which are possible confounders. All patients with profound neutropenia, prolonged neutropenia and treatment related deaths were malnourished at diagnosis. Four (4.9%) of 81 patients died of treatment related causes; three of them due to a Gram negative septicaemia. Conclusion Acute malnutrition at diagnosis is associated with significantly more treatment related profound neutropenia. The intensity of chemotherapeutic regimens has to be adapted to the level of available supportive care and patients' nutritional status and tolerance to avoid unacceptable morbidity and mortality. This local treatment protocol for Burkitt lymphoma has a treatment related mortality of 5% in patients in Malawi. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:47,52. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Offspring from endogamic vs. exogamic matings: Absence of anthropometric differences among Sardinian children (Italy)AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010E. Sanna This study evaluates possible differences in body dimensions among children from matings of different exogamy levels. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 867 children, 435 males, and 432 females, 6,10 years old, attending elementary schools in the metropolitan area of Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia (Italy). The children were divided into two groups according to the level of exogamy. The first group consisted of children of parents born in the same Sardinian municipality and was considered endogamous sensu stricto. The second group included children of parents born in municipalities from different Sardinian linguistic domains and was considered exogamous. The Mann,Whitney test did not reveal significant differences between the two groups of children in the mean rank values of the 36 anthropometric variables considered, with the exception of cephalic circumference in males and chest depth in females. In particular, there were no significant differences for anthropometric variables considered to be indirect indicators of nutritional status: sum of skinfolds, waist/hip ratio, body mass index, total upper arm area, upper arm muscle area, and upper arm fat area. The results indicate that Sardinian children from marriages of different exogamy levels do not differ in body dimensions if they grow up with similar nutritional and socioeconomic conditions. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Nutritional status, body composition, and intestinal parasitism among the Mbyá-Guaraní communities of Misiones, ArgentinaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010M.L. Zonta Indigenous communities in Argentina represent socially and economically neglected populations. They are living in extreme poverty and environmental degradation conditions. New information about health status and socio-environmental features is urgently needed to be applied in future sanitary policies. Present study describes the nutritional status, body composition, and intestinal parasitism among Mbyá-Guaraní children from three communities in the Misiones Province. Anthropometric parameters were analized for 178 individuals (aged 1,14). Data were transformed to z -scores using NHANES I and II. Stunting showed the greatest prevalence (44.9%). Children were found to have low arm circumference and low arm muscle area, although with tricipital skinfold value near to the reference. They also tend to have shorter than normal lower limbs. Fecal samples and anal brushes (for Enterobius vermicularis) were collected in 45 children (aged 1,13). Ritchie's sedimentation and Willis' flotation techniques were used to determine parasitoses. Ninety five percent of children were infected with at least one species and 81.4% were polyparasitized. The higher prevalences corresponded to Blastocystis hominis, hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus), and Entamoeba coli. Associations occurred between hookworms with B. hominis/E. coli and B. hominis with nonpathogenic amoebas. Thirty nine percent of the children with stunting presented B. hominis, Strongyloides, and hookworms. Our results indicate that this indigenous population is subjected to extreme poverty conditions and is one of the most marginalized in this country. Severe growth stunting and parasitic infection are still quite common among Mbyá children affecting about half of them along with significant changes in body composition and proportions. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Impact of seasonal scarcity on energy balance and body composition in peasant adolescents from Calakmul, Campeche MexicoAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007José A. Alayón Gamboa A time allocation and anthropometric study were performed on 46 male and 38 female adolescents from 16 peasant households from two different adaptive strategies in the municipio of Calakmul, Campeche Mexico to see if they could maintain energy balance during the annual scarcity season. These strategies were called: "household subsistence agricultural strategy" (HSA) and "household commercial agricultural strategy" (HCA). Each month, from June 2001 to May 2002, adolescents were measured and followed for 24 h. Their activities were recorded at 15 min