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Morphometric Parameters (morphometric + parameter)
Selected AbstractsChanges in capillary luminal diameter in rat soleus muscle after hind-limb suspensionACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2000Kano This study examined the time course change of the capillary luminal diameter and the number of capillaries in the rat soleus muscle during hind-limb suspension. Male Wistar rats were divided into 1 and 3 weeks of hind-limb suspension (HS) groups (HS-1 and HS-3). The HS groups were compared with age-matched control groups. All morphometric parameters with respect to capillary and muscle fibre cross-sectional area were determined in perfusion-fixed soleus muscles. After 1 and 3 weeks of hind-limb suspension, the mean muscle fibre cross-sectional area was significantly decreased in HS-1 (,32.0%) and HS-3 (,59.3%) compared with age-matched control groups. Despite a lower capillary-to-fibre ratio (HS-1, ,19.3%; HS-3, ,21.2%), the capillary density was unchanged in HS-1 and significantly increased in HS-3 compared with age-matched control groups. The mean capillary luminal diameter was significantly smaller in HS-1 (,19.9%) and HS-3 (,21.9%) than in the age-matched control groups. The capillary-to-fibre perimeter ratio which indicates the capillary surface area available for gas exchange between blood and tissue did not significantly differ between control groups and HS groups. In conclusion, the morphometrical adaptations in rat soleus with the suspension involved changes in both the capillary luminal diameter and number of capillaries, and the change in capillary surface area was proportional to the degree of muscle atrophy in HS groups. [source] Inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptor type B synthesis blocks axogenic effect of estradiol on rat hypothalamic neurones in vitroEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 2 2004V. I. Brito Abstract 17-,-estradiol (E2) increases axonal growth and tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk)B levels of male-derived hypothalamic neurones in vitro. To investigate whether the axogenic response depends on the upregulation of TrkB, we analysed neuritic growth and neuronal polarization in cultures treated with an antisense oligonucleotide against TrkB mRNA. In cultures without E2, treatment with 7.5 or 10 µm antisense reduced TrkB levels and the percentage of neurones showing an identifiable axon; the number and length of minor processes were increased. In cultures treated with 5 µm antisense, morphometric parameters were normal although total TrkB levels were reduced. The same dose prevented the E2-dependent increase of TrkB levels and suppressed the axogenic effect of E2. These results indicate that TrkB is necessary for normal neuronal growth and maturation and further suggest that an increase in TrkB is necessary for E2 to exert its axogenic effect in male-derived neurones. [source] Use of the Sperm-Class Analyser® for objective assessment of human sperm morphologyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, Issue 5 2003C. Soler Summary The Sperm-Class Analyser® was validated for assessing morphometric parameters of the head and midpiece of unwashed and washed human ejaculated spermatozoa from volunteers providing a wide range of semen quality. A higher proportion of sperm could be assessed (86% fresh semen and 75% washed sperm) if Hemacolor staining was used rather than DiffQuik (80 and 73%) or Papanicolaou (78 and 68%). Different stains employed different fixatives and the area, length, width and perimeter of the sperm head was significantly larger for washed sperm stained by Hemacolor and DiffQuik. Acrosomal area ranged from 48 to 51% of the sperm head area and this percentage was larger for washed sperm stained with DiffQuik. Sperm at the end of the slide, distant from the initial semen droplet, were larger in area and perimeter than those at that site or in the middle. The high precision and reproducibility of the equipment required assessing only 50 sperm on the slide. Far greater variation was found in head width, relative acrosomal area and midpiece width between different slides prepared from the same ejaculate, highlighting the inherent variability within the ejaculate and smear preparation, and requiring more than one slide to be assessed. [source] Effect of IL-2-Bax, a novel interleukin-2-receptor-targeted chimeric protein, on bleomycin lung injury,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Michael J. Segel Summary The role of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis is not clear, but the weight of the evidence supports a pro-fibrotic effect for lymphocytes. The high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor (haIL-2R) is expressed on activated, but not quiescent, T lymphocytes. This selective expression of haIL-2R provides the basis for therapeutic strategies that target IL-2R-expressing cells. We hypothesized that elimination of activated lymphocytes by IL-2R-targeted chimeric proteins might ameliorate lung fibrosis. We investigated the effects of IL-2-Bax, a novel apoptosis-inducing IL-2R-targeted chimeric protein, on bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. Treatment groups included (i) a single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin and twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of IL-2-Bax; (ii) intratracheal bleomycin and intraperitoneal IL-2-PE664Glu, an older-generation chimeric protein; (iii) intratracheal bleomycin/intraperitoneal PBS; (iv) intratracheal saline/intraperitoneal PBS. Lung injury was evaluated 14 days after intratracheal instillation by cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, semi-quantitative and quantitative histomorphological measurements and by biochemical analysis of lung hydroxyproline. Bleomycin induced a BAL lymphocytosis that was significantly attenuated by IL-2-Bax