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Mississippi
Terms modified by Mississippi Selected AbstractsINCARNATIONAL THEOLOGY AND THE GOSPEL: EXPLORING THE MISSISSIPPI MODEL OF EPISCOPAL MEDICAL MISSIONS TO PANAMAANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2010Robert P. Connolly This article explores the faith-based medical missions of the Episcopal Diocese of Mississippi to underserved rural indigenous peoples of Panama. The Mississippi Model focuses on health care delivery and de-emphasizes conversion to a religious faith, an approach that some may classify as a faith-based community performing secular tasks. However, the Mississippi Model arises from incarnational theology, which,viewed from both historical and contemporary perspectives,argues against a secular categorizing of the mission clinics. Consistently, our interviews with missioners, participant-observations, and review of the Episcopal Church literature, both nationally and in Mississippi, suggest that mission performance is considered a practice of faith not distinct from other expressions of faith, such as liturgical worship. [source] A model of equilibrium bed topography for meander bends with erodible banksEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 10 2002Stephen E. Darby Abstract Channel curvature produces secondary currents and a transverse sloping channel bed, along which the depth increases towards the outer bank. As a result deep pools tend to form adjacent to the outer bank, promoting bank collapse. The interaction of sediment grains with the primary and secondary flow and the transverse sloping bed also causes meanders to move different grain sizes in different proportions and directions, resulting in a consistent sorting pattern. Several models have been developed to describe this process, but they all have the potential to over-predict pool depth because they cannot account for the influence of erodible banks. In reality, bank collapse might lead to the development of a wider, shallower cross-section and any resulting flow depth discrepancy can bias associated predictions of flow, sediment transport, and grain-size sorting. While bed topography, sediment transport and grain sorting in bends will partly be controlled by the sedimentary characteristics of the bank materials, the magnitude of this effect has not previously been explored. This paper reports the development of a model of flow, sediment transport, grain-size sorting, and bed topography for river bends with erodible banks. The model is tested via intercomparison of predicted and observed bed topography in one low-energy (5·3 W m,2 specific stream power) and one high-energy (43·4 W m,2) study reach, namely the River South Esk in Scotland and Goodwin Creek in Mississippi, respectively. Model predictions of bed topography are found to be satisfactory, at least close to the apices of bends. Finally, the model is used in sensitivity analyses that provide insight into the influence of bank erodibility on equilibrium meander morphology and associated patterns of grain-size sorting. The sensitivity of meander response to bank cohesion is found to increase as a function of the available stream power within the two study bends. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Processes and forms of an unstable alluvial system with resistant, cohesive streambeds ,EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 7 2002Andrew Simon Abstract As a response to channelization projects undertaken near the turn of the 20th century and in the late 1960s, upstream reaches and tributaries of the Yalobusha River, Mississippi, USA, have been rejuvenated by upstream-migrating knickpoints. Sediment and woody vegetation delivered to the channels by mass failure of streambanks has been transported downstream to form a large sediment/debris plug where the downstream end of the channelized reach joins an unmodified sinuous reach. Classification within a model of channel evolution and analysis of thalweg elevations and channel slopes indicates that downstream reaches have equilibrated but that upstream reaches are actively degrading. The beds of degrading reaches are characterized by firm, cohesive clays of two formations of Palaeocene age. The erodibility of these clay beds was determined with a jet-test device and related to critical shear stresses and erosion rates. Repeated surveys indicated that knickpoint migration rates in these clays varied from 0·7 to 12 m a,1, and that these rates and migration processes are highly dependent upon the bed substrate. Resistant clay beds of the Porters Creek Clay formation have restricted advancement of knickpoints in certain reaches and have caused a shift in channel adjustment processes towards bank failures and channel widening. Channel bank material accounts for at least 85 per cent of the material derived from the channel boundaries of the Yalobusha River system. Strategies to reduce downstream flooding problems while preventing upstream erosion and land loss are being contemplated by action agencies. One such proposal involves removal of the sediment/debris plug. Bank stability analyses that account for pore-water and confining pressures have been conducted for a