intervals. Weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A), body mass index (BMI), arm muscle area, arm fat area, total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were estimated and the data compared between seasons using a repeated measurements analysis of variance. The results suggest that HCA offers their adolescents better buffering against seasonal scarcity, and that HSA males are better protected than females. HCA adolescents didn't show significant losses of weight, and HCA females lost body fat during the scarcity season. HSA vulnerability was observed in W/A and BMI z score reductions during the scarcity season. It also reflected itself in stunted adolescent males and adolescent females with fewer fat reserves. HSA adolescents reduced their BMR to down regulate their energy expenditure during the scarcity season without reducing TEE and physical activity levels. HSA females lost muscle mass during the scarcity season while HSA males didn't. This difference was associated with a more demanding work schedule throughout the year for females. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A comparison of anthropometric indices of nutritional status in Tukanoan and Achuar AmerindiansAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Caley M. Orr Anthropometric data from a Tukanoan population in the Vaupes region of Colombia and an Achuar population in the Ecuadorian Amazon were compared relative to international references. The Tukanoans exploit an oligotrophic blackwater ecosystem, whereas the Achuar inhabit a resource rich montane ecosystem. Given this ecological distinction, three hypotheses regarding nutritional statuses were proposed: (1) Tukanoans are significantly shorter than the Achuar, indicating a greater degree of stunting; (2) Tukanoans are significantly leaner, indicating a greater degree of wasting; and (3) Tukanaons have significantly lower upper arm muscle area, indicating lower lean body mass. Z-scores for height, weight-for-height, and estimated upper arm muscle area were determined and significant nutritional stress was assumed at z , ,2.0. Between population differences in z-scores for height-for-age (ZHT), weight-for-height (ZWH), and upper arm muscle area (ZUMA) were examined using analysis of variance with a subsequent Scheffe's test. Between-group differences in the frequencies of individuals with low z-scores (z , ,2.0) were assessed via chi-squared analysis. Both populations showed stunting in most age groups, but neither showed low ZWH or ZUMA. Significant differences between populations were found only for ZHT in children (females 1.0,4.9 and 5.0,9.9 years, and males 5.0,9.9 years). Tukanoans have significantly higher frequencies of stunting in all age-sex groups except females and males age 30,49.9 years. There were no significant between-population differences in the frequencies of individuals with low ZWH or ZUMA. These differences in nutritional status may reflect differences in resource availability. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:301,309, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Testosterone, physical activity, and somatic outcomes among Filipino malesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Lee T. Gettler Abstract Testosterone (T) facilitates male investment in reproduction in part through its anabolic effects on skeletal muscle. Traits like muscle and strength are energetically costly but are believed to enhance competitive ability in humans and other mammals. However, there are limited data on relationships between T and somatic outcomes in lean, non-western populations. We evaluate relationships between waking and pre-bed salivary T and adiposity, fat-free mass (FFM), arm muscle area (AMA), and grip strength (GS) in a large, population-based birth cohort of young adult Filipino males (20.8,22.6 years, n = 872). Data were collected as part of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Neither waking nor evening T predicted FFM, AMA, or GS. However, there were borderline or significant interactions between T and basketball playing (the most common team sport) and weight lifting as predictors of outcomes: higher waking T predicted higher FFM (activity × T interaction P < 0.01), AMA (interaction P < 0.1), and GS (interaction P < 0.02) among frequent basketball players, and GS (interaction P < 0.09) among the smaller sample of weight lifters. In contrast to clinical studies, but consistent with findings in several subsistence-level populations, T was positively related to adiposity in these lean young males, suggesting that energy status might regulate circulating T. Our findings support a role of the prewaking rise in T as a determinant of energetic allocation to lean mass and strength in the context of repeated muscular use and support the hypothesized role of T as a mediator of investment in costly somatic traits in human males. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:590,599, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Striated muscle and nerve fascicle distribution in the female raturethral sphincterTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Ronald J. Kim Abstract The anatomical basis for urinary continence depends on a thorough understanding of the tissues in the urethra. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphology and neuroanatomy of urethral striated muscle, called the rhabdosphincter or external urethral sphincter, in normal female rats. Urethras from 12 female rats were dissected from the bladder, fixed, embedded in paraffin or epon, and sectioned every 1 mm. Striated muscle content was taken as the ratio of the striated muscle area to net urethral area. Nerve fascicles containing myelinated axons near the rhabdosphincter were counted and mapped. Both striated muscle content and number of nerve fascicles peak in the proximal third of the urethra, with a secondary peak at the distal end of the urethra. This secondary peak may correspond to an analog of the combined compressor urethrae/urethrovaginal sphincter located in the distal urethra in human. The rhabdosphincter has a variable distribution along the length of the urethra. In the middle and distal thirds of the urethra, the dorsal striated muscle fibers between the urethra and vagina become more sparse. The majority of nerve fascicles are contained in the lateral quadrants of the urethra, similar to the lateral distribution of somatic nerves in humans. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the normal distribution of the striated musculature and neuroanatomy in the urethra, with similarities to the human. It thus supports and extends the usefulness of the rat as an experimental model for studying urinary incontinence. Anat Rec 290:145,154, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Characterization of the porcine AMPK alpha 2 catalytic subunitgene (PRKAA2): genomic structure, polymorphism detection and association studyANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 2 2010L. Lin Summary AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), known as a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, plays an important role in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and protein synthesis in mammals. The characterization of porcine PRKAA2 encoding the alpha 2 catalytic subunit of AMPK is reported in this study. PRKAA2 was assigned to porcine chromosome 6q by analysis of radiation hybrids (IMpRH panel), and its genomic structure was determined by BAC sequencing. PRKAA2 spans more than 62 kb and consists of nine exons and eight introns. A total of 25 polymorphisms were identified by re-sequencing approximately 7 kb, including all the exons, exon,intron boundaries and 5, and 3, gene flanking regions using twelve founder animals of a Mangalitsa × Piétrain intercross. Neither of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in the coding region caused an amino acid substitution. Two SNPs (NM_214266.1: c.236+142A>G and NM_214266.1: c.630C>T) in PRKAA2 were genotyped in the Mangalitsa × Piétrain F2 cross (n = 589) and two commercial populations [Piétrain (n = 1173) and German Landrace (n = 536)] and evaluated for association with traits of interest (muscle development and fat deposition). Single SNP and haplotype analyses revealed weak associations between the PRKAA2 genotypes and loin muscle area in the investigated populations. [source] Identification of a 3.7-Mb region for a marbling QTL on bovine chromosome 4 by identical-by-descent and association analysisANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 6 2009K. Yokouchi Summary QTL mapping for growth and carcass traits was performed using a paternal half-sib family composed of 325 Japanese Black cattle offspring. Nine QTL were detected at the 1% chromosome-wise significance level at a false discovery rate of less than 0.1. These included two QTL for marbling on BTA 4 and 18, two QTL for carcass weight on BTA 14 and 24, two QTL for longissimus muscle area on BTA 1 and 4, two QTL for subcutaneous fat thickness on BTA 1 and 15 and one QTL for rib thickness on BTA 6. Although the marbling QTL on BTA 4 has been replicated with significant linkages in two Japanese Black cattle sires, the three Q (more marbling) haplotypes, each inherited maternally, were apparently different. To compare the three Q haplotypes in more detail, high-density microsatellite markers for the overlapping regions were developed within the 95% CIs (65 markers in 44,78 cM). A detailed haplotype comparison indicated that a small region (<3.7 Mb) around 46 cM was shared between the Qs of the two sires, whose dams were related. An association of this region with marbling was shown by a regression analysis using the local population, in which the two sires were produced and this was confirmed by an association study using a population collected throughout Japan. These results strongly suggest that the marbling QTL on BTA 4 is located in the 3.7-Mb region at around 46 cM. [source] The COL9A1 gene is associated with longissimus dorsi muscle area in the pigANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 5 2009B. Fan No abstract is available for this article. [source] Associations between the 11-bp deletion in the myostatin gene and carcass quality in Angus-sired cattleANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 1 2009J. L. Gill Summary An 11-bp deletion in the bovine myostatin (MSTN) gene was identified as the causative mutation for the double-muscling phenotype in Belgian Blue and Asturiana cattle. More recently, this