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Monographs
Terms modified by Monographs Selected AbstractsINTRODUCTION TO THE MONOGRAPHMONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2006Kathleen McCartney First page of article [source] Urban Water Systems Modelling for Water Removal and Ecological Functions William James (Ed) Practical Modeling of Urban Water Systems: Monograph 11 Computaional Hydraulics Int., Guelph, Canada, 511 pp, 2003, ISBN 0-968-36817-4HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 3 2004Theodore A. Endreny First page of article [source] Mothers' attachment representations and choice of infant care: center care vs. homeINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2001Nina Koren-KarieArticle first published online: 14 SEP 200 Abstract In the debate concerning the effects of day care on infant development, insufficient attention has been paid to the potential relationship between pre-existing emotional differences among mothers and the type of care they choose for their infants. To shed light on this issue, this study examines the attachment representations of mothers who choose day-care centres as opposed to mothers who choose to remain at home with their infants. Participants were 76 primiparous mothers. Mothers' attachment classifications were assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview [AAI; Main M, Kaplan N, Cassidy J. 1985. Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: a move to the level of representation. In Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, (1,2, serial no. 209), Bretherton I, Waters E (eds); 66,104]. Results indicate that more Day-care than Home-Care mothers are classified as insecurely attached. These results highlight the contribution of maternal emotional characteristics to the effects of diverse child care arrangements on infant development. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Gas-phase reaction of hydroxyl radicals with m -, o - and p -cresolINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS, Issue 9 2006Cecile Coeur-Tourneur The gas-phase reaction of oxygenated aromatic compounds m -cresol, o -cresol, and p -cresol with hydroxyl radicals has been studied by GC-MS. Experiments have been performed in a large-volume photoreactor (8000 L) at 294 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure. The relative kinetic method was used to determine the rate constants for these reactions, with 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene as a reference compound. The rate constants obtained are kOH(m -cresol) = (5.88 ± 0.92) × 10,11 cm3 molecule,1 s,1, kOH(o -cresol) = (4.32 ± 0.52) × 10,11 cm3 molecule,1 s,1, and kOH(p -cresol) = (4.96 ± 0.75) × 10,11 cm3 molecule,1 s,1. The degradation products observed and their respective molar yields were methyl-1,4-benzoquinone 12.4 ± 1.2%, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol 1.5 ± 0.3%, and 3-methyl-2-nitrophenol 1.4 ± 0.3% from m -cresol, methyl-1,4-benzoquinone 5.6 ± 0.9%, and 6-methyl-2-nitrophenol 4.7 ± 0.8% from o -cresol, and 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol 17.2 ± 2.5% from p -cresol. This kinetic and product data are compared with the literature, and the reaction mechanisms are discussed. Our results are in accordance with the previous studies (Atkinson, J Phys Chem Ref Data 1989, Monograph (1), 1,246; Atkinson and Aschmann, Int J Chem Kinet 1990, 22, 59,67; Atkinson et al., Environ Sci Technol 1992, 26, 1397,1403; Atkinson et al., J Phys Chem 1978, 82, 2759,2805; Olariu et al., Atmos Environ 2002, 36, 3685,3697; Semadeni et al., Int J Chem Kinet 1995, 27, 287,304) and confirm the methyl-1,4-benzoquinone yields determined by a different experimental technique (long-path Fourier transform infrared FT-IR (Olariu et al., 2002)). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 553,562, 2006 [source] Characterization and Identification of Asexual Strains of Pythium Associated with Root Rot of Rose in JapanJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2003K. Kageyama Abstract This study was conducted to survey the distribution of asexual isolates of Pythium in rose production and to characterize and identify them. Asexual isolates with proliferating globose sporangia belong to group P according to the key of van der Plaats-Niterink (1981; Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology, Vol. 21, Centraalbueau Voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands). Group P isolates were recovered from rotted roots of both cutting and miniature roses cultured in rock wool and ebb-and-flow culture systems, respectively, throughout the main rose production area of Japan. The typical feature of the P group isolates was that they could grow fast at high temperature, at least 30 mm per 24 h at 35°C. There was no difference between the P group isolates and P. helicoides in morphology and size of sporangia and sporangial germination mode. The symptoms caused by the group P isolates were root rot, followed by leaf blight and plant death in severe cases. In restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the rDNA-ITS region, the banding patterns with five of six enzymes were identical between group P and P. helicoides, the only difference being seen with HhaI. In direct amplification analysis of minisatellite-region DNA with M13 primer, group P and P. helicoides shared three of five distinct bands. In contrast, P. oedochilum and