range of hydrologic conditions to aid in predicting future channel response. If the sediment/debris plug is removed to improve downstream drainage, care should be taken to provide sufficient time for drainage of groundwater from the channel banks so as not to induce accelerated bank failures. Published in 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Distorted Froude-scaled flume analysis of large woody debrisEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 12 2001Nicholas P. Wallerstein Abstract This paper presents the results of a movable-boundary, distorted, Froude-scaled hydraulic model based on Abiaca Creek, a sand-bedded channel in northern Mississippi. The model was used to examine the geomorphic and hydraulic impact of simplified large woody debris (LWD) elements. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and the method used to construct the LWD test channel is developed. The channel model had bed and banks moulded from 0·8 mm sand, and flow conditions were just below the threshold of motion so that any sediment transport and channel adjustment were the result of the debris element. Dimensions and positions of LWD elements were determined using a debris jam classification model. Elements were attached to a dynamometer to measure element drag forces, and channel adjustment was determined through detailed topographic surveys. The fluid drag force on the elements decreased asymptotically over time as the channel boundary eroded around the elements due to locally increased boundary shear stress. Total time for geomorphic adjustment computed for the prototype channel at the Q2 discharge (discharge occurring once every two years on average) was as short as 45 hours. The size, depth and position of scour holes, bank erosion and bars created by flow acceleration past the elements were found to be related to element length and position within the channel cross-section. Morphologies created by each debris element in the model channel were comparable with similar jams observed in the prototype channel. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Long-term change to fish assemblages and the flow regime in a southeastern U.S. river system after extensive aquatic ecosystem fragmentationECOGRAPHY, Issue 6 2008Christopher M. Taylor The upper Tombigbee River in northeastern Mississippi now exists as a fragment, confluencing with and fed by an extensively modified aquatic landscape now called the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (TTW). We examined the changes to fish assemblages and flow regime after waterway construction based on contemporary comparisons to historical fish collections and discharge data. The river's flow regime has changed markedly since TTW construction. Analysis of discharge data from two stations for 15 years, pre- and post-waterway, indicated significant differences in flow regime including increased minimum and base flows, lower spring and higher late summer-autumn flows, and lower high flow durations, post-TTW. These changes corresponded to significantly reduced regional and local species richness, and strong shifts in fish assemblage structure across a 20 yr time span. Post-waterway fish assemblages were related strongly to measured environmental variables characterizing local habitats. Several lentic-adapted species increased their abundances in lower reaches of the river, including a recent invader to the TTW system, the Mississippi silverside Menidia audens. Fragmentation of river ecosystems via disruption to hydrologic regimes is a major threat to aquatic biodiversity worldwide. Because the flow regime of this fragmented river is in part controlled by waterway operations via five minimum flow control structures, adaptive conservation and management efforts could be implemented in order to maintain and potentially restore the natural flow regime and the ecological integrity of the system. [source] Linking upstream channel instability to downstream degradation: Grenada Lake and the Skuna and Yalobusha River Basins, MississippiECOHYDROLOGY, Issue 3 2009Sean J. Bennett Abstract Unstable fluvial systems are characterized by actively migrating knickpoints, incising channel beds, failing banks, and recruitment of large woody debris and it would appear that river corridors downstream of these processes would be adversely affected or impaired because of higher fluxes of sediment and other riverine products. In north-central Mississippi, the Yalobusha River is one such system and the characteristics of two downstream locations are examined to explore this geomorphic linkage between upstream instability and downstream degradation. For the large woody debris plug along the Yalobusha River, it is found that (1) the deposit is composed mostly of sand covered with a veneer of silt and clay, (2) agrichemicals and enriched concentrations of elements are prevalent, and (3) excessive sedimentation and wood accumulation have forced river flow entirely out-of-bank. For Grenada Lake, it is found that (1) the impounded sediment is predominantly clay, (2) agrichemicals and elements observed throughout the reservoir show no spatial variation, (3) little difference exists in the amount and quality between the sediments deposited in Skuna and Yalobusha River arms, and (4) only a small fraction of the reservoir's storage capacity has been lost because of sedimentation. While excessive sedimentation and large woody debris recruitment have had a marked affect on stream corridor function in the area of the debris plug, the high sediment loads associated with the unstable portions of the Yalobusha River and their associated products have not been communicated to Grenada Lake. The fish consumption advisories within Grenada Lake and its tributaries due to bioaccumulated trace elements and agrichemicals, appear to be independent of the pervasive river channel instability occurring upstream. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessing the impact of riparian processes on streambank stability,ECOHYDROLOGY, Issue 3 2009Eddy J. Langendoen Abstract The series of biennial United States (US) National Water Quality Inventory surveys shows no reduction in the percentage of degraded miles of streams since the early 1990s despite an exponential increase in river restoration projects to improve water quality, enhance in-stream habitat and manage the riparian zone. This may suggest that many river restoration projects fail to achieve their objectives. This is partly due to a lack of understanding of the dynamics of the degraded riverine system and its interaction with the riparian zone. These projects could, therefore, benefit from using proven models of stream and riparian processes to guide restoration design and to evaluate indicators of ecological integrity. The US Department of Agriculture has developed two such models: the channel evolution computer model CONCEPTS and the riparian ecosystem model REMM. These models have been integrated to evaluate the impact of edge-of-field and riparian conservation measures on stream morphology and water quality. Vegetative riparian conservation measures are commonly used to stabilize failing streambanks. The shear strength of bank soils is greatly affected by the degree of saturation of the soils and root reinforcement provided by riparian vegetation. The integrated model was used to study the effectiveness of woody and herbaceous riparian buffers in controlling streambank erosion of an incised stream in northern Mississippi. Comparison of model results with observations showed that pore-water pressures are accurately predicted in the upper part of the streambank, away from the groundwater table. Simulated pore-water pressures deviate from those observed lower in the streambank near the phreatic surface. These discrepancies are mainly caused by differences in the simulated location of the phreatic surface and simulated evapotranspiration in case of the woody buffer. The modelling exercise further showed that a coarse rooting system, e.g. as provided by trees, significantly reduced bank erosion rates for this deeply incised stream. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Aggression in imported fire ants: an explanation for shifts in their spatial distributions in Southern United States?ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2009HENRY Y. FADAMIRO Abstract 1.,The imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (red), S. richteri Forel (black), and their hybrids (S. invicta × S. richteri) are sympatric congeners with overlapping but shifting spatial distributions in northern Alabama and Mississippi, United States. 2.,The abilities of workers of the three ant forms (or species) to recognise non-nestmate conspecifics and heterospecifics were compared in separate aggression bioassays using three group sizes of competitor numbers (battles): 1-1, 5-1, and 5-5 resident,intruder battles. 3.,Workers of all three forms showed significant aggression toward non-nestmate conspecifics and heterospecifics. The results of the intra-specific aggression bioassays showed that S. invicta had the lowest aggression threshold, whereas S. richteri was the least aggressive. Survival rates 1 day after intra-specific encounters were higher for S. richteri than for S. invicta or hybrids, consistent with its lower aggressiveness. 4.,In inter-specific interactions, S. invicta workers showed the greatest aggression and were more aggressive towards S. richteri than to hybrids. Furthermore, survival 1 day after inter-specific encounters was highest for S. invicta workers, whether they were the intruders or residents. The hybrid form was intermediate between both parental forms in aggression and post-aggression survival. 5.,The live 1-1 and 5-5 battles produced similar and consistent results, but differences were amplified in the 5-5 battles, suggesting an effect of group size on aggression. These results may explain the observed shifts in the spatial distributions of the three forms and range restriction of S. richteri in southern United States. [source] Habitat use of age 0 Alabama shad in the Pascagoula River drainage, USAECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 1 2010P. F. Mickle Mickle PF, Schaefer JF, Adams SB, Kreiser BR. Habitat use of age 0 Alabama shad in the Pascagoula River drainage, USA. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 107,115. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract,, Alabama shad (Alosa alabamae) is an anadromous species that spawns in Gulf of Mexico drainages and is a NOAA Fisheries Species of Concern. Habitat degradation and barriers to migration are considered contributing factors to range contraction that has left just the Pascagoula River drainage population in Mississippi. We studied juvenile life history and autecology in three rivers within the drainage. We collected fish, habitat and physicochemical data in three habitat types (sandbar, open channel and bank) from June to October 2004,2006. Sandbar habitat was favoured by smaller individuals early in the year. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased through the summer as larger fish began occupying bank and open channel habitat. The most parsimonious model of abundance included year and river variables, while patterns of presence and absence were best explained by river, habitat type and physiochemical variables. While all three rivers in the drainage contained Alabama shad, fish were less abundant and had lower condition values in the Chickasawhay River. Earlier work suggested the Alabama shad may gradually move downstream towards the Gulf of Mexico in their first year. However, we found no evidence of this and captured large fish high in the drainage late in the year. [source] Blue sucker stock characteristics in the upper Yazoo River basin, Mississippi, USAFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2003G. R. Hand Abstract Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus (L.) in the upper Yazoo River basin, Mississippi, USA was studied using overnight hoop net sets (n = 4093) during 1988 and 1990,1998 to determine the influence of channel dredging. There were 264 blue suckers captured, ranging from 3 to 11 years of age. Length ranged from 265 to 700 mm and weight from 120 to 4700 g. Concurrent studies with smaller mesh hoop nets failed to capture any juvenile blue suckers. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE: fish net,1) declined throughout the study in the Yalobusha River, a river subjected to channel dredging during 1988 and 1994. With the exception of limited hydraulic dredging in the Tallahatchie River, there was no dredging in the other Yazoo River tributaries, nor were there declines in blue sucker catch rates in these rivers. Throughout the upper Yazoo River basin, blue sucker stocks were dominated by adult fish, and there was little evidence of reproduction or recruitment. Conservation of the blue sucker in the upper Yazoo River basin should include actions that ensure the functional integrity of this floodplain river ecosystem and elimination of channel dredging throughout the basin. [source] A JÖKULHLAUP FROM A LAURENTIAN CAPTURED ICE SHELF TO THE GULF OF MEXICO COULD HAVE CAUSED THE BØLLING WARMINGGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2008ULF ERLINGSSON ABSTRACT. Since the rapid rate of global warming at the onset of the Bølling interstadial became evident, its cause has been under debate. It coincides closely in time with a strong global transgression called meltwater pulse 1a. One attempt at solution says that a meltwater pulse of Antarctic origin could cause an increase in North Atlantic Deep Water formation, and thus give rise to the Bølling interstadial. However, others have disputed that Antarctic meltwater would have that effect, and furthermore, the start of the Bølling interstadial is not even associated with an increase in North Atlantic Deep Water. A controversial hypothesis says that some Laurentian meltwater came from a jökulhlaup (sub-glacial outburst flood), but no study has yet shown unequivocally that sufficient amounts of water could be stored under the ice. Furthermore, according to all available data a melt-water pulse from the Laurentian ice would give rise to strong cooling, not warming. Nevertheless, meg-afloods appear instrumental in accumulating the Mississippi Fan, created entirely during the Quaternary period, and dramatic climate changes are characteristic of this period. This paper presents a hypothetical chain of events, building on the published literature and simple calculations, to investigate whether the order of magnitude is reasonable. The hypothesis is that a jökulhlaup from a Laurentian captured ice shelf flowed out through the Mississippi, boosted the Gulf Stream, reinvigorated the North Atlantic circulation, and as a result triggered the Bølling warm phase. [source] A quarter century of declining suspended sediment fluxes in the Mississippi River and the effect of the 1993 flood,HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 1 2010Arthur J. Horowitz Abstract Annual fluxes, flow-weighted concentrations and linear least squares trendline calculations for a number of long-term Mississippi River Basin (MRB) sampling sites covering 1981 through 2007, whilst somewhat ,noisy', display long-term patterns of decline. Annual flow-weighted concentration plots display the same long-term patterns of decline, but are less noisy because they reduce/eliminate variations due to interannual discharge differences. The declines appear greatest in the middle MRB, but also are evident elsewhere. The pattern for the lower Ohio River differs and may reflect