mutation was also identified in the South Devon breed of cattle, in which it has been found to be associated with a general increase in muscle mass. The present study found that the mutant allele was also segregating in a commercial population of Scottish Aberdeen Angus beef cattle. The mutation was found at a low frequency (0.04) with no animals homozygous for the mutation in the sample population (536 animals). The effects of this mutation on various carcass traits of economic interest were then tested. We found that the mutation significantly increased carcass weight, sirloin weight, hindquarter weight, muscle conformation score and eye muscle area, but had no effect on the fat traits. [source] Effect of myostatin F94L on carcass yield in cattleANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 5 2007G. S. Sellick Summary In this study, a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for meat percentage, eye muscle area (EMA) and silverside percentage was found on cattle chromosome 2 at 0,15 cM, a region containing the positional candidate gene growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), which has the common alias myostatin (MSTN). Loss-of-function mutations in the MSTN gene are known to cause an extreme ,double muscling' phenotype in cattle. In this study, highly significant associations of MSTN with cattle carcass traits were found using maternally inherited MSTN haplotypes from outbred Limousin and Jersey cattle in a linkage disequilibrium analysis. A previously reported transversion in MSTN (AF320998.1:g.433C>A), resulting in the amino acid substitution of phenylalanine by leucine at position 94 of the protein sequence (F94L), was the only polymorphism consistently related to increased muscling. Overall, the size of the g.433C>A additive effect on carcass traits was moderately large, with the g.433A allele found to be associated with a 5.5% increase in silverside percentage and EMA and a 2.3% increase in total meat percentage relative to the g.433C allele. The phenotypic effects of the g.433A allele were partially recessive. This study provides strong evidence that a MSTN genotype can produce an intermediate, non-double muscling phenotype, which should be of significant value for beef cattle producers. [source] An insertion/deletion variant of a thymine base in exon 2 of the porcine beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene associated with loin eye muscle areaANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Kensuke HIROSE ABSTRACT An insertion/deletion variant of a thymine base (T5 and T6) in exon 2 of porcine beta 3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene has been described. In the current study, we made an association study between the ADRB3 polymorphisms and production traits in 735 Duroc pigs. The allele frequencies for the T5 and T6 alleles in our study population were 0.433 and 0.567, respectively. Any associations between ADRB3 genotype and average daily weight gain during test period, or backfat thickness and intramuscular fat content were not detected in either sex. However the size of the loin eye muscle area (EMA) was significantly associated with ADRB3 genotypes in gilts. T6-homozygous gilts had a higher mean of EMA (40.6 ± 0.6 cm2) than T5-homozygous (38.1 ± 0.4 cm2, P = 0.002) and heterozygous (38.8 ± 0.3 cm2, P = 0.034) gilts. This association was not detected in males. In addition, a multiple traits animal model best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) analysis revealed that the T6-homozygous genotype had positive effects on breeding value of EMA. Accordingly, we suggest that ADRB3 polymorphism has the potential to be an important genetic marker for prediction of EMA in Duroc pigs. [source] The upper arm muscle and fat area of Santal children: an evaluation of nutritional statusACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2009Sutanu Dutta Chowdhury Abstract Aims: The purpose of this study is to determine the growth pattern of upper arm muscle area (UAMA), upper arm fat area (UAFA) and upper arm muscle area by height (UAMAH) and assessment of magnitude of undernutrition on the basis of these parameters in Santal children. Methods: UAMA and UAFA of 890 (473 boys and 417 girls) Santal children aged 5,12 years were calculated from mid-upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold. Results: Growth curves of UAFA-for-age and UAMA by height in Santal boys and girls are placed at lower level of reference curve indicating severe undernutrition. The growth curves of UAMA-for-age in Santal children of both sexes do not indicate severe undermutrition. 