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Modern Theories (modern + theory)
Selected AbstractsThe Conceptual Dimension in Art and the Modern Theory of Artistic ValueJOURNAL OF AESTHETICS AND ART CRITICISM, Issue 2 2001Roger Seamon First page of article [source] Dependent and Accountable: Evidence from the Modern Theory of Central BankingJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 5 2000Gustavo Piga In this paper we take another look at the literature on central bank independence. We show that the representative-agent approach to monetary policy is seriously flawed and does not provide a sound basis for deriving institutional solutions to the inflationary-bias. We then argue that the political approach to monetary policy provides a better account of the inflationary-bias and that this has important implications for the set-up of institutional arrangements, like central-bank independence, and the role of contractual arrangements, like indexation. Central bank independence, if appropriately modeled, can fail to reduce inflationary pressures in plausible circumstances. We then identify some issues in the theory of central banking that have not been clearly resolved and we offer some intuition as to the way they could be studied. We conclude by showing some potentially worrisome implications for the future of the European Monetary Union. [source] A general equilibrium analysis of foreign direct investment and the real exchange rateINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCE & ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2002Milind M. Shrikhande Abstract Modern theories of foreign direct investment claim that foreign direct investment occurs because certain domestic assets are worth more under foreign control. This view developed by industrial organization theorists is indifferent to the financing mode of a foreign acquisition as well as to the interaction between foreign direct investment (FDI) and real exchange rates. However, empirical research has uncovered a significant relationship between FDI and exchange rates. Second, partial equilibrium models of FDI have focused on FDI as foreign acquisitions of existing assets but not on new capital formation initiated by foreigners. We complement these contributions by developing a welfare-maximizing, general equilibrium model of the interaction between FDI as cross-border acquisitions, and the real exchange rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Differentiation and integration: guiding principles for analyzing cognitive changeDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Robert S. Siegler Differentiation and integration played large roles within classic developmental theories but have been relegated to obscurity within contemporary theories. However, they may have a useful role to play in modern theories as well, if conceptualized as guiding principles for analyzing change rather than as real-time mechanisms. In the present study, we used this perspective to examine which rules children use, the order in which the rules emerge, and the effectiveness of instruction on water displacement problems. We found that children used systematic rules to solve such problems, and that the rules progress from undifferentiated to differentiated forms and toward increasingly accurate integration of the differentiated variables. Asking children to explain both why correct answers were correct and why incorrect answers were incorrect proved more effective than only requesting explanations of correct answers, which was more effective than just receiving feedback on the correctness of answers. Requests for explanations appeared to operate through helping children notice potential explanatory variables, formulate more advanced rules, and generalize the rules to novel problems. [source] What is Antidumping Policy Really About?JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 4 2000Gunnar Niels Dumping is whatever you can get the government to act against under the antidumping law. J. Michael Finger (1993, p.viii). Antidumping policy has become one of the most important instruments for protection in the international trade system, but at the same time it is the subject of an intense, though rather chaotic, debate. This paper provides an overview of the antidumping literature and the current issues. First it describes the origins of antidumping policy and provides some basic statistics on its current use drawn from several empirical studies. Next the paper discusses the economic foundations of antidumping law by examining the traditional and modern theories of dumping, as well as the industrial organization literature on price discrimination and predatory pricing. It is demonstrated that those economic foundations are weak. The paper also considers the fairness rationales for antidumping policy. Finally, it addresses the criticisms of antidumping laws, in particular in the context of the current antidumping versus competition policy debate, and discusses a variety of proposals for reform that have been made. The paper shows that the 1997 ,cease fire' agreement between Canada and Chile is a promising approach toward reform of antidumping policy. [source] Meaning and normativity in nurse,patient interactionNURSING PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2007Halvor Nordby phd Abstract, It is a fundamental assumption in nursing theory that it is important for nurses to understand how patients think about themselves and the contexts they are in. According to modern theories of hermeneutics, a nurse and a patient must share the same concepts in order to communicate beliefs with the same content. But nurses and patients seldom understand medical concepts in exactly the same way, so how can this communicative aim be achieved in interaction involving medical concepts? The article uses a theory of concepts from recent cognitive science and philosophy of mind to argue that nurses and patients can share medical concepts despite the diversity of understanding. According to this theory, two persons who understand medical language in different ways will nevertheless possess the same medical concepts if they agree about the normative standards for the applications of the concepts. This entails that nurses and patients normally share medical concepts even though patients' conceptions of disease and illness are formed in idiosyncratic ways by their social and cultural contexts. Several practical implications of this argument are discussed and linked to case studies. One especially important point is that nurses should seek to make patients feel comfortable with deferring to a medical understanding. In many cases, an adequate understanding of patients presupposes that nurses manage to do this. Another implication is that deference-willingness to normative meaning is not equivalent to the actual application of concepts. Deference-willingness should rather be thought of as a pre-communicative attitude that it is possible for patients who are not fully able to communicate to possess. What is important is that nurses and patients