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Models Relevant (models + relevant)
Selected AbstractsResearch perspectives on alcohol craving: an overviewADDICTION, Issue 8s2 2000Cherry Lowman This overview of the Addiction supplement on 'Research Perspectives on Alcohol Craving' has three objectives. The first is to familiarize readers with the variety of theoretical models relevant to craving and the definitions of craving generated by them that are discussed in the supplement. These include phenomenological models, classical and operant conditioning models, the incentive-sensitization theory, a tonic-phasic model of dopamine system regulation, cognitive social learning theory and the cognitive processing theory of craving. The second objective is to provide a brief summary of the methodological articles which focus as a whole more on what can be done than on what has been done in alcohol craving research. The final objective is to emphasize the potential importance of transdisciplinary research-research that integrates components of different theoretical models-for delineating the role of alcohol and drug craving in the complex biobehavioral process known as addiction. It is the hope of the guest editors (the authors of this overview) that the Addiction supplement and this introduction to it will contribute to development of a framework for future transdisciplinary research on alcohol craving. [source] Distress Selling and Asset Market FeedbackFINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS & INSTRUMENTS, Issue 5 2007Ilhyock Shim This paper examines the process of distress selling and asset market feedback. It splits this process into several stages, in order to analyze what triggers distress selling, why asset prices fall, and how falling prices generate additional rounds of selling. This framework enables us to understand and compare models relevant to distress selling from diverse literatures. The paper also considers what policy options are available at each stage to mitigate the adverse economic consequences of distress selling and asset market feedback. [source] The NMDA receptor antagonist memantine as a symptomatological and neuroprotective treatment for Alzheimer's disease: preclinical evidenceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue S1 2003Wojciech Danysz Abstract There is increasing evidence for the involvement of glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We suggest that glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type are overactivated in a tonic rather than a phasic manner in this disorder. This continuous mild activation may lead to neuronal damage and impairment of synaptic plasticity (learning). It is likely that under such conditions Mg2+ ions, which block NMDA receptors under normal resting conditions, can no longer do so. We found that overactivation of NMDA receptors using a direct agonist or a decrease in Mg2+ concentration produced deficits in synaptic plasticity (in vivo: passive avoidance test and/or in vitro: LTP in the CA1 region). In both cases, memantine,an uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists with features of an ,improved' Mg2+ (voltage-dependency, kinetics, affinity),attenuated this deficit. Synaptic plasticity was restored by therapeutically-relevant concentrations of memantine (1,,M). Moreover, doses leading to similar brain/serum levels provided neuroprotection in animal models relevant for neurodegeneration in AD such as neurotoxicity produced by inflammation in the NBM or ,-amyloid injection to the hippocampus. As such, if overactivation of NMDA receptors is present in AD, memantine would be expected to improve both symptoms (cognition) and to slow down disease progression because it takes over the physiological function of magnesium. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The neurophysiology of dyspneaJOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE, Issue 6 2008Matthew Scott Mellema DVM Abstract Objective , To review the human and veterinary literature regarding the neurophysiology of dyspnea and to provide evidence for the beneficial effects of several novel therapies aimed at the alleviation of dyspneic sensations. Data Sources , Data sources included scientific reviews, case reports, original research publications, and recent research conference proceedings. Human Data Synthesis , The use of blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging technology has revealed that the brain regions activated by air hunger in humans are also those activated by fear, pain, and thirst perception. In human subjects, it has been found that agents known to enhance the firing of pulmonary slowly adapting receptors (SARs) can alleviate the sensation of dyspnea without altering central respiratory drive. Several small studies have also shown that nebulized opioids can reduce the sensation of dyspnea apparently via activation of peripheral opioid receptors in the lung. Veterinary Data Synthesis , There are several animal models relevant to both small and large animal clinical patient populations. Treatment of rats with a nebulized SAR sensitizing agent (furosemide) enhances SAR firing in response to lung inflation. Behavioral escape responses to airway occlusion are reduced in lightly anesthetized cats when treated with nebulized furosemide. Opioid agonists have been shown to inhibit the release of acetylcholine and other mediators from the airways of dogs and guinea pigs. Studies using a goat model with bilateral destruction of the pre-Bötzinger Complex do not support current paradigms of air hunger origination. Conclusions , Veterinary patients may benefit from an approach to dyspnea that incorporates an understanding of the origins of the unpleasant sensations associated with the condition. Several novel therapies have shown promise in alleviating dyspneic sensations without altering respiratory drive. Further study is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these therapies in veterinary patients. [source] Using mixed methods research in medical education: basic guidelines for researchersMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 7 2009Karen E Schifferdecker Context, Mixed methods research involves the collection, analysis and integration of both qualitative and quantitative data in a single study. The benefits of a mixed methods approach are particularly evident when studying new questions or complex initiatives and interactions, which is often the case in medical education research. Basic guidelines for when to use mixed methods research and how to design a mixed methods study in medical education research are not readily available. Methods, The purpose of this paper is to remedy that situation by providing an overview of mixed methods research, research design models relevant for medical education research, examples of each research design model in medical education research, and basic guidelines for medical education researchers interested in mixed methods research. Conclusions, Mixed methods may prove superior in increasing the integrity and applicability of findings when studying new or complex initiatives and interactions in medical education research. They deserve an increased presence and recognition in medical education research. [source] | ||||||||||