P. ostracodes showed different banding patterns except for each one band. The results suggest that the group P isolates obtained from rose root rot may be asexual strains of P. helicoides. [source] Issues in the Drive to Measure Liabilities at Fair ValueAUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REVIEW, Issue 21 2000MICHAEL E. BRADBURY This paper compares the discussion on liability measurement in Accounting The0y Monograph 10 with the liability measurement requirements in recent international proposals on accounting for financial instruments. Rather than conducting a detailed review of the Monograph, the paper examines three major issues which wawant amplifjing, extending or criticising: What is "fair value"? Why fair value liabilities? Should fair value include an entity's own credit risk? The focus is on financial liabilities such as "plain vanilla" debt; other financial liabilities, such as insurance obligations, pensions, wawanties and environmental damage restoration involve additional considerations and are therefore not considered. [source] ,Fair Value' for Financial Instruments: How Erasing Theory is Leading to Unworkable Global Accounting Standards for Performance ReportingAUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REVIEW, Issue 21 2000JOANNE HORTON The LASC is pursuing proposals for accounting for financial instruments that are conceptually flawed and unworkable in practice. "Fair value" has been elevated to a catch-all concept to resolve measurement issues objectively. Adoption of fair value, as cuwently interpreted by standard-setters (eg, by the FASB in Concepts Statement No. 7, issued in February 2000), threatens to drive out a long-understood, theory-based approach to the rationales for cuwent value accounting , founded on "deprival value" , that has recently been comprehensively restated in Accounting Theory Monograph 10, issued by the Australian Accounting Research Foundation in 1998, and reaffirmed in the UK Accounting Standards Board's Statement of Principles for Financial Repovting, issued in December 1999. [source] Cutaneous melanoma: estimating survival and recurrence risk based on histopathologic featuresDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 5 2005David E. Elder ABSTRACT:, The prognosis of melanoma is best understood in terms of a model of tumor progression, in which most melanomas may evolve through two major phases of progression: from a lesion that is nontumorigenic and has little or no capacity for metastasis; to a more advanced lesion that is tumorigenic and may have capacity for metastasis. The likelihood of metastasis varies with a number of attributes of the primary melanoma, including the phase of progression, the Breslow tumor thickness, mitotic rate, and host response to the tumorigenic compartment of the lesion, Clark's level of invasion, and other factors. When distant metastasis has occurred, the prognosis for the patient is very poor. In this monograph, the focus will be the discussion of factors related to the prognosis of melanomas that at diagnosis are clinically localized to the primary site. [source] Excerpts from Focus Group Discussions: BangladeshIDS BULLETIN, Issue 1 2009Naomi Hossain The focus groups on which these excerpts are based were conducted in 2007 as part of research by the BRAC Research and Evaluation Division with Save the Children UK Bangladesh support into perceptions and practices of child labour, conducted in Nilphamari and Karail in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Further details of the research are available in S. Tariquzzaman and E. Kaiser (2008) Employers'Perceptions of Changing Child Labour Practices in Bangladesh, BRAC Research and Evaluation Division monograph 35, Dhaka: BRAC-RED (http://www.bracresearch.org/monographs/Monograph_35%20.pdf). [source] Estimated Time and Educational Requirements to Perform NIC InterventionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 2003Gloria M. Bulechek PURPOSE To estimate the time to perform and type of personnel to deliver each of the 486 interventions listed and described in the third edition of NIC. METHODS Small groups of research team members rated selected interventions in their area of expertise on education and time needed for each intervention. Education needed was defined as the minimal educational level necessary to perform the intervention in most cases in most states. Rating categories were (a) nursing assistant (NA/LPN/LVN/technician), (b) RN (basic education whether baccalaureate, associate degree, or diploma), or (c) RN with post-basic education or certification. Time needed was defined as the average time needed to perform the intervention. Raters selected one of five possible time estimates: (a) <15 minutes, (b) 16,30 minutes, (c) 31,45 minutes, (d) 46,60 minutes, or (e) >1 hour. All ratings were reviewed across groups to ensure overall consistency. FINDINGS Results of this exercise provide beginning estimates of the time and education needed for 486 NIC interventions. Twenty percent required <15 minutes, 30% required 16,30 minutes, 17% required 31,45 minutes, 12% required 46,60 minutes, and 21% required >1 hour. More than 70% of the interventions were judged as needing basic RN education to perform. Raters judged RN post-basic education to be required to performi 16% of the interventions, and 14% were deemed appropriate for personnel with NA/LPN education to perform. A monograph, Estimated Time and