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Mode
Kinds of Mode Terms modified by Mode Selected AbstractsEXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEFORMING MODE OF A SURFACE IN FUNCTION OF ITS ROUGHNESSEXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 2 2000M. Dursapt First page of article [source] INFLUENCE OF PLATE TEMPERATURE AND MODE OF REHYDRATION ON TEXTURAL PARAMETERS OF PRECOOKED FREEZE-DRIED BEEFJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 3 2003ANA MARIA IRENE BARTOLOMEU AYROSA The effects of various plate temperatures and rehydration procedures in texture of precooked freeze-dried beef, were evaluated. Frozen precooked commercial beef was freeze-dried at 20, 40, 60 and 80C during 24 h. The rehydration procedure involved two main variables: distilled water at room-temperature and at 80C, for 30 min. The texture profile analysis was performed with a TA-XT2 Texture Analyzer (SMS) for freeze-dried rehydrated samples and compared to frozen precooked beef. The results showed that with a same drying period, the 60C plate temperature and rehydrated in distilled water at room-temperature resulted in a better product texture, in regards to texture parameters hardness and chewiness. [source] Copolymerization of Ethylene with 2,7-Octadienyl Methyl Ether in the Presence of Metallocene and Nickel Diimine CatalystsMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 7 2009Mércia Fernandes Abstract In this work, copolymers of ethylene with 2,7-octadienyl methyl ether have been synthesized in the presence of three single-site catalysts. The obtained copolymers not only have a polar ether function but also a double bond in the side chains that is useful for secondary reactions. The polymers were characterized by GPC, EA, DSC, NMR, and FT-IR. The catalytic activity depends on the kind of catalysts, the concentration of the polar monomer, and the concentration of the protecting agent. Up to 7.3 wt.-% of MODE could be incorporated by the metallocene catalyst. These are in average 120 functional side groups in a polymer molecule with a molecular mass of 230,000. [source] INFORMATION SHARING AND OPTIMUM FINANCING MODETHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 1 2005GABRIELLA CHIESA Within a setting where an established firm (incumbent) and a new venture engage in research and development (R&D) and compete in the product market, we analyze R&D cooperation and the optimum financing mode. We show that if an equilibrium is one where firms cooperate, then financing is provided by the incumbent. Cooperation is more likely in organizations where agency problems are less severe, e.g. family firms, and the riskier R&D. If the R&D output is patentable, cooperation is implemented ex post via licensing and the optimum financing mode has financing provided by a pure financial institution. [source] [Commentary] MOVING ON TO COMORBIDITY, NEW MODES OF DELIVERY AND ACCEPTABILITYADDICTION, Issue 3 2009GERHARD ANDERSSON No abstract is available for this article. [source] HUMBOLDT'S NODES AND MODES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE ANDEAN WORLD,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 3 2006Karl S. Zimmerer ABSTRACT. Alexander von Humboldt engaged in a staggering array of diverse experiences in the Andes and adjoining lowlands of northwestern South America between 1801 and 1803. Yet examination of Humboldt's diaries, letters, and published works shows how his principal activities in the Andes centered on three interests: mining and geological landscapes; communications and cartography; and use and distribution of the quinine-yielding cinchona trees. Each node represented a pragmatic concern dealing with environmental resources in the context of the Andes. To pursue these interests in his Andean field studies, Humboldt relied on varied cultural interactions and vast social networks for knowledge exchange, in addition to extensive textual comparisons. These modes of inquiry dovetailed with his pragmatic interests and his open-ended intellectual curiosity. Fertile combinations in his Andean studies provided the foundation and main testing ground for Humboldt's fused nature-culture approach as well as his contributions to early geography and interdisciplinary environmental science. [source] TIMING AND MODES OF DEFORMATION IN THE WESTERN SICILIAN THRUST SYSTEM, SOUTHERN ITALYJOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2001L. Tortorici Imbricate units in the western Sicilian fold-and-thrust belt originated on the southern continental margin of Neotethys, and were deformed during the Neogene-Recent in response to convergence between the African and European Plates. Neogene-Pleistocene synorogenic sediments, deposited in flexural foredeeps and satellite piggy-back basins, contain a record of the belt's evolution. Progressive migration of the thrust front southwards into the foreland has been documented, beginning in the Tortonian and continuing to the present-day particularly in western parts of the belt. In the eastern part, activity on Quaternary strike-slip fault zones has produced asymmetric flower structures and other interference structures. In this paper, we present two regional sections across the western Sicilian foreland-thrust belt system. These structural cross-sections extend down as far as the top of the Hercynian basement and integrate our field observations with previously-acquired well log, magnetic and seismic data. We show that complex interactions between the