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Monterey Pine (monterey + pine)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Life Sciences	75%

Selected Abstracts

The role of olfactory stimuli in the location of weakened hosts by twig-infesting Pityophthorus spp.

ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2001
Pierluigi Bonello
Summary 1. Senescing, shade-suppressed, or broken branches of Monterey pine Pinus radiata are infested by twig beetles in the genus Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The studies reported here tested whether twig beetles can discriminate between healthy and pitch canker-diseased branches, whether diseased branch tips produce more ethylene than undamaged controls, and whether ethylene and other volatiles, produced by the plant in response to tissue damage, are utilised by twig beetles in host location. 2. Significantly greater numbers of twig beetles were reared from pitch canker-symptomatic than from pitch canker-asymptomatic branches of Monterey pine collected in the field. 3. Needles of Monterey pine branches inoculated with the pitch canker fungal pathogen Fusarium circinatum produced significantly higher levels of ethylene than needles of control branches, and this was evident just prior to, and during, symptom expression. 4. In trapping studies in which pheromone production was prevented, there was no evidence of attraction of twig beetles to a source of ethylene alone, to cut host branches, or to cut branches treated with the ethylene-releasing compound, ethephon. The results suggest that twig beetles identify weakened branches after landing. [source]

Systemic induced resistance in Monterey pine

FOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2001
Bonello
The pathogenic fungus Fusarium circinatum causes pitch canker of pines. This study shows that Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), one of the most economically important pine species in the world and the main host in California, responds to infection by Fusarium circinatum in a manner consistent with systemic induced resistance. Repeated mechanical inoculations of the same trees in the field produced progressively smaller lesions over a period of 2 years, with mean lesion length decreasing significantly from 2.89 ± 0.42 cm to 1.04 ± 0.17 cm. In the greenhouse, predisposing inoculations with the pathogen induced a significant lesion length reduction, from 5.5 ± 0.21 cm in control trees to 4.46 ± 0.36 cm in predisposed trees over a period of 6 weeks. Under constant environmental conditions in a growth chamber, predisposing inoculations also induced a significant reduction in lesion size, from 3.01 ± 0.15 cm to 2.55 ± 0.18 cm over a period of 4 weeks. This is the first unequivocal report of systemic induced resistance in a conifer. Résistance systémique induite chez le Pinus radiata Fusarium circinatum est l'agent causal du ,pitch canker' des pins. Le Pinus radiata est l'un des pins les plus importants économiquement dans le monde, et le principal hôte de la maladie en Californie. Cette étude montre que P. radiata réagit régulièrement à l'infection de Fusarium circinatum d'une façon qui peut être de la résistance systémique induite. Des inoculations mécaniques répétées sur de mêmes arbres en nature ont produit progressivement des lésions dont la taille diminuait au cours d'une période de deux ans; la longueur des lésions diminuait significativement de 2.89 ± 0.42 cm à 1.04 ± 0.17 cm. En serre, des inoculations de pré-conditionnement avec le parasite ont entraîné une réduction significative de la longueur des lésions, de 5.5 ± 0.21 cm chez les témoins à 4.46 ± 0.36 cm chez les arbres pré-conditionnés, au cours d'une période de six semaines. En conditions environnementales constantes en chambre climatique, les inoculations de pré-conditionnement ont aussi induit une réduction significative de la taille des lésions, de 3.01 ± 0.15 cm à 2.55 ± 0.18 cm, en une période de 4 semaines. Ceci est la première mention non équivoque d'une résistance systémique induite chez un conifère. Induzierte systemische Resistenz in Monterey-Kiefer Der pathogene Pilz Fusarium circinatum verursacht einen Krebs an Kiefern (pitch canker). Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Monterey-Kiefer (Pinus radiata), eine der ökonomisch wichtigsten Kiefernarten der Welt und Hauptwirt in Kalifornien, auf Infektionen durch Fusarium circinatum mit induzierter systemischer Resistenz reagiert. Wiederholte mechanische Inokulationen der gleichen Bäume im Feld führten zu zunehmend kleineren Läsionen über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von zwei Jahren. Die Länge der Läsionen nahm von 2.89 ± 0.42 cm auf 1.04 ± 0.17 cm signifikant ab. Im Gewächshaus bewirkten prädisponierende Inokulationen mit dem Pathogen eine signifikante Reduktion der Läsionslänge von 5.5 ± 0.21 cm in den Kontrollen auf 4.46 ± 0.36 cm in den prädisponierten Pflanzen über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von sechs Wochen. Prädisponierende Inokulationen bewirkten auch unter konstanten Umweltbedingungen in einer Klimakammer eine signifikante Abnahme der Läsionsgrösse von 3.01 ± 0.15 cm auf 2.55 ± 0.18 über eine Periode von vier Wochen. Es handelt sich hier um den ersten eindeutigen Nachweis von induzierter systemischer Resistenz bei einer Konifere. [source]

Bark beetle-mediated fungal infections of susceptible trees induce resistance to subsequent infections in a dose dependent manner

AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Nadir Erbilgin
Abstract 1,Experiments were conducted to determine whether propagule loads on the twig beetles Pityophthorus setosus and Pityophthorus carmeli (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) influence the pathogen infection of the host tree in the Monterey pine- Fusarium circinatum system. 2,On an average, F. circinatum was isolated from 2.6% and 3.3% of trapped P. setosus and P. carmeli, respectively, although the isolation percentages varied over the season, being highest in the spring and lowest in late summer and fall for both species. Mean pathogen load was 13.4 and 22.6 propagules per beetle, on P. setosus and P. carmeli, respectively, and decreased from May to November for both species. The pathogen was also isolated from approximately 55% of both beetle species that emerged from infected branches. Mean propagule load on emerged P. setosus and P. carmeli was 39 and 66.5, respectively. 3,On the basis of these data, beetle species were treated with one of three propagule loads (low, medium, high) and caged onto live branches to determine whether they could transmit the pathogen. At all propagule loads, both species transmitted the pathogen, and transmission percentage and lesion length, a measure of tree susceptibility, were positively correlated with propagule load. 4,To investigate further whether the previous transmission by beetles could affect response of the same trees to subsequent infection with F. circinatum, different branches were inoculated on the same trees used in the transmission study, and lesion lengths were measured. Lesion lengths were lower on trees that had been previously exposed to beetles treated with high or medium propagule loads than on trees that had previously been exposed to beetles treated with low propagule loads. This suggests that the initial infection by beetles carrying high or medium propagule loads induced resistance to subsequent infections of the host, whereas infections caused by beetles with low propagule loads did not. [source]