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Molar Proportion (molar + proportion)
Selected AbstractsComparison of sheep and red deer rumen fluids for assessing nutritive value of ruminant feedstuffsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2005Gonzalo Hervás Abstract Four forages (alfalfa hay, barley straw, maize silage and beet pulp), four cereal grains (barley, maize, sorghum and wheat) and four shrubs (Calluna vulgaris, Erica australis, Cytisus cantabricus and Genista occidentalis) were incubated using rumen fluids from sheep and red deer, to examine differences in in vitro fermentation rates and ruminal parameters. For the forages and cereal grains, results suggest few differences between species in parameters related to gas production, rates of fermentation, organic matter disappearance and extent of degradation. Deer showed slightly better results for shrubs than sheep did. Disappearance of neutral detergent fibre was generally greater when the rumen fluid was derived from red deer (P < 0.05). On the other hand, ammonia-N concentration and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were higher in sheep (P < 0.05). Molar proportions of the major VFAs showed significant differences (P < 0.05) associated with the species of the inoculum donor and suggest that fermentation pathways might have been more efficient in red deer. The estimated amount of methane was higher in sheep, regardless of the substrate incubated (P < 0.001). The results indicate that although the sheep could be valid as a model to assess the nutritive value of good quality feedstuffs for red deer, it would fail to offer reliable information on non-conventional, low-quality feeds such as shrubs. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] The effects of urea-treated potato pulp (PP) ensiled with beet pulp or wheat bran pellets to reduce moisture of PP and flake density of corn grain supplemented with the PP silage on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steersANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Masahito SUGIMOTO ABSTRACT The effects of adding beet pulp or wheat bran to urea-treated potato pulp (PP) in order to reduce moisture of PP silage and flake density of corn grain on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers were studied in a split-plot design experiment. The whole-plot treatments were PP silage mixed with 0% added pellets (CON), 9% (as-fed basis) beet pulp pellets (BP) or 9% (as-fed basis) wheat bran pellets (WB) as water-absorbing materials. The subplot treatments consisted of supplements formulated to contain either high-density corn (HDC) or low-density corn (LDC). BP steers consumed more (BP vs WB, P = 0.011) concentrate than did WB steers, whereas hay intake did not differ between the treatments. Dry matter (BP vs WB, P = 0.023) and organic matter (BP vs WB, P = 0.029) digestibility were higher for BP steers than for WB steers. Starch digestibility was higher (P = 0.006) for LDC than for HDC. There were no differences in the concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen among the treatments. Molar proportions of ruminal acetate were higher for BP steers than for WB steers (BP vs WB, P = 0.030). Conversely, molar proportions of propionate were lower for BP steers than for WB steers (BP vs WB, P = 0.044). Flake density of corn did not affect ruminal characteristics. In conclusion, from the viewpoint of feed intake and digestibility, BP is superior to WB as a moisture control material for urea-treated PP silage, and flake density of corn supplemented with urea-treated PP silage does not alter ruminal fermentation. [source] Inhibition of ruminal microbial methane production by ,-cyclodextrin iodopropane, malate and their combination in vitroJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5-6 2004N. Mohammed Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of l -malate (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm), 2-iodopropane- , -cyclodextrin complex (CD-IP) (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mm) and a combination of malate (10 and 20 mm) plus CD-IP (0.2 and 0.4 mm) on methane production from corn starch. Ruminal fluid was collected from dairy cows, mixed with phosphate buffer (1 : 2) and incubated (30 ml) anaerobically at 38 °C for 6 h with or without additives. Fermentation of corn starch in the presence of malate resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in pH of the medium, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), total gas production and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate and ammonia-N concentration were unchanged. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (15.5 to 20.4%). Addition of CD-IP in corn starch resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in total VFA and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate, pH and ammonia-N concentration of the medium were decreased (p < 0.05). Total gas production was unchanged. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (25.2 to 97.1%) and hydrogen production was increased (p < 0.05). Addition of l -malate to CD-IP resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in total VFA, total gas production and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate and ammonia-N concentration were decreased (p < 0.05). No effects were observed on medium pH. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (49.5 to 97.1%). Hydrogen production was also decreased (p < 0.05) (54.5 to 64.1%) compared with those of CD-IP alone. Therefore, these additives may be used as supplements to inhibit methane production as well as to improve rumen fermentation and animal performance. [source] Isolation, structural features and rheological properties of water-extractable ,-glucans from different Greek barley cultivarsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 10 2004Maria Irakli Abstract ,-Glucans were isolated from six Greek barley cultivars (Persefoni, Kos, Thessaloniki, Athinaida, Dimitra and Triptolemos) by water extraction at 47 °C, enzymatic removal of starch and protein and subsequent precipitation of the water-soluble ,-glucans with 37% (w/v) ammonium sulfate saturation. The purity of barley ,-glucans was high (>93% dry basis) with some small contamination by protein (<3.84%). The molecular size of the ,-glucan isolates was determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC); the weight-average molecular weights and the intrinsic viscosities ranged between 0.45 × 106 and 1.32 × 106 and 2.77 and 4.11 dl g,1, respectively. Structural features of barley ,-glucans were revealed by 13C NMR spectroscopy and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) of the oligomers released by the hydrolytic action of lichenase. Lichenase degradation showed that ,-glucans from all barley cultivars consisted of blocks of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units, accounting for 90.6,92.3% of the total oligomers released, with a molar proportion of these units between 2.31 and 2.77. Rheological measurements of aqueous solutions/dispersions of ,-glucans showed the behaviour of non-interacting polysaccharides and a transition from the typical viscoelastic response to gel-like properties after a time period that depended on the molecular size of the polysaccharide. The lowest molecular size ,-glucans from the Triptolemos cultivar showed shorter gelation times than their higher molecular weight counterparts. The effect of sugar incorporation (glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose and ribose), at a concentration of 30% (w/v), to the ,-glucans gels (6% w/v) on compression parameters seemed to be related to the type of sugar used; the pentose sugars substantially reduced gel firming. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effects of urea treatment of potato pulp and inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in supplements on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steersANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2007Masahito SUGIMOTO ABSTRACT Six Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers fitted with a ruminal cannula were used in a split-plot design experiment comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized blocks design (subplot) to determine the effect of the treatment of potato pulp (PP) with urea and the effect of inclusion levels of PP silage in feed supplement on digestibility, ruminal in situ degradation and ruminal fermentation. The whole plot consisted of 20%, 50% and 80% PP silage (dry matter (DM) basis), with PP silage replacing formula feed. The subplot included untreated or 0.5% (on an as-fed basis) urea-treated PP. The treatment of PP with urea showed no effect on DM intake and digestibility. The percentage of the rapidly degradable DM fraction of the urea-treated PP silage was higher (P < 0.01) and the percentage of its slowly degradable DM fraction was lower (P < 0.01) than for the untreated PP silage. Ruminal ammonia concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed urea-treated PP silage than that for steers fed the untreated PP silage. The treatment of PP with urea caused a decrease in the molar proportion of acetate and an increase in the proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid after feeding. The rate of DM degradations in hay (linear, P < 0.01) and in PP silage decreased (linear, P < 0.01) as the inclusion level of PP silage increased. Increasing the inclusion level of PP silage in supplement decreased the effective degradability of DM in hay (linear, P < 0.05) and in PP silage (linear, P < 0.05). An increase in the amount of PP silage increased the molar proportion of acetate (linear, P < 0.01) and decreased the butyrate proportion (linear, P < 0.05) in ruminal fluid. The results suggest that urea treatment of PP facilitates microbial access to starch of PP silage in the rumen and that surplus level of PP silage in supplement have adverse effect on ruminal digestion. [source] Effect of cyclodextrin diallyl maleate on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes in vitro and in vivoANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Zeenat Ara LILA ABSTRACT Effects of ,-cyclodextrin diallyl maleate (CD-M) on methane production, ruminal fermentation and digestibility were studied both in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro study, diluted ruminal fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 and 24 h with or without CD-M using hay plus concentrate (1.5:1) as a substrate. The CD-M was added at different concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/L). The pH of the medium and numbers of protozoa were not affected by the addition of CD-M. Total volatile fatty acids were increased and ammonia-N was decreased, molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased (P < 0.05) by CD-M. Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) by 14,76%. The effect of CD-M on methane production and ruminal fermentation was further investigated in vivo using four Holstein steers in a cross-over design. The steers were fed Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (1.5:1) with or without CD-M (2% of feed dry matter) as a supplement. Ruminal proportion of acetate tended to decrease and that of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) 2 h after CD-M dosing. Total viable counts, cellulolytic, sulfate reducing, acetogenic bacteria and protozoa were unaffected while methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05) by CD-M. The plasma concentration of glucose was increased, whereas that of urea-N was decreased (P < 0.05). Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) from 36.4 to 30.1 L/kg dry matter intake by the addition of CD-M. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were not affected while that of crude protein was increased (P < 0.05) in the medicated steers. These data suggested that dietary supplementation of CD-M decreased methane production and improved nutrient use. [source] Effects of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush on digestibility and rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed low rice straw at different lengthsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Ken-ichi HORIGUCHI ABSTRACT The objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush (Rumen faibu; RF) on digestibility and on rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed high concentrate and low rice straw. Eight steers (461 kg in average bodyweight) were used. Four steers were orally dosed three RF per head (RF-dosing) and the other four were not dosed (non-RF). All steers were fed enough concentrate and rice straw to gain 1.4 kg/day in bodyweight. Rice straw was cut 2 cm and 30 cm. The organic cell wall content of feeding diets was 17% in dry matter basis. Digestibility and nutritive value were not affected by RF dosing and length of rice straw. Ruminal pH was significantly lower in RF-dosing group than in non-RF group after feeding, and tended to be higher in long rice straw than in short rice straw throughout the day. There were no clear difference on total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportion of volatile fatty acid by RF dosing and length of rice straw throughout examined period. These present results suggest that digestibility and rumen fermentation status are not affected by RF dosing when organic cell wall content of feeding diets is approximately 17% in dry matter with rice straw over 2 cm. [source] Effect of administration of acid- and bile-tolerant lactobacilli on pigs intestinal microbial populationANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2002Makoto OTSUKA ABSTRACT The effects of the administration of four Lactobacillus strains as probiotics on the constitution of microbial populations in the intestine of pigs were investigated by using a litter of pigs. The experimental group was fed a diet blended with the freeze-dried powder containing lactobacilli at a concentration of 0.2% (W/W). After 4 weeks of probiotics administration, the total viable count of anaerobes in the feces was not significantly different between the pigs fed a diet supplemented with probiotics and the pigs given the non-supplemented diet. However, viable counts of eubacteria were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the feces of pigs fed a diet supplemented with probiotics than in the pigs given the non-supplemented diet. Conversely, viable counts of clostridia were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the feces of pigs fed a diet supplemented with probiotics than the pigs given the non-supplemented diet. The total volatile fatty acid concentrations in the feces of pigs that were given a diet supplemented with probiotics were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those given the non-supplemented diet. Further, the molar proportion of n-butyric acids in the feces of pigs that were given a diet supplemented with probiotics, was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those given the non-supplemented diet. [source] The effects of urea-treated potato pulp (PP) ensiled with beet pulp or wheat bran pellets to reduce moisture of PP and flake density of corn grain supplemented with the PP silage on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steersANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Masahito SUGIMOTO ABSTRACT The effects of adding beet pulp or wheat bran to urea-treated potato pulp (PP) in order to reduce moisture of PP silage and flake density of corn grain on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers were studied in a split-plot design experiment. The whole-plot treatments were PP silage mixed with 0% added pellets (CON), 9% (as-fed basis) beet pulp pellets (BP) or 9% (as-fed basis) wheat bran pellets (WB) as water-absorbing materials. The subplot treatments consisted of supplements formulated to contain either high-density corn (HDC) or low-density corn (LDC). BP steers consumed more (BP vs WB, P = 0.011) concentrate than did WB steers, whereas hay intake did not differ between the treatments. Dry matter (BP vs WB, P = 0.023) and organic matter (BP vs WB, P = 0.029) digestibility were higher for BP steers than for WB steers. Starch digestibility was higher (P = 0.006) for LDC than for HDC. There were no differences in the concentration of ruminal ammonia nitrogen among the treatments. Molar proportions of ruminal acetate were higher for BP steers than for WB steers (BP vs WB, P = 0.030). Conversely, molar proportions of propionate were lower for BP steers than for WB steers (BP vs WB, P = 0.044). Flake density of corn did not affect ruminal characteristics. In conclusion, from the viewpoint of feed intake and digestibility, BP is superior to WB as a moisture control material for urea-treated PP silage, and flake density of corn supplemented with urea-treated PP silage does not alter ruminal fermentation. [source] | ||||||||||