Educational Requirements to Perform 486 Nursing Interventions, available from http://www.nursing@uiowa.ed/cnc, includes lists of interventions appropriate for each time and education category, as well as time and education ratings according to NIC domains and classes. DISCUSSION The estimates of time and education provided by expert ratings provide a good beginning for cost estimates, resource planning, and reimbursement. The results of this study add to the small but growing body of literature that demonstrates that estimates of time to perform interventions by nurses who are familiar with the interventions is an accurate and efficient method to determine time values. A description of how this information can be used in a costing model is in the July/August 2001 issue of Nursing Economics. CONCLUSIONS NIC has identified the interventions that nurses perform. This study of time to perform and type of personnel to deliver each of the NIC interventions can help nurse leaders make better-informed decisions about cost-effective nursing care. [source] Introduction to the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders-3 Quality Indicator Measurement SetJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 2007Neil S. Wenger MD OBJECTIVES: To update and increase the comprehensiveness of the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE) set of process-of-care quality indicators (QIs) for the medical care provided to vulnerable elders and to keep up with the constantly changing medical literature, the QIs were revised and expanded. DESIGN: The ACOVE Clinical Committee expanded the number of measured conditions to 26 in the revised (ACOVE-3) set. For each condition, a content expert created potential QIs and, based on systematic reviews, developed a peer-reviewed monograph detailing each QI and its supporting evidence. Using these literature reviews, multidisciplinary panels of clinical experts participated in two rounds of anonymous ratings and a face-to-face group discussion to evaluate whether the QIs were valid measures of quality of care using a process that is an explicit combination of scientific evidence and professional consensus. The Clinical Committee evaluated the coherence of the complete set of QIs that the expert panels rated as valid. RESULTS: ACOVE-3 contains 392 QIs covering 14 different types of care processes (e.g., taking a medical history, performing a physical examination) and all four domains of care: screening and prevention (31% of QIs), diagnosis (20%), treatment (35%), and follow-up and continuity (14%). All QIs also apply to community-dwelling patients aged 75 and older. CONCLUSION: ACOVE-3 contains a set of QIs to comprehensively measure the care provided to vulnerable older persons at the level of the health system, health plan, or medical group. These QIs can be applied to identify areas of care in need of improvement and can form the basis of interventions to improve care. [source] Regeneration as an evolutionary variableJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 1-2 2001JEREMY P. BROCKES abstract Regeneration poses a distinctive set of problems for evolutionary biologists, but there has been little substantive progress since these issues were clearly outlined in the monograph of T. H. Morgan (1901). The champions at regeneration among vertebrates are the urodele amphibians such as the newt, and we tend to regard urodele regeneration as an exceptional attribute. The ability to regenerate large sections of the body plan is widespread in metazoan phylogeny, although it is not universal. It is striking that in phylogenetic contexts where regeneration occurs, closely related species are observed which do not possess this ability. It is a challenge to reconcile such variation between species with a conventional selective interpretation of regeneration. The critical hypothesis from phylogenetic analysis is that regeneration is a basic, primordial attribute of metazoans rather than a mechanism which has evolved independently in a variety of contexts. In order to explain its absence in closely related species, it is postulated to be lost secondarily for reasons which are not understood. Our approach to this question is to compare a differentiated newt cell with its mammalian counterpart in respect of the plasticity of differentiation. [source] MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA IDENTIFY A CRYPTIC SPECIES COMPLEX IN ENDOPHYTIC MEMBERS OF THE GENUS COLEOCHAETE BRÉB. (CHAROPHYTA: COLEOCHAETACEAE),JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 6 2002Matthew T. Cimino The genus Coleochaete Bréb. is a relatively small group of freshwater microscopic green algae with about 15 recognized species. Although Coleochaete has long been considered to be a close relative of embryophytes, a comprehensive study of the genus has not been published since Pringsheim's 1860 monograph. As part of a systematic study of Coleochaete, we investigated four accessions of the genus that are morphologically similar to the endophytic species C. nitellarum Jost. Each of the four cultures was determined to be capable of endophytic growth in Nitella C. A. Agardh, a member of the closely related order Charales. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses were performed on nucleotide data from the chloroplast genes atpB and rbcL that were sequenced from 16 members of the Coleochaetales and from other members of the Charophyceae, embryophytes, and outgroup taxa. These analyses indicate that the Coleochaetales are monophyletic and that the endophytic accessions are members of the scutata group of species. In addition, cell size and nucleotide data suggest that at least three different endophytic species may be represented. Herbivory, nutritional benefits, and substrate competition are three hypotheses that could explain the evolution and maintenance of the endophytic habit in Coleochaete. These data also imply that diversity in the genus may be markedly underestimated. [source] SPECIES PHYLOGENY OF COSMARIUM AND STAURASTRUM (DESMIDIACEAE) BASED ON RBC L SEQUENCESJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2000O.-M. Lee Cosmarium and Staurastrum are the two most diverse genera of placoderm desmids (Family Desmidiaceae), with approximately 1100 and 800 species, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of relationships of species has been extremely difficult. In a monograph of North American placoderm desmids, Prescott et al. described early phylogenetic work that concluded Staurastrum to be polyphyletic and certainly polymorphic. Likewise, Cosmarium has also been viewed as polyphyletic, and a number of workers have proposed splitting these genera. The classical view of West and West grouped species within each genus into two divisions and 6,8 sections based on wall features and semicell shape. We sequenced rbcL from 18 species of Cosmarium (2 divisions, 7 sections) and 12 species of Staurastrum (2 divisions and 7 sections) and performed a phylogenetic analysis (parsimony, maximum likelihood, bootstrap) using other placoderm desmids and Zygnematales as outgroups. The results exhibit little support for the monophyly of sections or divisions of the two genera. Furthermore, although there is support for the monophyly of clades within each genus, there is also support for a separate clade containing species from both genera. [source] Skin bleaching: highlighting the misuse of cutaneous depigmenting agentsJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 7 2009OE Dadzie Abstract Hydroquinone and other cutaneous depigmenting agents are widely used by dermatologists to treat pigmentary disorders. On 29 August 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a monograph in the US Federal Register proposing to ban all hydroquinone products that have not been approved via a New Drug Application process. Reports in the scientific literature on the occurrence of exogenous ochronosis, in relation to the use of hydroquinone, was one of the concerns expressed by the FDA in relation to this agent. However, a review of the English-language scientific literature reveals that most of the reported cases of hydroquinone-induced exogenous ochronosis occurs in Africa, where the cultural practice of skin bleaching is highly prevalent. Skin bleaching is the practice of applying hydroquinone and/or other depigmenting agents to specific or widespread areas of the body, the primary function being to lighten normally dark skin. This practice typically occurs in men and women with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV to VI. It is a dangerous practice associated with a diverse range of side-effects, including mercury poisoning. Thus, this current discussion within the dermatological community on the safety of hydroquinone provides a unique opportunity to raise awareness about skin bleaching. [source] Unresolved issues relating to the Shaking Palsy on the celebration of James Parkinson's 250th birthdayMOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue S17 2007Andrew J. Lees MD Abstract James Parkinson's Essay on the Shaking Palsy published in 1817 provided the first clear clinical description for the disorder now known throughout the world by his name. His primary reason for publishing his monograph shortly before his retirement from medical practice was to draw the medical profession's attention to a malady, which had not yet been defined as a nosological entity. He also hoped that the eminent anatomists of the day would be stimulated to elucidate the pathological lesion responsible for the clinical picture and that this in turn might lead to a rational cure. The concept of Parkinson's disease remains clinically based and successive generations of neurologists have refined and embellished Parkinson's seminal descriptions. Narrative accounts by affected individuals have also helped physicians understand what it is like to live with Parkinson's disease. For many years, the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease were disputed and there were few clinico-pathological reports with adequate clinical description. However, most neurologists now link severe loss of nigral cells in the ventrolateral tier of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra with bradykinesia and the presence of Lewy bodies in a number of discrete brain stem and cortical regions with Parkinson's disease. There are many unanswered clinical questions relating to Parkinson's disease including the striking heterogeneity and frequent limb asymmetry. It also remains somewhat uncertain whether Parkinson's disease is ever truly unilateral by the time of clinical presentation and whether the hand rather than the foot is the most common site of onset. Hyposmia and visual hallucinations are helpful pointers in distinguishing Parkinson's disease from atypical Parkinsonism and should be specifically enquired about in