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Modern Science (modern + science)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	62%
Medical Sciences	18%

Selected Abstracts

Heterodoxy in Early Modern Science and Religion.

THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 4 2008
Edited by John Brooke, Ian Maclean
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Man in the age of technology

THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009
Umberto Galimberti
Abstract:, This paper argues that technology is no longer merely a tool for man's use but has become the environment in which man undergoes modifications. The author traces the role of technology from the Greeks to the present day. For the Greeks, Nature was governed by necessity and therefore unchangeable whereas in the Judeo-Christian tradition, nature was entrusted to man for him to dominate. Modern science studies the world in order to manipulate and dominate nature through the use of technology which has now become an end in itself, governing the solution of political problems and confronting us with problems beyond our competence to resolve. The ethical impact of technology has been to create a change from ,acting' which assumes responsibility for one's actions to ,doing' which is concerned only with the effective execution of a ,job' without concern for the wider consequences. It can no longer be argued that technology is good or bad according to the use we make of it since technology now makes use of us and thus transforms our ethics, social relationships and psychological being. Translations of Abstract Cet article avance l'idée que la technologie n'est plus un simple outil au service de l'homme mais qu'elle est devenue un environnement au sein duquel l'homme subit des modifications. L'auteur retrace le rôle de la technologie de l'Antiquité grecque à nos jours. En Grèce antique, la nature était gouvernée par la nécessité et donc immuable, tandis que dans la tradition judéo-chrétienne, la nature était confiée à l'homme pour qu'il la maîtrise. La science moderne étudie le monde dans le but de manipuler et de maîtriser la nature au moyen de la technologie, devenue une fin en soi, régissant la politique et ses conflits et nous confrontant à des problèmes bien au-delà de nos compétences à les résoudre. L'impact éthique de la technologie a été de provoquer une transformation de l'« agir », qui impliquait la responsabilité de nos actes, en un « faire » qui ne se soucie que de l'efficacité de l'exécution d'un « job », sans considération des conséquences à une plus vaste échelle. Il n'est plus possible de soutenir l'idée que la technologie est bonne ou mauvaise selon l'usage qu'on en fait car la technologie à présent fait usage de nous, transformant par là-même notre éthique, nos relations sociales et notre être psychologique. Dieser Artikel hypostasiert, daß Technologie nicht länger lediglich ein Werkzeug zum Gebrauch durch den Menschen ist, sondern zum Bedingungsumfeld geworden ist, in dem der Mensch Veränderungen unterworfen wird. Der Autor verfolgt die Rolle der Technologie von den Griechen bis zum heutigen Tag. Für die Griechen galt die Natur als von Notwendigkeit bestimmt und deshalb unveränderbar während in der jüdisch-christlichen Tradition die Natur als dem Menschen anvertraut angesehen wird, damit dieser sie beherrsche. Moderne Wissenschaften untersuchen die Welt in der Absicht, die Natur durch technische Eingriffe zu manipulieren und zu beherrschen, was nun sein immanentes Ende findet beim Versuch, etwa politische Probleme zu beeinflussen. Wir sind erkennbar mit Problemen konfrontiert, die außerhalb unserer Lösungsmöglichkeiten liegen. Die ethischen Auswirkungen der Technologie haben einen Wandel geschaffen von ,handeln', was Verantwortlichkeit für die Handlungen beinhaltet, zu ,tun', was lediglich der erfolgreichen Ausführung eines ,Jobs' verpflichtet ist ohne Rücksichten auf weitere Konsequenzen. Es kann nicht länger darüber argumentiert werden, ob Technologie gut oder schlecht ist im Hinblick auf das, wofür wir sie benutzen, da Technologie inzwischen uns benutzt und dadurch unsere Ethik, unsere sozialen Beziehungen und unser seelisches Sein verändert. In questo lavoro si sostiene che la tecnologia non è più un semplice strumento nelle mani dell'uomo, ma è divenuto l'ambiente nel quale l'uomo subisce modificazioni. L'autore traccia il ruolo della tecnologia dai Greci ai giorni attuali. Per i Greci la Natura era governata dalla necessità e quindi non modificabile, mentre nella tradizione Giudeo-Cristiana la natura era affidata all'uomo, perché lui la dominasse. Le scienze attuali studiano il mondo per poter manipolare e dominare la natura attraverso l'uso della tecnologia che ora è divenuta un fine in se stessa, governando la soluzione dei problemi politici e ponendoci davanti a problemi troppo al di sopra delle nostre competenze perché li si possa risolvere. L'impatto della tecnologia sull'etica ha creato uno spostamento da un ,agire', dove ci si assumono le responsabilità delle proprie azioni, a un ,fare' che riguarda solo l'esecuzione effettiva di un ,lavoro' senza riguardo per conseguenze più ampie. Non si può più sostenere che la tecnologia è buona o cattiva a seconda dell'uso che ne facciamo, perché ora è la tecnologia che fa uso di noi e trasforma così la nostra etica, le nostre relazioni sociali e il nostro essere psicologico. En este trabajo se argumenta que la tecnología ya nos es solo la herramienta para uso del hombre sin que se ha convertido en el Medio Ambiente en el cual los humanos se desenvuelven. El Autor sigue la ruta del papel de la tecnología desde los Griegos hasta el presente. Para los Griegos, la Naturaleza estaba gobernada por la necesidad y pr tanto inmodificable, mientras que la tradición Judeo-Cristiana, la Naturaleza fue confiada al Hombre par que la dominara. La ciencia moderna estudia al mundo para poder manipular y ordenar a la Naturaleza a través del uso de la tecnología la cual ahora se ha convertido en un fin en sí misma, gobernando la solución de problemas políticos y confrontándonos con problemas que superan nuestra competencia para resolverlos. El impacto ético de la tecnología ha sido el de crear un cambio entre ,actuar' que connota responsabilidad pos nuestras acciones a ,haciendo' que solo tiene que ver con la ejecución efectiva de un ,trabajo' sin preocuparnos por sus mas amplias consecuencias. No podemos seguir discutiendo si la tecnología es buena o es mala de acuerdo con el uso que le demos ya que ella ahora hace uso de nosotros y por tanto transforma nuestra ética, relaciones sociales y ser psicológico. [source]

