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Momentum
Kinds of Momentum Terms modified by Momentum Selected AbstractsMOMENTUM: DOES THE DATABASE MAKE A DIFFERENCE?THE JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2006Bidisha Chakrabarty Abstract We examine discrepancies between the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) and Trade and Quote (TAQ) databases by examining the returns of momentum strategies using each database. Momentum portfolios constructed from CRSP prices earn significant profits whereas similar portfolios using TAQ prices show losses. Adjusting TAQ prices with the TAQ dividends file or with the cumulative distribution factor provided by CRSP does not eliminate all differences. There are significant discrepancies in the way CRSP and TAQ record newly listed and delisted stocks. We document the residual (after all filters) price differences between the two databases and provide filters to adjust TAQ data for long sample periods and large sample sizes. Our filtering procedures allow for the possibility of examining intraday patterns in momentum profits. [source] Momentum investing and the asset allocation decisionACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 4 2007Karen L. Benson G23 Abstract This study examines the active asset allocation decisions of Australian multisector fund managers to determine whether active fund managers engage in momentum strategies. We find evidence supporting the existence of momentum investing in active asset allocation strategies. This evidence exists in the Australian Equities, Australian Fixed Interest and Listed Property asset classes. Interestingly, balanced funds adopt contrarian strategies in the International Equities asset class. We also examine whether there is any association between a fund's market timing skill and the execution of momentum strategies. Our results show that fund managers with no market timing skill are momentum investors. [source] Institutional Trading and Price MomentumINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 1-2 2008CHIH-HSIEN JERRY YU ABSTRACT This paper aims to explore the effect of institutional trading on the two asymmetric phenomena found by Lee and Swaminathan: (1) asymmetric price momentum: price momentum is more pronounced among high-turnover stocks; (2) asymmetric return phenomenon: low-turnover stocks tend to outperform high-turnover stocks. Lee and Swaminathan use a ,momentum life cycle' to explain the asymmetric momentum effect while attributing the asymmetric return phenomenon to the analysts' overestimating (underestimating) the future profitability of high (low)-turnover firms. However, it essentially needs trading activity to induce both of the above asymmetric results. Because institutional investors exhibit a momentum trading pattern and the trading behavior of institutional investors may have a huge impact on the movement of stock prices, institutional trading may be one of the major driving forces leading to both of the above asymmetric patterns. The empirical results show that, first of all, after controlling for the turnover, the price momentum is still more pronounced among stocks with higher institutional ownership, while high-turnover stocks no longer exhibit a pronounced momentum effect after controlling for the institutional ownership. Furthermore, stocks with higher institutional ownership have better return performance in any of the turnover groups. While low-turnover stocks still outperform high-turnover stocks after controlling for the institutional ownership level, for some winner stocks this is no longer true. The results suggest that the asymmetric momentum effect is not induced by a stock's turnover, but rather it is driven by institutional trading. Turnover is only a proxy for institutional trading. That is, turnover per se has no economic significance in such a momentum phenomenon. [source] Short Sales Constraints and Momentum in Stock ReturnsJOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 3-4 2006Ashiq Ali Abstract: We show that stock characteristics identified by D'Avolio (2002) provide a reliable index of the mostly unobservable short sales constraints. Specifically, we find that this index is positively related to the level of short interest and to short selling costs implied by the disparity in prices in the options and stock markets, and is negatively related to future returns. Using this index, we show that the magnitude of momentum returns for the period 1984 to 2001 is positively related to short sales constraints, and loser stocks rather than winner stocks drive this result. We conclude that short sales constraints are important in preventing arbitrage of momentum in stock returns. [source] Discussion of Short Sales Constraints and Momentum in Stock ReturnsJOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 3-4 2006Article first published online: 19 MAY 200, Steve Thomas First page of article [source] Against Time: Scheduling, Momentum, and Moral Order at Wartime Los AlamosJOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Charles Thorpe As well as allowing coordination of the large and geographically dispersed sites of the atomic bomb project, the scheduling regime operated as a system of social control, suppressing opposition to the use of the weapon. The analysis suggests the importance of historical and ethnographic attention to how schedules inscribe instrumental rationality in the quotidian life of modern organizations. [source] Momentum