the history. Simple reliable cultural-specific smell identification batteries are an urgent need and target of clinical research. It remains to be determined whether Alzheimer type dementia as opposed to a dysexecutive syndrome should be considered a part of Parkinson's disease and further detailed clinico-pathological correlative studies are needed. It is also unclear whether autosomal dominant monogenetic Parkinsonism due to synuclein or LRRK-2 mutations will prove to be identical clinically with Parkinson's disease and for the present it is wiser to regard Parkinson's disease as a sporadic disorder. Parkinson was an active political reformer and if alive today would certainly be campaigning to translate more effectively the rich seam of neuroscientific research of the last decade into therapeutic benefits for the rising number of people who are developing the shaking palsy as a result of increasing longevity in the developed world. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society [source] Electrodiagnostic studies of the facial nerve in peripheral facial palsy and hemifacial spasm,MUSCLE AND NERVE, Issue 1 2007Josep Valls-Solé MD Abstract Electrodiagnostic (EDX) assessment is one of the most important aspects in the evaluation of the two most common disorders of the facial nerve: facial palsy and hemifacial spasm. Facial palsy is usually an acute disorder that resolves in a few weeks but, in a number of cases, leads to a postparalytic facial syndrome featuring muscle synkinesis, myokymia, and involuntary mass contractions of muscles on the affected side. Hemifacial spasm is usually a chronic disorder characterized by paroxysms of involuntary, clonic, and synchronous twitching of all facial muscles on the affected side. EDX studies provide information on lesion location and severity, pathophysiology underlying the two disorders, and differential diagnosis between syndromes presenting with abnormal facial muscle activity. This monograph is intended to describe the most relevant EDX findings in the two disorders and the most appropriate timing for the examinations in order to provide useful information for prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. Muscle Nerve, 2007 [source] Sunao Tawara: A Father of Modern CardiologyPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001KOZO SUMA SUMA, K.: Sunao Tawara: A Father of Modern Cardiology. Knowledge of the conduction system of the heart was greatly advanced by Tawara's work carried out in Aschoff's laboratory in Marburg at the beginning of this century. In his monograph, The Conduction System of the Mammalian Heart, published in 1906, Tawara indicated that the treelike structure of specific muscle fibers comprising the atrioventricular node, His bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers served as the pathway for atrioventricular conduction of excitation in the mammalian heart. From his own anatomic and histological findings of the conduction system, he assumed precisely that the conduction velocity of excitation in the system, except in the atrioventricular node, would be fast and that contraction as the result of excitation would take place at the various sites of the ventricles almost simultaneously. According to Tawara, a long pathway to each contracting unit and a fast conduction velocity of excitation would be a prerequisite for the effective contraction of the ventricles. Tawara's findings and assumptions provided Einthoven the theoretical basis for interpreting the electrocardiogram, resulting in rapid popularization of electrocardiography. This century has witnessed the rapid progress of cardiology, including cardiac pacing and its related sciences. This progress has its roots in the discovery of the conduction system and the development of electrocardiography that took place almost in the same period at the beginning of this century. Tawara's pioneering work on the conduction system still serves as an invaluable reference for basic and clinical research. [source] Chronic Pain in the Cancer Survivor: A New FrontierPAIN MEDICINE, Issue 2 2007Allen W. Burton MD ABSTRACT Objective., This monograph is intended to clarify the clinical problem of chronic pain in cancer patients. Design., A pertinent literature review on chronic pain syndromes in cancer patients was undertaken using Medline. Further, the treatment strategies for cancer versus chronic pain are contrasted and clarified. Results., With increasing cancer survivorship come new challenges in patient care. In the United States, the cancer-related death rate has dropped by 1.1% per year from 1993,2002. Seventy-five percent of children and two out of three adults will survive cancer, whereas 50 years ago just one out of four survived. The net effect of these trends and opportunities is a large and rapidly growing population of persons living longer with cancer and/or as cancer survivors. While agreement exists on the best strategies for assessment and treatment of most acute cancer pain syndromes, little consensus exists on the treatment of chronic pain in the patient with slowly progressive cancer or the cancer survivor. Conclusions., The landscape of "cancer pain" is shifting quickly into a chronic pain situation in many instances, thereby blurring previous lines of distinction in treatment strategies most suited for "chronic" versus "malignant" pain. Adopting chronic pain treatment strategies including pharmacologic and other pain