have the intention of conforming to the same meaning. [source] Self and Self-Consciousness: Aristotelian Ontology and Cartesian DualityPHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, Issue 2 2009Andrea Christofidou The relationship between self-consciousness, Aristotelian ontology, and Cartesian duality is far closer than it has been thought to be. There is no valid inference either from considerations of Aristotle's hylomorphism or from the phenomenological distinction between body and living body, to the undermining of Cartesian dualism. Descartes' conception of the self as both a reasoning and willing being informs his conception of personhood; a person for Descartes is an unanalysable, integrated, self-conscious and autonomous human being. The claims that Descartes introspectively encounters the self and that the Cartesian extent of inner space is self-contained are profound errors, distortions through the lenses of modern theories. [source] VI,My Station and its Duties: Ideals and the Social Embeddedness of VirtuePROCEEDINGS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY (HARDBACK), Issue 1 2002Julia Annas In the Stoics we find a combination of two perspectives which are commonly thought to conflict: the embedded perspective from within one's social context, and the universal perspective of the member of the moral community of rational beings. I argue that the Stoics do have a unified theory, one which avoids problems that trouble some modern theories which try to unite these perspectives. [source] Myth and Science: Their Varying RelationshipsRELIGION COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2009Robert A. Segal The relationship between myth and science is a subject as old as that of myth and science themselves. The position on the issue taken by modern theories of myth can be divided chronologically by the centuries. In the nineteenth century, myth and science were commonly taken to be incompatible. One could not consistently accept both. Because moderns were assumed to be scientific, the choice had already been made for them: they had to abandon myth. In the twentieth century, by contrast, myth and science were usually taken to be compatible, so that one could consistently accept both. Moderns were still assumed to be scientific, but myth was now re-characterized to accommodate science. Only recently, with the rise of postmodernism, has the deference to science assumed by both nineteenth- and twentieth-century theorists been challenged. This article concentrates on the varying positions on myth and science taken in both centuries by those for whom myth and science intersect rather than diverge. Whether, as the ,mission' of the twenty-first century, myth can be brought back to the world , the world explained by science , is finally considered with the case of Gaia. [source] Operational sex ratio, sexual conflict and the intensity of sexual selectionECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 5 2008Patrick S. Fitze Abstract Modern sexual selection theory indicates that reproductive costs rather than the operational sex ratio predict the intensity of sexual selection. We investigated sexual selection in the polygynandrous common lizard Lacerta vivipara. This species shows male aggression, causing high mating costs for females when adult sex ratios (ASR) are male-biased. We manipulated ASR in 12 experimental populations and quantified the intensity of sexual selection based on the relationship between reproductive success and body size. In sharp contrast to classical sexual selection theory predictions, positive directional sexual selection on male size was stronger and positive directional selection on female size weaker in female-biased populations than in male-biased populations. Thus, consistent with modern theory, directional sexual selection on male size was weaker in populations with higher female mating costs. This suggests that the costs of breeding, but not the operational sex ratio, correctly predicted the strength of sexual selection. [source] Past-president's address: is geography (the discipline) sustainable without geography (the subject)?THE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 2 2009CHRIS SHARPE géographie universitaire; géographie populaire; noyau disciplinaire; géographie régionale; disciplinocide We commonly define geography as the ,integrative' discipline, but there is more rhetoric than reality in the notion that our discipline has a coherent view of the world. Academic geography is dominated by increasingly esoteric topical specialties, and too often practiced as if it didn't exist outside the universities. By ignoring the popular conception of what geography is, we foster a dangerous opposition between geography as a popular subject and geography as a discipline. I argue that the survival of the discipline requires a collective rediscovery of a common core, which could be built around ,regional' geography,not the outmoded capes, bays and main export regional geography of the past, but one informed by modern theory, and attending to causal structures rooted in current realities. Our introductory courses are the best place to demonstrate a renewed commitment to a holistic geography grounded in an understanding of the world. Eclectic, curiosity-driven research is also essential to the survival of the discipline, but disciplinary diversity is a strength only if it is grounded in an identifiable core. Excessive pluralism and intellectual arrogance may lead to ,disciplinocide'. Les discours du président sortant: la géographie (la discipline) est-elle viable à long terme sans la géographie (le sujet)? Il faut reconnaître en effet que la géographie est une discipline , intégrative ,, mais l'idée que notre discipline porte un regard cohérent sur le monde tient plus de la rhétorique que de la réalité. La géographie universitaire aborde de plus en plus des domaines d'études ésotériques et la profession s'exerce généralement à l'écart du monde non universitaire en faisant fi de la conception populaire de la géographie. Le danger est que nous contribuions à mettre en opposition le sujet populaire et la discipline de la géographie. Il est soutenu que la pérennité de la discipline passe par une redécouverte collégiale d'une base commune qui pourrait se fonder sur la géographie , régionale ,.Celle-ci ne se pencherait pas sur les sujets dépassés tels que les caps, les baies ou les exportations principales, mais plutôt sur la théorie moderne en s'attelant aux structures de causalité qui correspondent aux réalités contemporaines. Les cours de base que nous proposons sont l'endroit par excellence pour manifester notre engagement renouvelé envers une géographie holistique fondée sur une compréhension du monde. Des travaux de recherche éclectiques et dictés par la curiosité sont garants de la pérennité de la discipline, mais la diversité de celle-ci constitue un atout seulement si elle est fondée sur un noyau bien établi. Un pluralisme abusif et une prétention intellectuelle pourraient conduire à un , disciplinocide ,. [source] | |||||||||||||