ongoing construction at the Olmsted lock and dam that began in 1993 and currently is ongoing. The ,Great Flood of 1993' appears to have superimposed a step function (a sharp drop) on the long-term rate of decline in suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), annual fluxes and flow-weighted concentrations in the middle MRB at St Louis and Thebes, Missouri and Vicksburg, Mississippi, and in the lower MRB at St Francisville, Louisiana. Evidence for a step function at other sites is less substantial, but may have occurred. The step function appears to have resulted from losses in available (erodible) sediment, rather than to a reduction in discharge; hence, the MRB appears to be supply limited rather than discharge limited. These evaluations support the need for daily discharge and SSC data collections in the MRB to better address questions regarding long-term trends in sediment-related issues. This is apparent when the results for the Mississippi River at Thebes and St Louis sites are compared with those from other MRB sites where intensive (daily) data collections are lacking. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Causes for the decline of suspended-sediment discharge in the Mississippi River system, 1940,2007,HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 1 2010Robert H. Meade Abstract Before 1900, the Missouri,Mississippi River system transported an estimated 400 million metric tons per year of sediment from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana. During the last two decades (1987,2006), this transport has averaged 145 million metric tons per year. The cause for this substantial decrease in sediment has been attributed to the trapping characteristics of dams constructed on the muddy part of the Missouri River during the 1950s. However, reexamination of more than 60 years of water- and sediment-discharge data indicates that the dams alone are not the sole cause. These dams trap about 100,150 million metric tons per year, which represent about half the decrease in sediment discharge near the mouth of the Mississippi. Changes in relations between water discharge and suspended-sediment concentration suggest that the Missouri,Mississippi has been transformed from a transport-limited to a supply-limited system. Thus, other engineering activities such as meander cutoffs, river-training structures, and bank revetments as well as soil erosion controls have trapped sediment, eliminated sediment sources, or protected sediment that was once available for transport episodically throughout the year. Removing major engineering structures such as dams probably would not restore sediment discharges to pre-1900 state, mainly because of the numerous smaller engineering structures and other soil-retention works throughout the Missouri,Mississippi system. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes (SPARROW) and regional classification frameworks,HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 16 2009Anne B. Hoos Abstract Understanding how nitrogen transport across the landscape varies with landscape characteristics is important for developing sound nitrogen management policies. We used a spatially referenced regression analysis (SPARROW) to examine landscape characteristics influencing delivery of nitrogen from sources in a watershed to stream channels. Modelled landscape delivery ratio varies widely (by a factor of 4) among watersheds in the southeastern United States,higher in the western part (Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi) than in the eastern part, and the average value for the region is lower compared to other parts of the nation. When we model landscape delivery ratio as a continuous function of local-scale landscape characteristics, we estimate a spatial pattern that varies as a function of soil and climate characteristics but exhibits spatial structure in residuals (observed load minus predicted load). The spatial pattern of modelled landscape delivery ratio and the spatial pattern of residuals coincide spatially with Level III ecoregions and also with hydrologic landscape regions. Subsequent incorporation into the model of these frameworks as regional scale variables improves estimation of landscape delivery ratio, evidenced by reduced spatial bias in residuals, and suggests that cross-scale processes affect nitrogen attenuation on the landscape. The model-fitted coefficient values are logically consistent with the hypothesis that broad-scale classifications of hydrologic response help to explain differential rates of nitrogen attenuation, controlling for local-scale landscape characteristics. Negative model coefficients for hydrologic landscape regions where the primary flow path is shallow ground water suggest that a lower fraction of nitrogen mass will be delivered to streams; this relation is reversed for regions where the primary flow path is overland flow. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] ,The National Stream Quality Accounting Network: a flux-based approach to monitoring the water quality of large riversHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 7 2001Richard P. Hooper Abstract Estimating the annual mass flux at a network of fixed stations is one approach to characterizing water quality of large rivers. The interpretive context provided by annual flux includes identifying source and sink areas for constituents and estimating the loadings to receiving waters, such as reservoirs or the ocean. Since 1995, the US Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) has employed this approach at a network of 39 stations in four of the largest river basins of the USA: the Mississippi, the Columbia, the Colorado and the Rio Grande. In this paper, the design of NASQAN is described and its effectiveness at characterizing the water quality of these rivers is evaluated using data from the first 3 years of operation. A broad range of constituents was measured by NASQAN, including trace organic and inorganic chemicals, major ions, sediment and nutrients. Where possible, a regression model relating concentration to discharge and season was used to interpolate between chemical observations for flux estimation. For water-quality network design, the most important finding from NASQAN was the importance of having a specific objective (that is, estimating annual mass flux) and, from that, an explicitly stated data analysis strategy, namely the use of regression models to interpolate between observations. The use of such models aided in the design of sampling strategy and provided a context for data review. The regression models essentially form null hypotheses for concentration variation that can be evaluated by the observed data. The feedback between network operation and data collection established by the hypothesis tests places the water-quality network on a firm scientific footing. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Is a chaotic multi-fractal approach for rainfall possible?HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 6 2001Bellie Sivakumar Abstract An Erratum has been published for this article in Hydrological Processes 15 (12) 2001, 2381,2382. Applications of the ideas gained from fractal theory to characterize rainfall have been one of the most exciting areas of research in recent times. The studies conducted thus far have nearly unanimously yielded positive evidence regarding the existence of fractal behaviour in rainfall. The studies also revealed the insufficiency of the mono-fractal approaches to characterizing the rainfall process in time and space and, hence, the necessity for multi-fractal approaches. The assumption behind multi-fractal approaches for rainfall is that the variability of the rainfall process could be directly modelled as a stochastic (or random) turbulent cascade process, since such stochastic cascade processes were found to generically yield multi-fractals. However, it has been observed recently that multi-fractal approaches might provide positive evidence of a multi-fractal nature not only in stochastic processes but also in, for example, chaotic processes. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the presence of both chaotic and fractal behaviours in the rainfall process to consider the possibility of using a chaotic multi-fractal approach for rainfall characterization. For this purpose, daily rainfall data observed at the Leaf River basin in Mississippi are studied, and only temporal analysis is carried out. The autocorrelation function, the power spectrum, the empirical probability distribution function, and the statistical moment scaling function are used as indicators to investigate the presence of fractal, whereas the presence of chaos is investigated by employing the correlation dimension method. The results from the fractal identification methods indicate that the rainfall data exhibit multi-fractal behaviour. The correlation dimension method yields a low dimension, suggesting the presence of chaotic behaviour. The existence of both multi-fractal and chaotic behaviours in the rainfall data suggests the possibility of a chaotic multi-fractal approach for rainfall characterization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Canadian RCM projected climate-change signal and its sensitivity to model errorsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 15 2006L. Sushama Abstract Climate change is commonly evaluated as the difference between simulated climates under future and current forcings, based on the assumption that systematic errors in the current-climate simulation do not affect the climate-change signal. In this paper, we investigate the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) projected climate changes in the climatological means and extremes of selected basin-scale surface fields and its sensitivity to model errors for Fraser, Mackenzie, Yukon, Nelson, Churchill and Mississippi basins, covering the major climate regions in North America, using current (1961,1990) and future climate simulations (2041,2070; A2 and IS92a scenarios) performed with two versions of CRCM. Assessment of errors in both model versions suggests the presence of nonnegligible biases in the surface fields, due primarily to the internal dynamics and physics of the regional model and to the errors in the driving data at the boundaries. In general, results demonstrate that, in spite of the errors in the two model versions, the