control techniques, rehabilitation care, and psychological coping strategies may lead to optimal outcomes. Lastly, as cancer evolves into a chronic illness, with co-morbid conditions, recurrent cancer, and treatment toxicities from repeated antineoplastic therapies, pain management challenges in the oncologic patient continue to increase in complexity. [source] Poekilopleuron bucklandii, the theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of NormandyPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2002Ronan Allain Poekilopleuron bucklandii, described by Eudes,Deslongchamps in 1838, is one of the earliest discovered dinosaurs. Although incomplete, it is one of the best preserved Middle Jurassic theropods known from Europe. Unfortunately, the only specimen of P. bucklandii, housed in the Musée de la Faculté des Sciences de Caen, was destroyed during World War II. However, casts of some parts of the type skeleton have been found in the collections of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. These casts and Eudes,Deslongchamps' monograph are used to redescribe the specimen. Poekilopleuron shares one synapomorphy with the Spinosauroidea and we tentatively assign it to that clade. The possible synonymy between Poekilopleuron and Megalosaurus is examined and we conclude that Megalosaurus is a nomen dubium and that the name should be restricted to the type dentary. [source] Testing high SPF sunscreens: a demonstration of the accuracy and reproducibility of the results of testing high SPF formulations by two methods and at different testing sitesPHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE, Issue 4 2002Patricia Poh Agin Background/Purpose: The goals of this study were (i) to demonstrate that existing and widely used sun protection factor (SPF) test methodologies can produce accurate and reproducible results for high SPF formulations and (ii) to provide data on the number of test-subjects needed, the variability of the data, and the appropriate exposure increments needed for testing high SPF formulations. Methods: Three high SPF formulations were tested, according to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 1993 tentative final monograph (TFM) ,very water resistant' test method and/or the 1978 proposed monograph ,waterproof' test method, within one laboratory. A fourth high SPF formulation was tested at four independent SPF testing laboratories, using the 1978 waterproof SPF test method. All laboratories utilized xenon arc solar simulators. Results: The data illustrate that the testing conducted within one laboratory, following either the 1978 proposed or the 1993 TFM SPF test method, was able to reproducibly determine the SPFs of the formulations tested, using either the statistical analysis method in the proposed monograph or the statistical method described in the TFM. When one formulation was tested at four different laboratories, the anticipated variation in the data owing to the equipment and other operational differences was minimized through the use of the statistical method described in the 1993 monograph. Conclusions: The data illustrate that either the 1978 proposed monograph SPF test method or the 1993 TFM SPF test method can provide accurate and reproducible results for high SPF formulations. Further, these results can be achieved with panels of 20,25 subjects with an acceptable level of variability. Utilization of the statistical controls from the 1993 sunscreen monograph can help to minimize lab-to-lab variability for well-formulated products. [source] Münch, morphology, microfluidics , our structural problem with the phloemPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 9 2010MICHAEL KNOBLAUCH ABSTRACT The sieve tubes of the phloem are enigmatic structures. Their role as channels for the distribution of assimilates was established in the 19th century, but their sensitivity to disturbations has hampered the elucidation of their transport mechanisms and its regulation ever since. Ernst Münch's classical monograph of 1930 is generally regarded as the first coherent theory of phloem transport, but the ,Münchian' pressure flow mechanism had been discussed already before the turn of the century. Münch's impact rather rested on his simple physical models of the phloem that visualized pressure flow in an intuitive way, and we argue that the downscaling of such models to realistic, low-Reynolds-number sizes will boost our understanding of phloem transport in this century just as Münch's models did in the previous one. However, biologically meaningful physical models that could be used to test predictions of the many existing mathematical models would have to be designed in analogy with natural phloem structures. Unfortunately, the study of phloem anatomy seems in decline, and we still lack basic quantitative data required for evaluating the plausibility of our theoretical deductions. In this review, we provide a subjective overview of unresolved problems in angiosperm phloem structure research within a functional context. [source] Is Central Asia the eastern outpost of the Neandertal range?