foreland-migrating thrust belt, which developed between the Late Miocene and the Pleistocene, and Pleistocene strike-slip faults led to the development of structural traps which constitute potential targets for hydrocarbon exploration. [source] ERIUGENA'S FIVE MODES (PERIPHYSEON 443A,446A)THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009MICHAEL FOURNIER First page of article [source] CONFUSED THOUGHT AND MODES OF PRESENTATIONTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 218 2005Krista Lawlor Ruth Millikan has long argued that the phenomenon of confused thought requires us to abandon certain traditional programmes for mental semantics. On the one hand she argues that confused thought involves confused concepts, and on the other that Fregean senses, or modes of presentation, cannot be useful in theorizing about minds capable of confused thinking. I argue that while we might accept that concepts can be confused, we have no reason to abandon modes of presentation. Making sense of confused thought requires recognizing modes of presentation. [source] MODES OF THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP IN KLEINIAN PSYCHOTHERAPYBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 1 2000John Nuttall ABSTRACT ,Klein seems to take us to the limits of what is imaginable about psychic life'(Stonebridge & Phillips 1998, p. 3) and brought new techniques to child psychoanalysis. She probably brought very little new to the technique of adult psychoanalysis. It was left to her followers to develop a distinctly Kleinian approach to psychotherapy, which today emphasizes the emotional immediacy of the patient-therapist relationship. This paper explores the multi-faceted nature of the therapeutic relationship in contemporary Kleinian practice by using as a template the five modes of psychotherapeutic relationship Clarkson identified from her researches, and published in this journal in 1990. Following a review of Kleinian metapsychology, the five modes are discussed individually to show in what way each is manifested in the Kleinian approach. The conclusion is that Kleinian psychotherapy contains, as part of its ontology, the five modes of therapeutic relationship elaborated by Clarkson, and as a corollary offers a postmodern perspective on psychoanalytic psychotherapy. [source] Observation of Mode like Coherent Structures in Curved Magnetic Fields of a Simple Magnetized TorusCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 4 2004F. Greiner Abstract The spatio-temporal dynamics of large-scale structures in curved magnetic field of simple magnetized torus (SMT) are presented. The experiments are performed in the SMT BLAAMANN and employ the techniques of conditional averaging (CA) and cross-correlation (CCF) of Langmuir probe data. By means of a detailed comparison of radio-frequency and thermionic discharges, it is shown that general features of the observed large-scale structures are independent of the discharge mechanism. Further, the observed large scale structures have a pronounced spatio-temporal periodicity, which suggests a description as mode-like. The conjectured relationship between the observed coherent structures and the inverse energy cascade is therefore questioned again. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Communication and Context: Collective Tacit Knowledge and Practice in Japan's Workplace baCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2001Tim Ray In contrast to Schumpeter's "perennial gale of creative destruction" (Schumpeter 1976: 84), government,coordinated economic development in post,1945 Japan has owed more to informal (but binding) "rules of the game" (North 1990) that situate working, learning and innovation within the spaces delineated by tightly bounded company,as,family workplace organisations or ,ba' (which roughly means ,place' or ,interaction field'). Horizontal keiretsu groupings, together with fixed trading,patterns in supply and distribution chains, continue to support an interlocking ,steady state' economic structure in which new technologies tend to emerge from existing organisations. Shared experience within workplace ba generates tacit knowledge that is held in common by colleagues and retained as a potent tool for shaping future practice. It plays a vital role in facilitating ,friction free' communication amongst insiders, who can act as a group to ostracise and retaliate against agents who break their code. Long,term obligations link salaried male employees to their workplace ba. Consequently, autonomous boundary,spanning communities of practice, together with industry,university collaboration and other transient associations with outsiders, lack legitimacy. Cook and Brown's (1999) pluralist epistemology is used to compare Western interpretations of Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge (Gibbons et al 1994) with the privileged role that Japan's workplace ba accord to insider collective,tacit knowledge, which we tentatively call ,Mode 3' knowledge. [source] Endogenous Adaptation: The Effects of Technology Position and Planning Mode on IT-Enabled Change,DECISION SCIENCES, Issue 3 2006Victoria L. Mitchell ABSTRACT The redesign of information technology (IT)-enabled work processes often necessitates fundamental design changes to the intended work process, the IT platform hosting the work process, or both. Research suggests that such design changes often can be traced to earlier decisions involving endogenous adaptation or internal organizational change. Two