Engaging Science Education Within Diverse Cultures

CURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 3 2003
James Gaskell
At the heart of discussions about an appropriate school science in a diverse world are questions about the status of modern science versus other schemes for understanding the natural world. Does modern science occupy a privileged epistemological position with respect to alternative beliefs? There has been a movement from an emphasis on replacing students' ideas based on traditional cultures to one of respecting those ideas and adding to them an understanding of modern science ideas and an exploration of when each might be useful. Respecting both sets of explanations need not deny discussions about credibility in particular contexts. School science, however, is always located within wider educational and political structures. Broad elements of the community must be engaged in dialogue concerning what knowledge about the natural world is important, to whom, and for what purposes. [source]

,Erkenntnistheoretische Maschinen': Questions about the Sublime in the Work of Raoul Schrott

GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 2 2002
Karen Leeder
This paper examines a new mode in recent German poetry. Far from the poetry influenced by the recent re-emergence of ,pop' culture, or the ,Alltagssprache' and ,simple Storys' of much recent writing from the former GDR, a number of poets have concerned themselves with modern science, particularly quantum mechanics and optics. These are among some of the most significant young poets of recent years (Thomas Kling, Franz Josef Czernin, Barbara Köhler, Durs Grünbein, Raoul Schrott etc.), figuring something which might be dubbed a contemporary of the ,poeta doctus'. This new discourse is interesting enough in itself, as poetry and science have, in the twentieth century at least, often been thought to be diametrically opposed. However, closer examination of this work, particularly that of Raoul Schrott (b. 1964), an ,emerging' and, paradoxically, already very distinguished writer, reveals that poetry and science can be understood as pro-foundly analogous; particularly in their use of metaphor. Fascinatingly, the contemporary discourse of science is set alongside classical (mythological) models in his work. They are both understood as finally hopeless projects to humanise the vast indifference of the universe: ,ein anderes sich in die leere/sagen'. The poem as ,epistemological machine' is set to interrogate the places where those human maps, models and vocabularies fail. The real territory of Schrott's work is thus revealed , in Hotels (1995), in essays, in four works of recent prose, and especially in Tropen (1998) , to be the boundaries of perception ,sub limes, where the models of human understanding fall away and point beyond themselves to an experience of the ,sublime'. [source]