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2009A reassessment of the Teshik-Tash child Abstract Since its discovery in southeastern Uzbekistan in 1938, the Teshik-Tash child has been considered a Neandertal. Its affinity is important to studies of Late Pleistocene hominin growth and development as well as interpretations of the Central Asian Middle Paleolithic and the geographic distribution of Neandertals. A close examination of the original Russian monograph reveals the incompleteness of key morphologies associated with the cranial base and face and problems with the reconstruction of the Teshik-Tash cranium, making its Neandertal attribution less certain than previously assumed. This study reassesses the Neandertal status of Teshik-Tash 1 by comparing it to a sample of Neandertal, Middle and Upper Paleolithic modern humans, and recent human sub-adults. Separate examinations of the cranium and mandible are conducted using multinomial logistic regression and discriminant function analysis to assess group membership. Results of the cranial analysis group Teshik-Tash with Upper Paleolithic modern humans when variables are not size-standardized, while results of the mandibular analysis place the specimen with recent modern humans for both raw and size-standardized data. Although these results are influenced by limitations related to the incomplete nature of the comparative sample, they suggest that the morphology of Teshik-Tash 1 as expressed in craniometrics is equivocal. Although, further quantitative studies as well as additional sub-adult fossil finds from this region are needed to ascertain the morphological pattern of this specimen specifically, and Central Asian Middle Paleolithic hominins in general, these results challenge current characterizations of this territory as the eastern boundary of the Neandertal range during the Late Pleistocene. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] New Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Elephantidae Based on Cranial-Dental Morphology,THE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Nancy E. Todd Abstract In 1973, Vincent Maglio published a seminal monograph on the evolution of the Elephantidae, in which he revised and condensed the 100+ species named by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1931. Michel Beden further revised the African Elephantidae in 1979, but little systematic work has been done on the family since this publication. With addition of new specimens and species and revisions of chronology, a new analysis of the phylogeny and systematics of this family is warranted. A new, descriptive character dataset was generated from studies of modern elephants for use with fossil species. Parallel evolution in cranial and dental characters in all three lineages of elephants creates homoplastic noise in cladistic analysis, but new inferences about evolutionary relationships are possible. In this analysis, early Loxodonta and early African Mammuthus are virtually indistinguishable in dental morphology. The Elephas lineage is not monophyletic, and results from this analysis suggest multiple migration events out of Africa into Eurasia, and possibly back into Africa. New insight into the origin of the three lineages is also proposed, with Stegotetrabelodon leading to the Mammuthus lineage, and Primelephas as the ancestor of Loxodonta and Elephas. These new results suggest a much more complex picture of elephantid origins, evolution, and paleogeography. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Changes in vegetation types and Ellenberg indicator values after 65 years of fertilizer application in the Rengen Grassland Experiment, GermanyAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009Milan Chytrý Abstract Question: How does semi-natural grassland diversify after 65 years of differential application of Ca, N, P, and K fertilizers? Is fertilizer application adequately reflected by the Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs)? Location: Eifel Mountains, West Germany. Methods: The Rengen Grassland Experiment (RGE) was established in an oligotrophic grassland in 1941. Six fertilizer treatments (Ca, CaN, CaNP, CaNP-KCl, CaNP-K2SO4, and unfertilized control) were applied annually in five complete randomized blocks. Species composition of experimental plots was sampled in 2006 and compared with constancy tables representing grassland types in a phytosociological monograph of a wider area. Each plot was matched to the most similar community type using the Associa method. Mean EIVs were calculated for each treatment. Results: The control plots supported oligotrophic Nardus grassland of the Polygalo-Nardetum association (Violion caninae alliance). Vegetation in the Ca and CaN treatments mostly resembled montane meadow of Geranio-Trisetetum (Polygono-Trisetion). Transitional types between Poo-Trisetetum and Arrhenatheretum (both from the Arrhenatherion alliance) developed in the CaNP treatment. In the CaNP-KCl and CaNP-K2SO4 treatments, vegetation corresponded to the mesotrophic Arrhenatheretum meadow. Major discontinuity in species composition was found between control, Ca, and CaN treatments, and all treatments with P application. EIVs for both nutrients and soil reaction were considerably higher in P treatments than in Ca and CaN treatments. Surprisingly, the control plots had the lowest EIVs for continentality and moisture, although these factors had not been manipulated in the experiment. Conclusions: Long-term fertilizer application can create different plant communities belonging to different phytosociological alliances and classes, even within a distance of a few meters. Due to their correlated nature, EIVs can erroneously indicate changes in factors that actually did not change, but co-varied with factors