and IL-2-PE664Glu. However, morphometric parameters and lung hydroxyproline were unaffected by the chimeric proteins. These results show that IL-2-Bax reduces the lymphocytic infiltration of the lungs in response to bleomycin, but this effect is not accompanied by a decrease in lung fibrosis. [source] Assessment of bronchial wall thickness and lumen diameter in human adults using multi-detector computed tomography: comparison with theoretical modelsJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 5 2007M. Montaudon Abstract A thickened bronchial wall is the morphological substratum of most diseases of the airway. Theoretical and clinical models of bronchial morphometry have so far focused on bronchial lumen diameter, and bronchial length and angles, mainly assessed from bronchial casts. However, these models do not provide information on bronchial wall thickness. This paper reports in vivo values of cross-sectional wall area, lumen area, wall thickness and lumen diameter in ten healthy subjects as assessed by multi-detector computed tomography. A validated dedicated software package was used to measure these morphometric parameters up to the 14th bronchial generation, with respect to Weibel's model of bronchial morphometry, and up to the 12th according to Boyden's classification. Measured lumen diameters and homothety ratios were compared with theoretical values obtained from previously published studies, and no difference was found when considering dichotomic division of the bronchial tree. Mean wall area, lumen area, wall thickness and lumen diameter were then provided according to bronchial generation order, and mean homothety ratios were computed for wall area, lumen area and wall thickness as well as equations giving the mean value of each parameter for a given bronchial generation with respect to its value in generation 0 (trachea). Multi-detector computed tomography measurements of bronchial morphometric parameters may help to improve our knowledge of bronchial anatomy in vivo, our understanding of the pathophysiology of bronchial diseases and the evaluation of pharmacological effects on the bronchial wall. [source] Biochemical and morphometric parameters as indicators of sex and gonadal stages in maturing Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicusJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2006R. Malekzadeh Viayeh First page of article [source] Morphometric and hormonal changes during the Chimpanzee menstrual cycleJOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Ivo H. Machatschke Abstract Background, Sex steroids affect many peripheral tissue sites in female mammals. Receptors for these hormones have been found in skin, fat, and bone. In women, these tissues can show morphological changes during the menstrual cycle that may be directly related to steroid secretion. Methods The present study was done on chimpanzees to document morphometric markers associated with these tissues (anogenital swelling volume, skin fold thickness as indicator of subcutaneous fat, bony diameters of mandible, wrist, and elbow) and to compare them with cyclic patterns of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, gonadotropins, and prolactin. Results, Swelling volume changed significantly over the menstrual cycle. All other morphometric parameters showed variation without statistical significance. Skin folds were thickest during the luteal phase. Bony diameters displayed similar but less distinctive changes. Testosterone correlated positively with diameter sites, inversely with subcutaneous fat. No relationships with either estradiol or progesterone were found. We assume that subcutaneous fat and morphometric bone parameters exhibit cycle-dependent changes that may be caused by changes in steroid secretion. [source] Morphological specializations of baleen whales associated with hydrodynamic performance and ecological nicheJOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY, Issue 11 2006Becky L. Woodward Abstract Feeding behavior, prey type, and habitat appear to be associated with the morphological design of body, fluke, and flippers in baleen whales. Morphometric data from whaling records and recent stranding events were compiled, and morphometric parameters describing the body length, and fluke and flipper dimensions for an "average" blue whale Balaenoptera musculus, humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae, gray whale Eschrichtius robustus, and right whale Eubalaena glacialis were determined. Body mass, body volume, body surface area, and fluke and flipper surface areas were estimated. The resultant morphological configurations lent themselves to the following classifications based on hydrodynamic principles: fast cruiser, slow cruiser, fast maneuverer, and slow maneuverer. Blue whales have highly streamlined bodies with small, high aspect ratio flippers and flukes for fast efficient cruising in the open ocean. On the other hand, the rotund right whale has large, high aspect ratio flukes for efficient slow speed cruising that is optimal for their continuous filter feeding technique. Humpbacks have large, high aspect ratio flippers and a large, low aspect ratio tail for quick acceleration and high-speed maneuvering which would help them catch their elusive prey, while gray whales have large, low aspect ratio flippers and flukes for enhanced low-speed maneuvering in complex coastal water habitats. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effect of palate covering on bolus-propulsion time and its contributory factorsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2006Y. KODAIRA summary, The aim of this study was first to investigate whether the covering of the palatal mucosa with a denture base affects or not the bolus-propulsion time, and second if there was such an effect then investigate the possible contributory factors which have influence on the propulsion time. The propulsion time was measured in 21 young normal edentulous subjects under five different conditions: a complete palatal covering, non-covered palate, anterior palatal covering, posterior palatal covering and surface anaesthetized palate. As possible contributory factors palatal morphometric parameters, as well as tongue pressure were also measured. The data were analysed on the following way: changes when the palate was complete covered and non-covered, effects of sensation reduction after topic anaesthesia, effects of differences in the covering site, effects of palatal morphometric parameters and effects of tongue pressure. Ten subjects exhibited significant differences in the propulsion time when comparing the data between the complete palatal covering and the non-covered palate condition (change group). Eleven subjects did not show changes (unchanged group). Effects in the propulsion time were also recognized with posterior palatal covering-palate and superficially anaesthetized palate. With regard to the tongue pressure, significant differences during swallowing were observed. These results indicated that the bolus propulsion time into the oropharynx was affected by the palatal covering in some subjects. Moreover, the sensation in the posterior region of the hard palate, as well as the tongue pressure were also factors which affected the propulsion time during swallowing. [source] Phenotypical characterization of indigenous freshwater crayfish populationsJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 2 2007D. Sint Abstract The morphology of an animal is known to reflect both genetic variation and adaptation to the environment. Thus, phenotypic criteria have been used to characterize indigenous crayfish populations. Twenty-one morphometric parameters were measured on crayfish from 25 waterbodies in the Austrian and Italian parts of Tyrol. They were analysed with hierarchical cluster analysis to obtain the population structure based on morphological similarity between and within the freshwater crayfish species Astacus astacus (noble crayfish), Austropotamobius torrentium (stone crayfish) and Austropotamobius pallipes (white-clawed crayfish). Furthermore, a stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to the morphometric data to test their differentiating power between populations. Both analyses resulted in a clear differentiation of species and populations, and reflected geographic separations. Thus, the developed morphometric methods were shown to be applicable to characterize the phenotype in freshwater crayfish and seem appropriate to be used for stock identification and the effective characterization of management units in decapod crustaceans. [source] Morphologic and morphometric analyses of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats after treatment with enemas from Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. (Aroeira do Sertăo)PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002Lusmar Veras Rodrigues Abstract The present work showed the effects of Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All., popularly known as ,aroeira' (AE), in the form of enemas prepared from the stem bark, on several morphologic and morphometric parameters after acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Enemas from 5-ASA were used as standard while the vehicle, carboxymethylcellulose, was used as a control. The results of the morphological evaluation showed that on day 1 acetic acid produced significantly more necrosis in the groups treated with AE (10% and 20%) or 5-ASA than the controls. However, on day 60, there were more caliciform and absorptive cells in the treated groups compared with the controls. A significantly higher number of eosinophil and mononuclear cells and also collagen deposition in the controls compared with the treated groups were observed on day 60. However, a higher number of polymorphonuclear cells was detected on day 60 only in the AE treated group but not in the 5-ASA group. These data indicate that animals treated with AE or 5-ASA showed complete epithelial tissue regeneration, while in the controls chronic inflammatory exudate persisted and tissue regeneration occurred through fibrosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Trabecular bone structure in the mandibular condyles of gouging and nongouging platyrrhine primatesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Timothy M. Ryan Abstract The relationship between mandibular form and biomechanical function is a topic of significant interest to morphologists and paleontologists alike. Several previous studies have examined the morphology of the mandible in gouging and nongouging primates as a means of understanding the anatomical correlates of this feeding behavior. The goal of the current study was to quantify the trabecular bone structure of the mandibular condyle of gouging and nongouging primates to assess the functional morphology of the jaw in these animals. High-resolution computed tomography scan data were collected from the mandibles of five adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), respectively, and various three-dimensional morphometric parameters were measured from the condylar trabecular bone. No significant differences were found among the taxa for most trabecular bone structural features. Importantly, no mechanically significant parameters, such as bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy, were found to vary significantly between gouging and nongouging primates. The lack of significant differences in mechanically relevant structural parameters among these three platyrrhine taxa may suggest that gouging as a habitual dietary behavior does not involve significantly higher loads on the mandibular condyle than other masticatory behaviors. Alternatively, the similarities in trabecular architecture across these three taxa may indicate that trabecular bone is relatively unimportant mechanically in the condyle of these primates and therefore is functionally uninformative. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Influence of Sample Preparation, Staining Procedure and Analysis Conditions on Bull Sperm Head Morphometry using the Morphology Analyser Integrated Visual Optical SystemREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 5 2001A Boersma The importance of standardizing the procedures of sample and slide preparation for computer-assisted morphologic analysis has been emphasized in human and veterinary andrology. The purpose of this study was to optimize slide preparation (dilution grade and sperm washing), staining procedures and analysis conditions (colour of light source and objective magnification) for the morphometric analysis of bull spermatozoa using the Hamilton Thorne morphology analyzer integrated visual optical system (IVOS). For experiment 1, one ejaculate was collected from one bull and diluted to 200 000,300 000 spermatozoa/,l. Slides were prepared and stained using seven different procedures: rapid Papanicolaou (PAP), rapid Papanicolaou with prolonged staining times (PAP+), Diff-Quik (DIF), haematoxylin (HEM), Farelly (FAR), Spermac (SPER) and the modified GZIN (MGZIN) staining. All slides were analysed using a Hamilton Thorne Morphology Analyser IVOS equipped alternatively with a red, green or blue light source, and a 40× or 100× oil immersion objective. Recognition and digitization errors as well as morphometric parameters were determined. The IVOS was unable to detect DIF-stained spermatozoa. The GZIN and the SPER staining as well as the blue light source led to unsatisfactory results. Among the staining methods examined, the FAR, HEM, PAP+, and PAP staining, preferably in combination with the green light source, and the 40× objective yielded optimal results concerning sperm recognition and digitization. The 100× objective did not allow reliable analysis of the sperm heads because of a frequently appearing digitization error. For experiment 2, three ejaculates were collected from each of three bulls and diluted to five dilution grades (100 000,500 000 spermatozoa/,l). An aliquot of each dilution grade was washed additionally. The percentage of correctly digitized sperm heads decreased with increasing spermatozoal concentration. However, the evaluation speed increased. The range of 200 000,300 000 spermatozoa/,l appeared to be a reasonable compromise for both criteria. Sperm washing failed to further improve the analysis results. Sperm head dimensions were influenced significantly by all variations of the methods in both experiments. In conclusion, using the proposed methods, the IVOS allows precise and reliable morphometric analyses of bull spermatozoa. The consistent application of these procedures may lead to an inter-laboratory standardization and to further establishment of generally accepted morphometric criteria used in human andrology (e.g. World Health Organisation or strict criteria). [source] Morphological and Morphometric Changes of Pituitary Lactotrophs of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) in Relation to Reproductive Cycle, Age, and SexTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Verónica Filippa Abstract Lactotrophs in pituitary pars distalis (PD) of viscacha were studied by immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis in the following groups: 1) adult males throughout the reproductive cycle (reproductive, gonadal regression, and recovery periods), 2) melatonin-treated adults, 3) castrated adults, 4) prepubertal, 5) non-pregnant females, and 6) pregnant females (early, mid, and late pregnancy). Immunopositive percentage area (%IA), cell percentage in PD (% PDC), number of cells per reference area (no.cell/RA), major cellular and nuclear diameters were analyzed. Lactotrophs were mainly localized in the ventro,medial region and the caudal extreme of PD. In the male viscachas, they were isolated in small and big groups, close to blood vessels and near follicles. These cells were pleomorphic and with a heterogeneous cytoplasmic immunolabeling pattern. In the adult males of the gonadal regression period the morphometric parameters were the lowest. Most parameters of lactotrophs in the prepubertal were significantly lower than in the adult males in the reproductive period. In the melatonin-treated animals and in castrated animals there was a decrease in %IA, %PDC, and no.cell/RA. In the females, the morphometric parameters increased at the end of pregnancy. Non-pregnant females exhibited a higher immunopositive area and number, but a smaller size of cells than males. Our results showed that in the adult male viscacha, lactotrophs vary seasonally, probably due to the photoperiod effect through melatonin. Besides the changes observed after castration, in prepubertal animals, in adults of different sex, and during pregnancy suggest that the gonadal steroid hormones might modify the lactotrophs activity. Anat Rec, 293:150,161, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Double Aortic Arch in a Dog (Canis Familiaris): a Case ReportANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 6 2001C. Ricardo We herein report a case of a double aortic arch in a 10-week-old male dog of no defined race, which presented episodes of regurgitation at the time of weaning. This vascular malformation was characterized by the persistence of two aortic arches, right and left, of varying dimensions. The right aortic arch was observed to be larger. During post mortem examination the vessels of the animal were injected with coloured latex bi-centrifuged CIS I-4 polisopreno which revealed the patency of the two aortic arches. Concomitantly, dilation of the cranial oesophagus causing constriction was observed, indicating megaesophagus. Apart from the constriction, the oesophagus presented normal morphometric parameters in relation to its dimensions. [source] | |||||||||||||