Bioethics, Theology, and Social Change

JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS, Issue 3 2003
Lisa Sowle Cahill
ABSTRACT Recent years have witnessed a concern among theological bioethicists that secular debate has grown increasingly "thin," and that "thick" religious traditions and their spokespersons have been correspondingly excluded. This essay disputes that analysis. First, religious and theological voices compete for public attention and effectiveness with the equally "thick" cultural traditions of modern science and market capitalism. The distinctive contribution of religion should be to emphasize social justice in access to the benefits of health care, challenging the for-profit global marketing of research and biotechnology to wealthy consumers. Second, religion and theology have been and are still socially effective in sponsoring activism for practical change, both locally and globally. This claim will be supported with specific examples; with familiar concepts like subsidiarity and "middle axioms"; and with recent analyses of "participatory democracy" and of emerging, decentralized forms of global governance. [source]

Principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications in veterinary pharmacology

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2004
P. LEES
Pharmacodynamics (PDs) is the science of drug action on the body or on microorganisms and other parasites within or on the body. It may be studied at many organizational levels , sub-molecular, molecular, cellular, tissue/organ and whole body , using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro methods and utilizing a wide range of techniques. A few drugs owe their PD properties to some physico-chemical property or action and, in such cases, detailed molecular drug structure plays little or no role in the response elicited. For the great majority of drugs, however, action on the body is crucially dependent on chemical structure, so that a very small change, e.g. substitution of a proton by a methyl group, can markedly alter the potency of the drug, even to the point of loss of activity. In the late 19th century and first half of the 20th century recognition of these facts by Langley, Ehrlich, Dale, Clarke and others provided the foundation for the receptor site hypothesis of drug action. According to these early ideas the drug, in order to elicit its effect, had to first combine with a specific ,target molecule' on either the cell surface or an intracellular organelle. It was soon realized that the ,right' chemical structure was required for drug,target site interaction (and the subsequent pharmacological response). In addition, from this requirement, for specificity of chemical structure requirement, developed not only the modern science of pharmacology but also that of toxicology. In relation to drug actions on microbes and parasites, for example, the early work of Ehrlich led to the introduction of molecules selectively toxic for them and relatively safe for the animal host. In the whole animal drugs may act on many target molecules in many tissues. These actions may lead to primary responses which, in turn, may induce secondary responses, that may either enhance or diminish the primary response. Therefore, it is common to investigate drug pharmacodynamics (PDs) in the first instance at molecular, cellular and tissue levels in vitro, so that the primary effects can be better understood without interference from the complexities involved in whole animal studies. When a drug, hormone or neurotransmitter combines with a target molecule, it is described as a ligand. Ligands are classified into two groups, agonists (which initiate a chain of reactions leading, usually via the release or formation of secondary messengers, to the response) and antagonists (which fail to initiate the transduction pathways but nevertheless compete with agonists for occupancy of receptor sites and thereby inhibit their actions). The parameters which characterize drug receptor interaction are affinity, efficacy, potency and sensitivity, each of which can be elucidated quantitatively for a particular drug acting on a particular receptor in a particular tissue. The most fundamental objective of PDs is to use the derived numerical values for these parameters to classify and sub-classify receptors and to compare and classify drugs on the basis of their affinity, efficacy, potency and sensitivity. This review introduces and summarizes the principles of PDs and illustrates them with examples drawn from both basic and veterinary pharmacology. Drugs acting on adrenoceptors and cardiovascular, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs are considered briefly to provide a foundation for subsequent reviews in this issue which deal with pharmacokinetic (PK),PD modelling and integration of these drug classes. Drug action on receptors has many features in common with enzyme kinetics and gas adsorption onto surfaces, as defined by Michaelis,Menten and Langmuir absorption equations, respectively. These and other derived equations are outlined in this review. There is, however, no single theory which adequately explains all aspects of drug,receptor interaction. The early ,occupation' and ,rate' theories each explain some, but not all, experimental observations. From these basic theories the operational model and the two-state theory have been developed. For a discussion of more advanced theories see Kenakin (1997). [source]