such decisions are a firm's technology position and planning mode. This study examines the relationship between technology position and planning mode in predicting the magnitude of design change in process redesign projects. The conceptual frame applied in examining these relationships involves a synthesis of Miles and Snow's adaptive cycle with elements central to concurrent engineering. Our results indicate that the magnitude of design change is related to differences in technology position and planning mode. To effectively implement organizational change, firms must leverage their IT platform by carefully timing IT investments in accordance with their adopted technology position. Directing the trajectory of a firm's IT platform and deploying it so as to complement the firm's technology position reduces design uncertainty, promoting reengineering success. [source] Advancing Firm Growth Research: A Focus on Growth Mode Instead of Growth RateENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 2 2010Alexander McKelvie The development of firm growth research has been notably slow. In this paper, we argue that a major reason for this lack of development is the impatience of researchers to prematurely address the question of "how much?" before adequately providing answers to the question "how?" On the basis of an extensive review of the literature, we suggest how growth research can advance by changing focus to growth mode (organic, acquisition, hybrid). Toward this end, we provide a research agenda that helps establish the types of questions that growth researchers can ask within this new focus. [source] Web-based virtual patients in dentistry: factors influencing the use of cases in the Web-SP systemEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 1 2009N. Zary Abstract We studied the students' acceptance and utilization of virtual patients (VPs) authored by faculty using the Web-SP system over two consecutive years. We also studied factors of importance for the utilization of VPs for self-assessment. Both year-groups studied found the Web-SP system easy to use and their overall opinion of Web-SP was positive (Median: 5, p25-p75: 4-5). They found the VPs engaging, realistic, fun to use, instructive and relevant to their course. Students used, on average, 9.68 VPs per course, which constitutes 43 percent of the available VPs. The number of VPs available seemed to be sufficient for the target course, even if some of the students preferred a higher number of VPs. Of the VPs encountered, 71% (CI: 68-75%) were VPs with feedback, and correspondingly 29% of the VPs chosen were without feedback. The difference in utilization between both types of VPs was significant, at p < 0.001. Thus, the students clearly favoured VPs with feedback compared to VPs without feedback. There were three modes of engagement in which the VP was utilized. Mode 1 was the preferred mode for VPs without feedback, while mode 3 was dominant for VPs with feedback.. Whether or not a VP was selected for review during a teacher led seminar or not, did not affect student behaviour, at least on the surface. Teacher led seminars may still be of importance to provide credibility to the VPs by integrating them into the curriculum. [source] Self-Assembled Lanthanide Salicylaldimines with a Unique Coordination ModeEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 14 2010gorzata T. Kaczmarek Abstract New lanthanide salicylaldimine complexes of the formula [Ln(H2L)3(NO3)3](H2L), where Ln = La3+ (1), Nd3+ (2), Eu3+ (3), Gd3+ (4), Ho3+ (5), Er3+ (6), Tb3+ (7) or Yb3+ (8), and H2L = N,N,-bis(salicylidene)-4-methyl-1,3-phenylenediamine, were formed in a self-assembly process involving the lanthanide template-induced one-step [2+1] Schiff base condensation reaction between salicylaldehyde and 4-methyl-1,3-phenylenediamine. The unusual coordination pattern of salen-type ligands in these complexes, in which the three potentially tetradentate N2O2 salicylaldimines function as undeprotonated, monodentate, exclusively O-donor ligands without involving the nitrogen atoms in the coordination environment, was proved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and correlated with spectroscopic characterization. In this species with the nine-coordinate distorted tricapped trigonal prism geometry, the nitrates act as bidentate chelators occupying six coordination sites and leaving the remaining sites available for salicylaldimine ligands formed in situ in the template process. The additional salicylaldimine molecule acts as a guest for the salicylaldimine complex host and stabilizes the overall self-assembled supramolecular network. [source] The Inorganic,Organic Hybrid Compound {[Mn(trien)]2SnS4}·4H2O: Exhibiting a Hitherto Unknown Binding Mode of the [SnS4]4, TetrahedronEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2009Nicole Pienack Abstract The compound {[Mn(C6H18N4)]2SnS4}·4H2O (C6H18N4 = triethylenetetramine) was obtained under solvothermal conditions. In the structure of the {[Mn(C6H18N4)]2SnS4}, chain, two S atoms of the [SnS4]4, anion act in a hitherto never observed ,3 bridging mode that connects the Mn2S2N8 di-octahedra. The Mn2+ ions are octahedrally coordinated by four N and two S atoms, and two symmetry-related octahedra share a common S,S edge. Three of the H2O molecules are joined into chains through H-bonding interactions.