and heat transfer over a continuously moving surface with a parallel free stream in a viscoelastic fluidNUMERICAL METHODS FOR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, Issue 2 2010T. Hayat Abstract The flow and heat transfer characteristics for a continuous moving surface in a viscoelastic fluid are investigated. Constitutive equations of viscoelastic fluid obey the second-grade model. Analytic expressions to velocity and temperature have been developed by employing homotopy analysis method. The criterion to the convergence of the solution is properly discussed. Furthermore, the values of skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number have been computed and discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010 [source] Momentum, Business Cycle, and Time-varying Expected ReturnsTHE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Issue 2 2002Tarun Chordia A growing number of researchers argue that time-series patterns in returns are due to investor irrationality and thus can be translated into abnormal profits. Continuation of short-term returns or momentum is one such pattern that has defied any rational explanation and is at odds with market efficiency. This paper shows that profits to momentum strategies can be explained by a set of lagged macroeconomic variables and payoffs to momentum strategies disappear once stock returns are adjusted for their predictability based on these macroeconomic variables. Our results provide a possible role for time-varying expected returns as an explanation for momentum payoffs. [source] The origins and present status of the radio wave controversy in NMRCONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 4 2009D.I. Hoult Abstract The origins, history, and present status of the controversy surrounding a quantum description of the NMR signal as being due to radio waves are traced. With the Principle of Relativity and Coulomb's Law as formal starting points and the minimum of mathematics needed for understanding, the derivation of a classical electromagnetic theory of signal reception is first given. The agreement between that classical theory and a recent NMR experiment is then presented, leading to proof that, except for the highest field imaging experiments, there is no significant contribution of radio waves to the signal. Attention is drawn to the very different properties of the near and far energy, momenta, and fields inherent in the derivation. The role of the Correspondence Principle in formulating a quantum description is then emphasized and it is shown that the standard NMR interpretation of Dicke's theory of coherent spontaneous emission,that the latter is responsible for the NMR signal,cannot be correct. Finally, the author speculates on some of the intriguing relationships found in the classical electrodynamics of NMR signal reception and attempts to relate them to a common quantum electrodynamic precept of near field interaction: that the free induction decay voltage present at the terminals of an open-circuit receiving coil is based on an exchange of virtual photons between the nuclei in a sample and the free electrons in a receiving coil. © 2009 Crown in the right of Canada. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 193,216, 2009. [source] Scattering of charged tensor bosons in gauge and superstring theoriesFORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK/PROGRESS OF PHYSICS, Issue 7-9 2010I. Antoniadis Abstract We calculate the leading-order scattering amplitude of one vector and two tensor gauge bosons in a recently proposed non-Abelian tensor gauge field theory and open superstring theory. The linear in momenta part of the superstring amplitude has identical Lorentz structure with the gauge theory, while its cubic in momenta part can be identified with an effective Lagrangian which is constructed using generalized non-Abelian field strength tensors. [source] An objective finite element approximation of the kinematics of geometrically exact rods and its use in the formulation of an energy,momentum conserving scheme in dynamicsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 12 2002I. Romero Abstract We present in this paper a new finite element formulation of geometrically exact rod models in the three-dimensional dynamic elastic range. The proposed formulation leads to an objective (or frame-indifferent under superposed rigid body motions) approximation of the strain measures of the rod involving finite rotations of the director frame, in contrast with some existing formulations. This goal is accomplished through a direct finite element interpolation of the director fields defining the motion of the rod's cross-section. Furthermore, the proposed framework allows the development of time-stepping algorithms that preserve the conservation laws of the underlying continuum Hamiltonian system. The conservation laws of linear and angular momenta are inherited by construction, leading to an improved approximation of the rod's dynamics. Several numerical simulations are presented illustrating these properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Numerical instabilities in the computation of pseudopotential matrix elementsJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2006Christoph van Wüllen Abstract Steep high angular momentum Gaussian basis functions in the vicinity of a nucleus whose inner electrons are replaced by an effective core potential may lead to numerical instabilities when calculating matrix