The "I" in the gene: Divided property, fragmented personhood, and the making of a genetic privacy law

AMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 2 2007
MARGARET EVERETT
In this article, I explore the making and remaking of Oregon's Genetic Privacy Act, one of the first genetic privacy laws passed in the United States. New genetic technologies have provoked debates about medical privacy and property rights to the body and products derived from the body, and a majority of states have passed legislation regarding the use and disclosure of genetic information. Research in medical anthropology has increasingly focused on the politicized and fragmented body in modern science. As genetic privacy debates demonstrate, however, not only is the body increasingly subject to fragmentation but the property and privacy interests in bodies, body parts, and products derived from bodies are also increasingly subject to division. This article is based on my role as a member of two statewide advisory commissions from 1999 to 2005, the recordings and minutes of their meetings, legislation, testimony from legislative hearings, media coverage of the debate in Oregon, and letters to the editors of local newspapers. [source]

The detection of antibacterial actions of whole herb tinctures using luminescent Escherichia coli

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 12 2007
Kathryn Watt
Abstract Two whole cell Escherichia coli luminescent biosensors were used to determine the antibacterial actions of 16 herbal tinctures. These bioassays can detect genotoxic (strain DPD2794) and general oxidative stress (DE135) events when challenged with antibacterial substances. Many of the herbal tinctures were active against these Gram-negative bacteria, affecting their metabolism without, in some cases, arresting cell growth or causing cell death. Antibacterial activity ranged from undetectable for Curcuma longa, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Apium graveolens to highly effective against both E. coli strains in the case of Rosmarinus officinalis. Some of the results were unexpected. Althaea officinalis affected microbial metabolism in spite of the lack of literature precedent, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum did not appear to be antimicrobial, as claimed in some literature. It is concluded that studies using luminescent bacterial biosensors can provide important new insights into the potency and modes of the lethal and sub-lethal antibacterial action of whole herbs, and thereby provide crucial evidence for efficacy demanded by modern science and medicine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Can a Darwinian Be a Christian?