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Transition of Failure Mode and Enhanced Plastic Deformation of Metallic Glass by Multiaxial Confinement,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 11 2009Fu-Fa Wu Multiple shear bands are formed in a confined metallic-glass specimen under small-punch loading. The intersecting of shear bands and the formation of profuse secondary shear bands are promoted under this confinement; accordingly, the failure mode changes from catastrophic fracture to stable multiple shear banding. Multiaxial confinement is an effective method to stabilize shear banding and further enhance the mechanical performance, especially the plastic deformation capability of metallic glass. These results present a simple step for making shear banding more stable and exploiting the shear-deformation capability of metallic glasses, leading to the toughening of brittle metallic glasses and potentially broadening their applications. [source] Effect of Contact Mode on the Electrical Transport and Field-Emission Performance of Individual Boron NanowiresADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 12 2010Fei Liu Abstract Vapor,liquid,solid processing of boron nanowires (BNWs) can be carried out either using a bottom-up or top-down growth mode, which results in different contact modes between the nanowire and the substrate. The contact mode may strongly affect the electrical transport and field-emission performance of the individual boron nanowires grown on a Si substrate. The electrical transport and field-emission characteristics of individual boron nanowires of different contact modes are investigated in situ using a scanning electron microscope. The contact barriers are very distinct for the different contact modes. Moreover, the transition from a "contact-limited" to a "bulk-limited" field-emission (FE) process is demonstrated in nanoemitters for the first time, and the proposed improved metal,insulator,vacuum (MIV) model may better illustrate the nonlinear behavior of the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plots in these nanoscale systems. Individual BNWs with different contact modes have a discrepancy in their emission stability and vacuum breakdown characteristics though they have similar aspect ratios, which suggests that their electrical transport and field-emission performance are closely related to their contact mode. Boron nanowires grown in the base-up mode have better field-emission performances and are more beneficial than those grown in the top-down mode for various device applications. [source] Ecological repercussions of historical fish extraction from the Southern OceanFISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 1 2009David G Ainley Abstract A major mid-1980s shift in ecological structure of significant portions of the Southern Ocean was partially due to the serial depletion of fish by intensive industrial fishing, rather than solely to climate factors as previously hypothesized. Over a brief period (1969,1973), several finfish stocks were on average reduced to <50%, and finally (mid-1980s) to <20%, of original size. Despite management actions, few stocks have recovered and some are still declining. Most affected species exhibit K-selected life-history patterns, and before exploitation presumably fluctuated in accordance with infrequent strong year classes, as is true of such fish elsewhere. A climate regime, the Southern Annular Mode, once oscillated between two states, but has remained in its ,positive mode' since the time of the fish extraction. This may have increased finfish vulnerability to exploitation. As breeding stocks decreased, we hypothesize that availability of annually produced juvenile fish fed upon by upper-level predators remained low. Correlations between predator populations and fish biomass in predator foraging areas indicate that southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina, Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella, gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua, macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolphus and ,imperial' shag Phalacrocorax spp. , all feeding extensively on these fish, and monitored at Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, South Georgia, South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, where fishing was concentrated , declined simultaneously during the two periods of heavy fishing. These patterns indicate the past importance of demersal fish as prey in Antarctic marine systems, but determining these interactions' ecological mechanisms may now be impossible. [source] Assessing the variability of hydrographic processes influencing the life cycle of the Sicilian Channel anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, by satellite imageryFISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2005JESÚS GARCÍA LAFUENTE Abstract Three oceanographic surveys carried out in the Sicilian Channel during the spawning season (June to July) of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) showed a close relationship between anchovy reproductive strategy and important hydrographic structures. A time series of satellite-derived sea surface temperature images of the Sicilian Channel were analysed by means of empirical orthogonal functions and the dominant empirical modes were studied in detail. The first empirical mode captured much of the original variance and reproduced the trajectory of the Atlantic Ionian Stream (AIS), the principal hydrodynamic feature of the area. The time coefficients of modes 1 and 2 had seasonal signals which, when combined, accounted for the