elements of the core potential. Numerical roundoff errors may be amplified to an extent that spoils any result obtained in such a calculation. Effective core potential matrix elements for a model problem are computed with high numerical accuracy using the standard algorithm used in quantum chemical codes and compared to results of the MOLPRO program. Thus, it is demonstrated how the relative and absolute errors depend an basis function angular momenta, basis function exponents and the distance between the off-center basis function and the center carrying the effective core potential. Then, the problem is analyzed and closed expressions are derived for the expected numerical error in the limit of large basis function exponents. It is briefly discussed how other algorithms would behave in the critical case, and they are found to have problems as well. The numerical stability could be increased a little bit if the type 1 matrix elements were computed without making use of a partial wave expansion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Comput Chem 27: 135,141 2006 [source] The SAURON project , VII.MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2006Integral-field absorption, emission-line kinematics of 24 spiral galaxy bulges ABSTRACT We present observations of the stellar and gas kinematics for a representative sample of 24 Sa galaxies obtained with our custom-built integral-field spectrograph SAURON operating on the William Herschel Telescope. The data have been homogeneously reduced and analysed by means of a dedicated pipeline. All resulting data cubes were spatially binned to a minimum mean signal-to-noise ratio of 60 per spatial and spectral resolution element. Our maps typically cover the bulge-dominated region. We find a significant fraction of kinematically decoupled components (12/24), many of them displaying central velocity dispersion minima. They are mostly aligned and co-rotating with the main body of the galaxies, and are usually associated with dust discs and rings detected in unsharp-masked images. Almost all the galaxies in the sample (22/24) contain significant amounts of ionized gas which, in general, is accompanied by the presence of dust. The kinematics of the ionized gas are consistent with circular rotation in a disc co-rotating with respect to the stars. The distribution of mean misalignments between the stellar and gaseous angular momenta in the sample suggests that the gas has an internal origin. The [O iii]/H, ratio is usually very low, indicative of current star formation, and shows various morphologies (ring-like structures, alignments with dust lanes or amorphous shapes). The star formation rates (SFRs) in the sample are comparable with that of normal disc galaxies. Low gas velocity dispersion values appear to be linked to regions of intense star formation activity. We interpret this result as stars being formed from dynamically cold gas in those regions. In the case of NGC 5953, the data suggest that we are witnessing the formation of a kinematically decoupled component from cold gas being acquired during the ongoing interaction with NGC 5954. [source] Symmetry breaking and Wigner molecules in few-electron quantum dotsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006Constantine Yannouleas Abstract We discuss symmetry breaking in two-dimensional quantum dots resulting from strong interelectron repulsion relative to the zero-point kinetic energy associated with the confining potential. Such symmetry breaking leads to the emergence of crystalline arrangements of electrons in the dot. The so-called Wigner molecules form already at field-free conditions. The appearance of rotating Wigner molecules in circular dots under high magnetic field, and their relation to magic angular momenta and quantum-Hall-effect fractional fillings is also discussed. Recent calculations for two electrons in an elliptic quantum dot, using exact diagonalization and an approximate generalized-Heitler,London treatment, show that the electrons can localize and form a molecular dimer for screened interelectron repulsion. The calculated singlet-triplet splitting (J ) as a function of the magnetic field (B ) agrees with cotunneling measurements; its behavior reflects the effective dissociation of the dimer for large B . Knowledge of the dot shape and of J (B ) allows determination of two measures of entanglement (concurrence and von Neumann entropy for indistinguishable fermions), whose behavior correlates also with the dissociation of the dimer. The theoretical value for the concurrence at B = 0 agrees with the experimental estimates. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Semiclassical expansion of quantum characteristics for many-body potential scattering problemANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 9 2007M.I. Krivoruchenko Abstract In quantum mechanics, systems can be described in phase space in terms of the Wigner function and the star-product operation. Quantum characteristics, which appear in the Heisenberg picture as the Weyl's symbols of operators of canonical coordinates and momenta, can be used to solve the evolution equations for symbols of other operators acting in the Hilbert space. To any fixed order in the Planck's constant, many-body potential scattering problem simplifies to a statistical-mechanical problem of computing an ensemble of quantum characteristics and their derivatives with respect to the initial canonical coordinates and momenta. The reduction to a