that did change. In P-limited ecosystems, EIVs for nutrients may indicate availability of P rather than N. [source] Philip Webb: Pioneer of Arts & Crafts ArchitectureARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 2 2005Sheila Kirk Abstract Arts and Crafts architecture has reached an important turning point in its reassessment. The ,International Arts and Crafts' exhibition opens at the V&A in London from 17 March to 24 July 2005 (before travelling on to the Indianapolis Museum of Art in autumn this year, and the de Young Museum in San Francisco in spring 2006). Coinciding with this is Wiley-Academy's publication of the first definitive monograph of leading Arts and Crafts architect Philip Webb (1831,1915). This long-awaited book, by architectural historian Sheila Kirk, includes specially commissioned photography by Martin Charles. Interweaving biography with evocative descriptions of all of Webb's seminal buildings, Kirk perceptively breathes life into one of the quietest members of William Morris's circle, and provides a new understanding of the buildings of a man who offered strong principles and firm guidelines yet at the same time allowing ample freedom of design. Here, she describes the relevance of Webb's national vernacular approach for architecture today. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] ART HISTORY: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON METHODART HISTORY, Issue 4 2009DANA ARNOLD Dana Arnold is Professor of Architectural History at the University of Southampton, UK. She was editor of Art History from 1997 to 2002 and edits the book series New Interventions in Art History; Companions to Art History; and Anthologies in Art History, all published by Wiley-Blackwell. Her recent monographs include: Rural Urbanism: London Landscapes in the Early Nineteenth Century (2006); Reading Architectural History (2002); Re-presenting the Metropolis: Architecture, Urban Experience and Social Life in London 1800,1840 (2000). Her edited and co-edited volumes include: Biographies and Space (2007); Rethinking Architectural Historiography (2006); Architecture as Experience (2004); Cultural Identities and the Aesthetics of Britishness (2004); Tracing Architecture: The Aesthetics of Antiquarianism (2003); Art and Thought (2003). She is the author of the bestselling Art History: A Very Short Introduction (2004) which has been translated into many languages, including Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Japanese and Spanish and has been reprinted several times. Her monograph on the Spaces of the Hospital is forthcoming from Routledge. Professor Arnold has held research fellowships at Yale University, the University of Cambridge and the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles and has held numerous visiting Professorships. She was a member of the Research Panel for the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and now sits on the Advisory Board of the joint Engineering and Physical Sciences/AHRC initiative Science and Heritage. [source] Overview of the summit meeting evaluating research in African-American womenCANCER, Issue S1 2003Lovell A. Jones Ph.D. There is a disparity in the breast cancer survival rate among African-American women compared with the rate among white women. The summit meeting addressed the breast cancer crisis among African-American women by bringing together scientists, breast cancer advocates, and policy makers. The goal of the meeting was to develop a research agenda. For breast cancer research to advance, priority areas must be identified. The current article suggests questions and issues which are addressed in this cancer monograph. Cancer 2003;97(1 Suppl):207,10. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11028 [source] 200 years of success initiated by James Wardrop's 1809 monograph on retinoblastomaACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 8 2009Tero Kivelä No abstract is available for this article. [source] Comparative evaluation of quality of doxycycline formulations registered in Estonia to those registered in the Russian FederationDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008A. Meos Abstract The in vitro properties of four Estonian drug market (manufactured in Austria, Germany, and Finland) and four Russian Federation drug market (manufactured in Belarussia and Russian Federation) doxycycline formulations were evaluated using the estimation of the quantitative content and purity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the dissolution test. Tolerance limits were set according to the European Pharmacopoeia (for the content and purity of the API) and USP (for the dissolution test) doxycycline monographs. All Estonian drug market doxycycline formulations complied with the tolerance limits in all tests and assays. Most of the Russian Federation drug market doxycycline formulations also passed the tolerance limits, with two minor exceptions: one formulation contained quantitatively API below the USP limit (83.7% instead of the 90%), but all the API was readily released in the dissolution test, the other formulation (capsules) released 80% of API in 39,min instead of 30,min. The general conclusion of the study is that despite some deviations, the Russian Federation drug market doxycycline formulations are comparable with those purchased from the Estonian drug market. Drug Dev Res 69: 58,68, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||