RELIGION COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2008
Gregory W. Dawes
Author's Introduction The article was provoked by recent discussion of the so-called ,conflict thesis': the idea that the Christian faith and the findings of modern science are necessarily at odds. This thesis is generally attributed to John William Draper (1811,1882) and Andrew Dickson White (1832,1918). Recent opposition to their work dates from a 1979 publication by James Moore. Moore argues that the warfare metaphor employed by Draper and White misrepresents the historical reality, by suggesting that the religion and science debates were clashes between distinct groups of people who were sharply polarized and violently antagonistic. Since then, similar criticisms have been made by historians, such as David Livingstone, Ronald Numbers, and David Lindberg. A key question here is: what does the conflict thesis entail? If it holds that Christian thinkers have invariably opposed scientific progress, while the defenders of science have been non-believers, it would be demonstrably false. But there exist more interesting forms of conflict thesis, which are philosophical rather than historical. These suggest that there is some tension between what Christians have traditionally believed and the findings of modern science, particularly Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Even if the two are not, strictly speaking, incompatible, the truth of one may constitute evidence against the truth of the other. Darwin's theory also undercuts traditional arguments from design, and highlights the epistemological divide between religious and scientific conceptions of authority. Online Materials The following sites contain audio and video files, as well as text and images. 1. http://www.meta-library.net/history/intro-frame.html This is a useful overview of the historical debate by Ronald Numbers, with links to other sites. Most presenters follow Moore in opposing the conflict thesis, narrowly defined, but neglect the conflicts that my article highlights. 2. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/id/program.html Here one can view an excellent, 2-h PBS television documentary on the Dover, Pennsylvania trial in December 2005 regarding the teaching of ,intelligent design' (ID) in public schools. 3. http://www.butler.edu/clergyproject/rel_evol_sun.htm This is a letter signed by more than 11,000 clergy, arguing that there is no conflict between religion and science, and encouraging (among other things) the liturgical celebration of evolution by natural selection. 4. http://www.discovery.org/csc/ At the other end of the theological spectrum, this is the website of the Discovery Institute, devoted to opposing Darwinism and promoting ,intelligent design' (ID). Controversially, it presents ID as a scientific theory, rather than a religious doctrine. 5. http://www.asa3.org/ Somewhere between the Clergy Letter Project and the Discovery Institute lies the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA). The ASA ,does not take a position when there is honest disagreement between Christians', so it embraces a variety of perspectives. Sample Syllabus The following could form the basis for a graduate seminar on religion and science, focusing on the Darwinian controversies. One could, for instance, devote two classes to each of these topics. 1. The Draper-White Thesis I recommend reading extracts from the two writers thought to be responsible for the conflict thesis, to establish what each actually said. John William Draper, The History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, International Scientific Series 13 (London: Henry S. King & Co., 1875), chap. 8. Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1896; New York, NY: Dover Publications, 1960), vol. 1, chap. 1. 2. Criticism of the Draper-White Thesis Either of the following readings from historians critical of Draper and White's work would be a useful starting point for discussion. James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870,1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), chap. 1. David N. Livingstone, ,Re-placing Darwinism and Christianity', in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers (eds.), When Science and Christianity Meet, pp. 183,202 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 3. The Incompatibility Thesis Many authors attempt to show that Darwinism and Christianity and compatible. But it would be useful to examine Pope John Paul II's statement on this topic, along with some responses by biologists and philosophers. John Paul II, ,The Pope's Message on Evolution and Four Commentaries', The Quarterly Review of Biology, 72:4 (1997): 375,406. 4. The Evidential Thesis Students might enjoy reading and discussing the following article by a leading evolutionary biologist. George C. Williams, ,Mother Nature Is a Wicked Old Witch', in Matthew H. Nitecki and Doris V. Nitecki (eds.), Evolutionary Ethics, 217,31 (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993). 5. The Replacement Thesis This is an important but often neglected book. Students would benefit from reading at least the first chapter. Neal C. Gillespie, Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1979), chap. 1. 6. The Faith and Reason Thesis The following article by a well-known historian and philosopher of science touches on some of the key issues. Ernan McMullin, ,Evolution and Special Creation', Zygon 28:3 (1993): 299,335. Focus Questions 1There exist many Christian thinkers who accept Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Does that mean there is no conflict between Darwinism and Christianity? 2Taken at face value, Genesis 1,3 tells the story of the origins of the world and of human beings. What aspects of that story would you consider essential to the Christian faith? 3If we have an entirely natural explanation of the origins of complex living organisms, do we still have reasons to believe in a creator God? 4If God could have created complex living beings by a simple command, why would he choose a lengthy and wasteful process such as natural selection? 5Could a Christian regard the existence of God in the same way as a scientific hypothesis, that is to say, to be accepted only in so far as it is supported by the evidence? Seminar Activity I would suggest a debate, in which students sympathetic to the creationist position are asked to defend Darwin's theory, while students sympathetic to evolution are asked to argue against it. [source]

Colonizing nature: scientific knowledge, colonial power and the incorporation of India into the modern world-system

THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001
Zaheer Baber
ABSTRACT In this paper, the role of scientific knowledge, institutions and colonialism in mutually co-producing each other is analysed. Under the overarching rubric of colonial structures and imperatives, amateur scientists sought to deploy scientific expertise to expand the empire while at the same time seeking to take advantage of the opportunities to develop their careers as ,scientists'. The role of a complex interplay of structure and agency in the development of modern science, not just in India but in Britain too is analysed. The role of science and technology in the incorporation of South Asian into the modern world system, as well as the consequences of the emergent structures in understanding the trajectory of modern science in post-colonial India is examined. Overall, colonial rule did not simply diffuse modern science from the core to the periphery. Rather the colonial encounter led to the development of new forms of scientific knowledge and institutions both in the periphery and the core. [source]

THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION

THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 4 2008
WILLIAM CHARLTON
Synopsis: We are often told that the doctrine of creation has not been refuted by modern science, but we cannot judge whether that is true unless we know exactly what the doctrine is, and that is seldom explained. I first offer an interpretation of the doctrine, then defend this as an interpretation, and finally argue that we should use not scientific but forensic methods to decide whether the doctrine, so interpreted, is true. [source]

Grounding Providence in the Theology of the Creator: The Exemplarity of Thomas Aquinas

THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002
Michael A. Hoonhout
Discussion of divine providence was traditionally grounded in the wisdom and benevolence of the Creator, until the impact of nominalism which narrowed the theological focus upon the absolute power and freedom of the divine will. An exemplary approach for discussing providence which predates nominalism and which has surprising contemporary relevance is the one developed by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae. It is exemplary both for how it discusses providence and for what is says about it. Methodologically, Aquinas explains providence in two contexts, one theological, the other cosmological, in order to avoid misconstruing the reality of one term because of the dynamics pertinent to the other. Substantively, this understanding of providence rests upon the theological foundation of the Creator's wisdom and benevolence, which in the world find expression as a comprehensive order oriented towards emergent goodness. Through this order God is provident by the genuine and contingent causal actions of creatures, a natural and non-deterministic means that makes it highly compatible with modern science. [source]

The Treasury of Metaphysics and the Physical World

THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 216 2004
Charles Goodman
Most modern analytic philosophers have ignored works of Indian philosophy such as Vasubandhu's ,Treasury of Metaphysics'. This neglect is unjustified. The account of the nature of the physical world given in the ,Treasury' is a one-category ontology of dharmas, which are simple, momentary tropes. They include bade physical tropes, the most fundamental level of the physical world, as well as higher-level tropes, including sensible properties such as colours, which are known as derived form. I argue that the relationship between the basic physical tropes and derived form is one of supervenience. Vasubandhu's theory is a powerful and flexible one, which can be adapted so as to be consistent with modern science. [source]

The eastward displacement of a freely falling body on the rotating Earth: Newton and Hooke's debate of 1679

ANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 8 2010
W. Dittrich
Abstract In this article I would like to tell the story of the beginning of modern theoretical physics, freed from all kinds of questionable anecdotes which have entered the scientific literature over the centuries. It all began in the seventeenth century when the mathematical theory of astronomy began to take shape. A major step in the history of modern science was taken when a few members of The Royal Society in London realized that the laws ruling the motions of heavenly bodies as manifested in Kepler's three laws are also effective in the dynamics of Earth-bound particle motion. Everything started, not with I. Newton, but with R. Hooke. Not Newton's falling apple (Voltaire's invention), but a far-reaching response by R. Hooke to a letter by I. Newton, dated November 28, 1679, ignited Newton's interest in gravity. That letter contained the famous spiral which a falling body would follow when released from a certain height above the surface of the Earth. Hooke's answer, based on Keplerian orbits, expressed the opinion that the body's trajectory would rather follow an elliptical path. In his spiral sketch Newton, however, predicted correctly that the falling body would be found to suffer an eastward deviation from the vertical in consequence of the Earth's rotation. In the course of time, many a researcher, including Hooke himself, was able to verify this conjecture. But it took until 1803 for the first satisfactory calculation of the eastward displacement of a freely falling body to be performed, and was provided by C.F. Gauss. [source]

100 years of ,Allergy': can von Pirquet's word be rescued?

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 5 2006
A. B. Kay
Summary It is 100 years since Clemens von Pirquet wrote his classic paper introducing the term ,allergy'. Although the word is no longer used in the way he intended, his concept of ,changed reactivity' laid the foundation for the modern science of immunology. [source]