system of ordinary differential equations pertains rigorously at any fixed order in ,. We present semiclassical expansion of quantum characteristics for many-body scattering problem and provide tools for calculation of average values of time-dependent physical observables and cross sections. The method of quantum characteristics admits the consistent incorporation of specific quantum effects, such as non-locality and coherence in propagation of particles, into the semiclassical transport models. We formulate the principle of stationary action for quantum Hamilton's equations and give quantum-mechanical extensions of the Liouville theorem on conservation of the phase-space volume and the Poincaré theorem on conservation of 2p -forms. The lowest order quantum corrections to the Kepler periodic orbits are constructed. These corrections show the resonance behavior. [source] Liouville and Fokker,Planck dynamics for classical plasmas and radiationANNALEN DER PHYSIK, Issue 6 2006R.F. Alvarez-Estrada Abstract We consider a nonequilibrium statistical system formed by many classical non-relativistic particles of opposite electric charges (plasma) and by the classical dynamical electromagnetic (EM) field. The charges interact with one another directly through instantaneous Coulomb potentials and with the dynamical degrees of freedom of the transverse EM field. The system may also be subject to external influences of: i) either static, but spatially inhomogeneous, electric and magnetic fields (case 1)), or ii) weak distributions of electric charges and currents (case 2)). The particles and the dynamical EM field are described, for any time t > 0, by the classical phase-space probability distribution functional (CPSPDF) f and, at the initial time (t = 0), by the initial CPSPDF fin. The CPSPDF f and fin, multiplied by suitable Hermite polynomials (for particles and field) and integrated over all canonical momenta, yield new moments. The Liouville equation and fin imply a new nonequilibrium linear infinite hierarchy for the moments. In case 1), fin describes local equilibrium but global nonequilibrium, and we propose a long-time approximation in the hierarchy, which introduces irreversibility and relaxation towards global thermal equilibrium. In case 2), the statistical system, having been at global thermal equilibrium, without external influences, for t , 0, is subject to weak external charge-current distributions: then, new hierarchies for moments and their long-time behaviours are discussed in outline. As examples, approximate mean-field (Vlasov) approximations are treated for both cases 1) and 2). [source] Community mediation: Reflections on a quarter century of practiceCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2000Scott Bradley It is fitting that this issue of Mediation Quarterly, one of the last before it transforms into a joint publication of confederating organizations, is devoted to community mediation. During the past twenty-five years, community mediation has provided much of the momentum for the growth and diversity of the alternative dispute resolution movement in the United States. At the same time, it has faced many challenges as the larger dispute resolution field grows and evolves. How community mediation responds to these challenges will shape its role and place for the next generation. In this issue, we have asked some key leaders and practitioners in the field to reflect on the development of community mediation and the challenges as we move into another century of practice. [source] Obstacles to Bottom-Up Implementation of Marine Ecosystem ManagementCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2008KIRSTEN E. EVANS manejo de ecosistemas; manejo marino basado en ecosistemas; participación de partes interesadas; planificación de la conservación Abstract:,Ecosystem management (EM) offers a means to address multiple threats to marine resources. Despite recognition of the importance of stakeholder involvement, most efforts to implement EM in marine systems are the product of top-down regulatory control. We describe a rare, stakeholder-driven attempt to implement EM from the bottom up in San Juan County, Washington (U.S.A.). A citizens advisory group led a 2-year, highly participatory effort to develop an ecosystem-based management plan, guided by a preexisting conservation-planning framework. A key innovation was to incorporate social dimensions by designating both sociocultural and biodiversity targets in the planning process. Multiple obstacles hindered implementation of EM in this setting. Despite using a surrogate scheme, the information-related transaction costs of planning were substantial: information deficits prevented assessment of some biodiversity targets and insufficient resources combined with information deficits prevented scientific assessment of the sociocultural targets. Substantial uncertainty, practical constraints to stakeholder involvement, and the existence of multiple, potentially conflicting, objectives increased negotiation-related costs. Although information deficits and uncertainty, coupled with underinvestment in the transaction costs of planning, could reduce the long-term effectiveness of the plan itself, the social capital and momentum developed through the planning process could yield unforeseeable future gains in protection of marine resources. The obstacles we identified here will require early and sustained attention in efforts to implement ecosystem management in other grassroots