17.13% Santal boys and 20.63% girls were truly undernourished on the basis of three Z-scores of height-for-age, weight-for-height and UAMAH of each subject. Santal children have more UAMA and less UAFA compared to similar undernourished children of Sugalis. Conclusion: Growth curves of UAFA-for-age and UAMA by height are good indicators of nutritional status in Santal children. UAMA and UAFA may not be similarly affected in undernourished children of every community. A comprehensive approach to identify the truly undernourished child has been suggested from this study. [source] Porcine ESTs detected by differential display representing possible candidates for the trait ,eye muscle area'JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 1 2000By S. Ponsuksili In order to identify ESTs which represent possible candidates for carcass traits in pigs, the differential display approach was used. F2 animals of a resource population and pure-bred German Landrace (DL) pigs were selected for the trait ,eye muscle area' in order to build up groups of three high and three low performing individuals within each population. To increase the probability that differentially expressed DNA fragments were not found due to the genetic background but due to differences in a few genes affecting the trait of interest, siblings were included in the high and in the low performing groups. RNA was isolated from M. longissimus dorsi and four ,intra-litter constrasting pools' were prepared: high performing F2, low performing F2, high performing DL and low performing DL. Differential display banding patterns were produced using (d)T11VA (V:A,C,G) and 20 arbitrary primers. Comparing the banding patterns of the four RNA pools revealed 27 nonshared bands. Here we report on the analysis of seven of these bands, including sequencing, search for homology and mapping using a somatic cell hybrid panel. Two clones showed high homology to known genes, two were homologous to an EST and a SINE sequence. Three clones did not show any homology. Differential expression was tested by semiquantitative reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction (RT,PCR) and could be confirmed for six clones. [source] Differential activity patterns in the masseter muscle under simulated clenching and grinding forcesJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 8 2005H. J. SCHINDLER summary, The aim of this study was to investigate (i) whether the masseter muscle shows differential activation under experimental conditions which simulate force generation during clenching and grinding activities; and (ii) whether there are (a) preferentially active muscle regions or (b) force directions which show enhanced muscle activation. To answer these questions, the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the right masseter muscle was recorded with five intramuscular electrodes placed in two deep muscle areas and in three surface regions. Intraoral force transfer and force measurement were achieved by a central bearing pin device equipped with three strain gauges (SG). The activity distribution in the muscle was recorded in four different mandibular positions (central, left, right, anterior). In each position, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was exerted in vertical, posterior, anterior, medial and lateral directions. The investigated muscle regions showed different amount of EMG activity. The relative intensity of the activation, with respect to other regions, changed depending on the task. In other words, the muscle regions demonstrated heterogeneous changes of the EMG pattern for the various motor tasks. The resultant force vectors demonstrated similar amounts in all horizontal bite directions. Protrusive force directions revealed the highest relative activation of the masseter muscle. The posterior deep muscle region seemed to be the most active compartment during the different motor tasks. The results indicate a heterogeneous activation of the masseter muscle under test conditions simulating force generation during clenching and grinding. Protrusively directed bite forces were accompanied by the highest activation in the muscle, with the posterior deep region as the most active area. [source] Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Guaraní-Mbyá from Misiones, ArgentinaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Alicia B. Orden The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the fat distribution pattern in Mbyá-Guaraní children and adults from Misiones, Argentina. Height, weight, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured in 197 individuals aged 2,60 years. Body mass index (BMI), fat and muscle areas, and subscapular/tricipital index were calculated. All data were transformed to z-scores using US references (NHANES I and II). Overweight and obesity were defined as BMIs between the 85th,95th or above the 95th percentile, respectively. Compared to NHANES references, the Mbyá were shorter and lighter, although their BMI was slightly higher. There were no substantial differences in body composition (fat and muscle) between the Mbyá and the reference. Prevalences of overweight and obesity reached (on average) 16.2 and 14.7%, respectively, and were similar in both sexes. Stunting was higher in females than in males (49.6 vs. 33.3%). Sixty percent of overweight and obese subjects showed a centralized adiposity pattern, and 49% had a high risk for abdominal adiposity. The present results provide new evidence of a striking increase in obesity rates in Amerindians as a part of the process of nutritional transition. The contribution of each component of energy balance, physical activity, and lifestyle could play an important role in this observed tendency, justifying further research in these transitional populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:590,599, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||