enhancement of the thermal front, clearly visible off Cape Passero (southernmost coast of Sicily) during summer. As the area constituted the principal nursery ground of the Sicilian Channel anchovy, the combination of the time coefficients of these modes was considered a potential indicator of the food particle concentration usually associated with oceanic fronts, which provided the energy requirements for larval growth. Mode 3 described the north/south displacements of the mean AIS trajectory, which modified the surface temperature regime of the anchovy spawning habitat. Therefore, the time coefficients of this mode were used as a potential indicator of anchovy spawning habitat variability. The capability of time coefficients of modes 2 and 3 to modify the main pattern depicted by mode 1 were tested successfully against in situ oceanographic observations. [source] PEFC Stack Operating in Anodic Dead End Mode,FUEL CELLS, Issue 4 2004L. Dumercy Abstract The polymer electrolyte fuel cell,(PEFC) system is considered as an alternative power source and is particularly promising for mobile applications. This paper reports some experimental results performed on a PEFC stack, operating in anodic dead end mode. The flush frequency of the anode is investigated. In order to reduce hydrogen consumption in an embedded application, the flush frequency could be calculated from system modelling, according to the operating conditions. The first step of such a model is presented. It simulates the water exchanges between the anode and cathode channels in the anode dead end case. It has been implemented in a MATLAB® environment. [source] Doing Gender unto the Other: Fiction as a Mode of Studying Gender Discrimination in OrganizationsGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 3 2006Barbara Czarniawska Although ,doing gender' has been recently defined as an accomplishment, an element of social practice, this understanding of the concept needs to be extended to coercive action such as subtle workplace discrimination. Even though great effort has been invested in revealing the dynamic of such social practices, the researcher's task is not easy for a variety of reasons. This type of study is difficult to conduct by following traditional research design and many alternative approaches have been tried. This article presents the possibility of using fiction as one possible and relatively unexploited venue of research. [source] Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern OceanGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 7 2009JAUME FORCADA Abstract Penguins are adapted to live in extreme environments, but they can be highly sensitive to climate change, which disrupts penguin life history strategies when it alters the weather, oceanography and critical habitats. For example, in the southwest Atlantic, the distributional range of the ice-obligate emperor and Adélie penguins has shifted poleward and contracted, while the ice-intolerant gentoo and chinstrap penguins have expanded their range southward. In the Southern Ocean, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode are the main modes of climate variability that drive changes in the marine ecosystem, ultimately affecting penguins. The interaction between these modes is complex and changes over time, so that penguin responses to climate change are expected to vary accordingly, complicating our understanding of their future population processes. Penguins have long life spans, which slow microevolution, and which is unlikely to increase their tolerance to rapid warming. Therefore, in order that penguins may continue to exploit their transformed ecological niche and maintain their current distributional ranges, they must possess adequate phenotypic plasticity. However, past species-specific adaptations also constrain potential changes in phenology, and are unlikely to be adaptive for altered climatic conditions. Thus, the paleoecological record suggests that penguins are more likely to respond by dispersal rather than adaptation. Ecosystem changes are potentially most important at the borders of current geographic distributions, where penguins operate at the limits of their tolerance; species with low adaptability, particularly the ice-obligates, may therefore be more affected by their need to disperse in response to climate and may struggle to colonize new habitats. While future sea-ice contraction around Antarctica is likely to continue affecting the ice-obligate penguins, understanding the responses of the ice-intolerant penguins also depends on changes in climate mode periodicities and interactions, which to date remain difficult to reproduce in general circulation models. [source] Smooth switching control for transfer from the Automatic Traveling Mode to the Power Assist Mode of the Skill-AssistIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2007Suwoong Lee Non-member Abstract The objective of this study is to verify a smooth switching control method for transfer from the automatic traveling mode (ATM) to the power assist mode (PAM) of Skill-Assist. A control law including time-varying impedance parameters is utilized to attain the objective. The experimental result shows that the transfer from ATM to PAM was successfully performed by the smooth switching control method. © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Mode of delivery and risk of fecal incontinence in women with or without inflammatory bowel disease: Questionnaire survey,INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 11 2007J.P.L. Ong MRCP Abstract Background: Elective cesarean section (CS) may be recommended for patients with Crohn's disease and perineal involvement. Little is known about CS rates in parous women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), nor the possible long-term impact of vaginal delivery and episiotomy on continence in women with IBD. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to all 777 regional members of a Colitis and Crohn's Disease patient association. Male members were asked to request their unaffected female spouse/partner to complete the forms in order to give a "control" group for comparison. Results: Forms were returned by 491 members (response rate 63%). CS had been undertaken for 37 of the 229 parous women with IBD (16%) versus 15 of the 116 without IBD (13%) (,2 = 0.62, P = NS). Only 2 women had undergone CS due to IBD. Of the parous women with IBD, 75 (33%) had persisting problems with fecal incontinence, of whom 21 (28%) dated this back to the time of vaginal delivery. By contrast, only 2 (2%) of the parous control group had suffered persisting fecal incontinence following vaginal delivery (,2 = 8.27, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Persisting fecal incontinence is reported by a significant minority of parous women with IBD, of whom over one-quarter date this back to vaginal delivery. CS is rarely recommended due to IBD alone. If our findings are confirmed in prospective studies, the threshold for recommending CS may need to be lowered for patients with IBD. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007) [source] Novel genetic basis of field-evolved resistance to Bt toxins in Plutella xylostellaINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005S. W. Baxter Abstract Insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used to control pest insects, but evolution of resistance threatens their continued efficacy. The most common type of Bt resistance (,Mode 1') is characterized by recessive inheritance, > 500-fold resistance to at least one Cry1A toxin, negligible cross-resistance to Cry1C, and reduced binding of Bt toxins to midgut membrane target sites. Mutations affecting a Cry1A-binding midgut cadherin protein are linked to laboratory-selected Mode 1 resistance in Heliothis virescens and Pectinophora gossypiella. Here we show that field-evolved Mode 1 resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, has a different genetic basis, indicating that screening for resistance in the field should not be restricted to a previously proposed DNA-based search for cadherin mutations. [source] Continuous Tuning of Organic Transistor Operation from Enhancement to Depletion ModeADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 3 2009Piero Cosseddu An organic field-effect transistor able to switch from depletion (normally on) to enhancement (normally off) mode was obtained thanks to the composition of the mixed semiconductor that forms the device channel. The threshold voltage of the device can be predictably tuned from positive to negative values by adjusting the composition of a mixture of sexithiophene derivatives that are able to achieve a perfect intercalation inside the thin film. [source] Gate Dielectric Microstructural Control of Pentacene Film Growth Mode and Field-Effect Transistor Performance,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 18 2007C. Kim Organic semiconductor/dielectric interfacial characteristics play a critical role in influencing organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) performance characteristics (see figure). Clear correlations between pentacene film deposition temperature, estimated polymer dielectric surface microstructural mobility, and the corresponding film growth mode, semiconductor phase composition, and carrier mobilities are established. [source] On the interannual wintertime rainfall variability in the Southern AndesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010M. H. González Abstract The paper concentrates on the analysis of the interannual variability of wintertime rainfall in the Southern Andes. Besides the socio-economic relevance of the region, mainly associated with hydroelectric energy production, the study of the climate variability in that area has not received as much attention as others along the Andes. The results show that winter rainfall explains the largest percentage of regional total annuals. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the winter rainfall anomalies showed that the regional year-to-year variability is mostly explained by three leading patterns. While one of them is significantly associated with both the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the other two patterns are significantly related to interannual changes of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean. Specifically, changes in the ocean surface conditions at both tropical basins induce in the atmospheric circulation the generation of Rossby wave trains that extend along the South Pacific towards South America, and alter the circulation at the region under study. The relationship between variability in the Indian Ocean and the Andes climate variability has not been previously addressed. Therefore, this result makes a significant contribution to the identification of the sources of predictability in South America with relevant consequences for future applications in seasonal predictions. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||