settings. Resumen:,El manejo de ecosistemas es un medio para abordar múltiples amenazas a los recursos marinos. No obstante el reconocimiento de la importancia de la participación de las partes interesadas, la mayoría de los esfuerzos para implementar el manejo de ecosistemas en sistemas marinos son producto del control normativo de arriba hacia abajo. Describimos un intento raro, conducido por las partes interesadas, por implementar el manejo del ecosistema de abajo hacia arriba en el Condado San Juan, Washington (E.U.A.). Un grupo consultivo de ciudadanos dirigió un esfuerzo altamente participativo para desarrollar un plan de manejo basado en el ecosistema, guiados por un marco de planificación de la conservación preexistente. Una innovación clave fue la incorporación de dimensiones sociales al incluir objetivos tanto socioculturales como de biodiversidad en el proceso de planificación. Múltiples obstáculos dificultaron la implementación del manejo del ecosistema en este escenario. No obstante que se utilizó un plan sustituto, los costos de transacción de la planificación relacionados con la información fueron mayores de lo que el grupo pudo superar: los déficits de información impidieron la evaluación de algunos objetivos de biodiversidad y la insuficiencia de recursos combinada con los déficits de información impidieron la evaluación científica de los objetivos socioculturales. Los costos relacionados con la negociación incrementaron por la incertidumbre, por limitaciones prácticas en la participación de partes interesadas y la existencia de objetivos múltiples, potencialmente conflictivos. Aunque los déficits de información y la incertidumbre, aunados con la baja inversión en los costos de transacción de la planificación, pudieran reducir la efectividad a largo plazo del plan mismo, el capital social y el ímpetu desarrollados durante el proceso de planificación podrían producir ganancias futuras imprevisibles para la protección de recursos marinos. Los obstáculos que identificamos aquí requerirán de atención temprana y sostenida en los esfuerzos para implementar el manejo de ecosistemas en otros escenarios de base popular. [source] Verification of the 2D Tokamak Edge Modelling Codes for Conditions of Detached Divertor PlasmaCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 3-5 2010V. Kotov Abstract The paper discusses verification of the ITER edge modelling code SOLPS 4.3 (B2-EIRENE). Results of the benchmark against SOLPS 5.0 are shown for standard JET test cases. Special two-point formulas are employed in SOLPS 4.3 to analyze the results of numerical simulations. The applied relations are exact in frame of the equations solved by the B2 code. This enables simultaneous check of the parallel momentum and energy balances and boundary conditions. Transition to divertor detachment is analyzed quantitatively as it appears in the simulations in terms of the coupled momentum and energy balance (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Influence of the Wall Characteristics on the Development of MARFE in TokamaksCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 7-9 2006O. Marchuk Abstract Multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE) normally develops in fusion devices close to the density limit. MARFE is considered a result of thermal instabilities excited under critical conditions through different mechanisms: impurity radiation, recycling of neutral particles, anomalous transport of charged particles and energy. Recent experiments on tokamaks TEXTOR and JET show that plasma-wall interaction, leading to release of recycling neutrals and impurities, plays a very important role for the formation of MARFE. In the present contribution we develop further the MARFE models based on the instability of particle recycling on the tokamak wall by including a simple description for the release of recycling neutrals from the wall surface into the plasma. This development takes into account the time delay between the out flow of charged particles from the plasma and in flux of neutrals. The linear stability analysis shows that this does not change the critical plasma density for the MARFE formation but modifies significantly the growth rate of unstable perturbations developing when the density exceeds the threshold. These findings are confirmed in a non-linear consideration by solving the equations for the particle, momentum and energy transfer in the plasma coupled with the wall particle balance equations. This is done in a one-dimensional approximation by taking into account the variation of the main plasma parameters in the poloidal direction and making averaging in the radial direction over the plasma edge width of the penetration depth of neutrals. The intrinsic poloidal asymmetry of the system, defining the MARFE localization, is introduced by the Shafranov shift of magnetic flux surfaces. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Sheath Physics and Boundary Conditions for Edge PlasmasCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 1-3 2004R. H. Cohen Abstract The boundary conditions of mass, momentum, energy, and charge appropriate for fluid formulations of edge plasmas are surveyed. We re-visit the classic problem of 1-dimensional flow, and note that the "Bohm sheath criterion" is requirement of connectivity of the interior plasma with the external world, not the result of termination of the plasma by a wall. We show that the nature of the interior plasma solution is intrinsically different for ion sources that inject above and below the electron sound speed. We survey the appropriate conditions to apply, and resultant fluxes, for a magnetic field obliquely incident on a wall, including the presence of drifts and radial transport. We discuss the consequences of toroidal asymmetries in wall properties, as well as experimental tests of such effects. Finally, we discuss boundary-condition modifications in the case of rapidly varying plasma conditions. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Global simulation of a Czochralski furnace for silicon crystal growth against the assumed thermophysical propertiesCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2006Y. R. Li Abstract In order to understand the effects of the thermophysical properties of the melt on the transport phenomena in the Czochralski (Cz) furnace for the single crystal growth of silicon, a set of global analyses of momentum, heat and mass transfer in small Cz furnace (crucible diameter: 7.2 cm, crystal diameter: 3.5 cm, operated in a 10 Torr argon flow environment) was carried out using the finite-element method. The global analysis assumed a pseudosteady axisymmetric state with laminar flow. The results show that different thermophysical properties will bring different variations of the heater power, the deflection of the melt/crystal interface, the axial temperature gradient in the crystal on the center of the melt/crystal interface and the average oxygen concentration along the melt/crystal interface. The application of the axial magnetic field is insensitive to this effect. This analysis reveals the importance of the determination of the thermophysical property in numerical simulation. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Design management education: The UK experienceDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Bill Hollins In the United Kingdom, the first courses in design management appeared almost three decades ago. Since then, there have been disappointments, as well as successes. Bill Hollins examines the record to highlight promising initiatives, along with the problems,including a poor understanding of design among business professionals, a lack of teachers, and accreditation issues,that thwart academic momentum in this arena. [source] Towards a New Articulation of Alternative Development: Lessons from Coca Supply Reduction in BoliviaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Noam Lupu Once heralded as the success story of coca supply reduction, Bolivia is now witnessing an increase in coca cultivation. Even as coca fields in Bolivia were forcibly destroyed in the past decade, new fields were being planted elsewhere, leaving coca production in the Andean region at a roughly constant level. This begs a rethinking of alternative development programmes, the policies being rendered ineffectual by the increasing use of force. This article seeks renewed momentum for alternative development by gleaning lessons from its earlier failures. Moreover, it suggests a new articulation of alternative development that emphasises the socio-economic cause of coca cultivation , the demand by the rural poor of Bolivia for income and food security. [source] The Australian experience of deinstitutionalization: interaction of Australian culture with the development and reform of its mental health servicesACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2006A. Rosen Objective:, To describe the Australian experience of deinstitutionalization of the Australian National Mental Health Strategy in the context of the history of mental health services in Australia, and of Australian culture. Method:, The development of Australian Mental Health Services is described with reference to developments in both psychiatric intervention research and Australian culture. The effects and achievements of national mental health reforms are described and critically examined. Results:, The relationship in Australia between the development of mental health services and the development of Australian society includes the stories of colonization, gold rushes, suppression of indigenous peoples' rights, incarceration of mentally ill people, and incompatible state service systems. Mental health services required reform to provide consistent services and support for full citizenship and rights for such individuals who are still on the margins of society. Recent national developments in service models and service system research have been driven by the Australian National Mental Health Strategy. The translation of national policy into state/territory mental health service systems has led to a ,natural' experiment between states. Differing funding and implementation strategies between states have developed services with particular strengths and limitations. Conclusion:, The effects of competition for limited resources between core mental health service delivery and the shift to a population-based public health approach (to prevention of mental illness and promotion of mental health), leaves our services vulnerable to doing neither particularly well. The recent loss of momentum of these reforms, due to failure of governments to continue to drive and fund them adequately, is causing the erosion of their considerable achievements. [source] Representational momentum and children's sensori-motor representations of objectsDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2008Lynn K. Perry Recent research has shown that 2-year-olds fail at a task that ostensibly only requires the ability to understand that solid objects cannot pass through other solid objects. Two experiments were conducted in which 2- and 3-year-olds judged the stopping point of an object as it moved at varying speeds along a path and behind an occluder, stopping at a barrier visible above the occluder. Three-year-olds were able to take into account the barrier when searching for the object, while 2-year-olds were not. However, both groups judged faster moving objects to travel farther as indicated by their incorrect reaches. Thus, the results show that young children's sensori-motor representations exhibit a form of representational momentum. This unifies the perceptually based representations of early childhood with adults' dynamic representations that incorporate physical regularities but that are also available to conscious reasoning. [source] Homosexuality and the Church's Witness in the ELCA's Current StruggleDIALOG, Issue 2 2005By Marc Kolden Abstract:, The basis for holding the traditional Christian position against same-sex sexual intimacy is sufficiently well-supported by arguments from scripture and Christian traditions of moral reasoning to vote to continue the present ELCA policies and practices regarding sexual conduct. Also, arguments for revising the traditional view are flawed morally and theologically. Despite the momentum of secular culture in North America and Europe, the ELCA should resist any changes in its policies and any relaxation in its disciplining of those who disregard its present practices. This will be difficult, because many proponents for change have raised their position to the level of a de facto article of faith, that is, something that they consider to be necessary (particularly as it concerns ordination), and thus they will do everything possible to secure acceptance of their position. [source] NGO Initiatives in Risk Reduction: An OverviewDISASTERS, Issue 3 2001Charlotte Benson NGOs appear to be well placed to play a significant role in natural disaster mitigation and preparedness (DMP), working, as they do, with poorer and marginalised groups in society. However, there is little information on the scale or nature of NGO DMP activities. This paper reports the findings of a study seeking to address that gap. It confirms that NGOs are involved in a diverse range of DMP activities but that a number of them are not labelled as such. Moreover, evidence of the demonstrable quality and benefits of DMP involvement is poor. The paper concludes that a number of problems need to be overcome before DMP can be satisfactorily mainstreamed into NGO development and post-disaster rehabilitation programmes. However, there are some early indications of momentum for change. [source] Numerical simulation of the inception of channel meanderingEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 9 2005Jennifer G. Duan Abstract The inception of channel meandering is the result of the complex interaction between flow, bed sediment, and bank material. A depth-averaged two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is developed to simulate the inception and development of channel meandering processes. The sediment transport model calculates both bedload and suspended load assuming equilibrium sediment transport. Bank erosion consists of two interactive processes: basal erosion and bank failure. Basal erosion is calculated from a newly derived equation for the entrainment of sediment particles by hydrodynamic forces. The mass conservation equation, where basal erosion and bank failure are considered source terms, was solved to obtain the rate of bank erosion. The parallel bank failure model was tested with the laboratory experiments of Friedkin on the initiation and evolution processes of non-cohesive meandering channels. The model replicates the downstream translation and lateral extension of meandering loops reasonably well. Plots of meandering planforms illustrate the evolution of sand bars and redistribution of flow momentum in meandering channels. This numerical modelling study demonstrates the potential of depth-integrated two-dimensional models for the simulation of meandering processes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Bedload transport resistance in rough open-channel flowsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 4 2004Peng Gao Abstract During bedload movement by saltation, streamwise momentum is transferred from the ,ow to the saltating grains. When the grains collide with other grains on the bed or in the ,ow, streamwise momentum is reduced, and there is a decrease in streamwise ,ow velocity and an increase in ,ow resistance, herein termed bedload transport resistance fbt. Based on experiments in two ,umes with ,xed and mobile plane beds and previously published data, an equation is developed that may be used to predict fbt for both capacity and non-capacity ,ows. The variables in this equation are identi,ed by dimensional analysis and the coef,cients are determined by non-linear regression. This equation applies to rough turbulent open-channel ,ows, where the relative submergence is between 1 and 20 and the entire sediment load moves by saltation. An investigation of the relative magnitudes of fbt and grain resistance fc suggests that where dimensionless shear stress , is less than 1 and saltation is the dominant mode of bedload transport, fbt/fc increases with , but never exceeds 1. 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