simulated climate-change signals associated with the long-term monthly climatology of various surface water balance components (such as precipitation, evaporation, snow water equivalent (SWE), runoff and soil moisture) are consistent in sign, but differ in magnitude. The same is found for projected changes to the low-flow characteristics (frequency, timing and return levels) studied here. High-flow characteristics, particularly the seasonal distribution and return levels, appear to be more sensitive to the model version. CRCM climate-change projections indicate an increase in the average annual precipitation for all basins except Mississippi, while annual runoff increases in Fraser, Mackenzie and Yukon basins. A decrease in runoff is projected for Mississippi. A significant decrease in snow cover is projected for all basins, with maximum decrease in Fraser. Significant changes are also noted in the frequency, timing and return levels for low flows. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. [source] Similarities and differences in the historical development of flood management in the alluvial stretches of the Lower Mississippi Basin and the Rhine Basin,§IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue S1 2006Dick de Bruin ingénierie hydraulique fluviale; développement historique des bassins du Rhin et du Mississippi inférieur; plaines alluviales Abstract Although the rivers Rhine and Mississippi cannot be compared as features of nature,the Mississippi River as a feature of nature is much bigger and more impressive than the Rhine,one can still observe striking similarities on flood management in both river basins, in particular in the alluvial flat reaches. But there are also some fundamental differences, not only technically but also institutionally. Since industrialization (around 1800), inland navigation became a major user on both river systems and later flood control started developing more fundamentally. Large intervention works were needed, mainly developed and based on trial and error. In both cases it has led to irreversible effects, which demand continuous attention. For the alluvial stretches in both river basins, a review is given on the most important developments in river engineering over the last two centuries. For both rivers, nautical management and flood control were held in one institutional hand at national/federal level, because both uses/sectors need the creation and regular maintenance of one similar issue: a stable and deep main channel. But the way in which in particular flood management gradually developed institutionally, as an essential part of integrated water management in the alluvial flat lower reaches of both river systems, has diverged. Discussions on financing, priorities, public disclosure, multifunctional aspects, etc. have led in both basins to lengthy procedures and complicated policy making. This paper elaborates on the historic development of fundamentals in river engineering and river management in the alluvial plains of the Rhine Basin and the Lower Mississippi Basin, more in particular focusing on the development of flood protection dikes, and on the stabilization of major channels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bien que le Rhin et le Mississippi ne puissent pas être comparés en termes physiques,le Mississippi est beaucoup plus grand et impressionnant que le Rhin,on peut pourtant observer des similitudes saisissantes dans la protection contre les inondations des deux bassins, en particulier dans les plaines alluviales. Mais il existe également quelques différences fondamentales, non seulement techniques mais institutionnelles. Depuis les débuts de l'industrialisation (vers 1800), la navigation est devenue un usage très important sur les deux fleuves et la protection contre les inondations à commencer à se mettre en place de façon plus systématique. De grands travaux d'intervention ont été nécessaires, principalement basés sur la règle empirique de l'essai/erreur. Dans les deux cas, ceci a entraîné des effets irréversibles, qui nécessitent une surveillance permanente. Pour les plaines alluviales des deux bassins, l'article passe en revue la plupart des développements de l'ingénierie hydraulique fluviale des deux cent dernières années. Pour les deux fleuves, la gestion de la navigation et la protection contre les inondations ont été regroupées dans une même institution au niveau national/fédéral, parce que les deux usages/secteurs demandaient la création et l'entretien régulier d'une même infrastructure: un canal principal stable et profond. Mais la manière dont la protection contre les inondations s'est progressivement développée sur le plan institutionnel, comme élément essentiel de la gestion intégrée de l'eau dans les plaines alluviales des deux fleuves, s'est différenciée. Des débats sur le financement, les priorités, l'information du public, les aspects multi fonctionnels, etc., ont conduit les deux bassins à mettre en place des procédures lourdes et des prises de décision complexes. Cet article présente le développement historique des principes fondamentaux de l'hydraulique fluviale et de la gestion de fleuve dans les plaines alluviales du bassin du Rhin et du bassin inférieur du Mississippi, en mettant l'accent sur le développement des digues de protection et la stabilisation des canaux principaux. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of Statin (HMG-Co-A-Reductase Inhibitor) Use on 1-Year Mortality and Hospitalization Rates in Older Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Living in Nursing HomesJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2002Charles B. Eaton MD OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effect of statins on 1-year mortality, hospitalizations, and decline in physical function among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) aged 65 and older living in nursing homes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: All Medicare/Medicaid certified nursing homes (N = 1,492) in Maine, New York, Mississippi, and South Dakota. PARTICIPANTS: We identified 51,559 older patients with CVD from a population database that merged sociodemographic data and functional, clinical, and drug treatments from more than 300,000 newly admitted nursing home residents from 1992 to 1997. Statin users (n = 1,313) were matched with nonusers (n = 1,313) in the same facilities. MEASUREMENTS: All-cause mortality, hospitalization, combined endpoint of mortality or hospitalization, and decline in physical function were determined at 1 year, and survival analysis was performed. RESULTS: Prevalence of statin use in this frail older cohort with CVD was 2.6%. Statin use varied by age, gender, comorbid condition, medication use, and cognitive and physical function. One-year mortality was 229/1,000 person-years in the statin group and 404/1,000 person-years in the nonusers, with an adjusted hazard rate ratio (HRR) of 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.58,0.81. The estimated number needed to treat was seven (95% CI = 5,13). This association with improved all-cause mortality was evident for women and men and for age groups 75 to 84, and 85 and older. CONCLUSION: Statin therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes, including reduction in 1-year all-cause mortality, and the combined endpoint of death or hospitalization in a frail older population with CVD. Some caution should be taken in interpreting these results because potential bias from residual confounding could affect these results. [source] Gulf sturgeon summer habitat use and fall migration in the Pascagoula River, Mississippi, USAJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 6 2005R. J. Heise Summary The locations and habitat features of freshwater holding areas and the timing of fall migration are undocumented for Gulf sturgeon in the Pascagoula River drainage, Mississippi. Our objectives were to identify and characterize holding areas for Gulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi), document their summer and fall movement patterns, and determine migration cues. To do this we captured, radio-tagged, and monitored movement of Gulf sturgeon in the Pascagoula River drainage and analyzed these data using geographic information systems. From May to November Gulf sturgeon congregate in a holding area in the lower portion of the Pascagoula River and Big Black Creek [river kilometers (rkm) 57,68] and near Cumbest Bluff (rkm 40), before they return to the Gulf of Mexico. While in the holding area, Gulf sturgeon were typically found in deep locations, either in or downstream from river bends. As found in other rivers, Gulf sturgeon in the Pascagoula River showed little movement within the holding area and often stayed within a single river bend; although we observed local movements by some individuals (under 10 rkm). In the Pascagoula River, Gulf sturgeon initiated their migration out of fresh water from late-September to mid-October, coincident with shorter day length, falling water temperature (mean = 23.7°C, range 21,26°C), and elevated river flow. Our work demonstrates that the lower Pascagoula River serves as a vital area for Gulf sturgeon. [source] Conservation and management implications of fine-scale genetic structure of Gulf sturgeon in the Pascagoula River, MississippiJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4 2004M. A. Dugo Summary The anadromous Gulf sturgeon occurs along the north central coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is federally listed as threatened. We analyzed fine-scale patterns of Gulf sturgeon population structure, focusing on the Pascagoula River drainage of Mississippi, in reference to movement patterns as determined via telemetry and capture data. We genotyped 361 Gulf sturgeon using eight microsatellite loci including samples from the Pascagoula, Pearl, Escambia, Yellow, Choctawhatchee, and Apalachicola river drainages. Pairwise FST estimates indicated that genetic structure occurs at least at the drainage level. The Pascagoula and Pearl rivers form a western group, demonstrating 100% bootstrap support for a division with drainages to the east. Assignment tests detected non-natal genotypes occurring in all drainages. According to assignment tests, the Pascagoula supports an admixture of individuals, containing minimal influence from drainages to the east (2%) and substantial interaction with the Pearl River (14.1%). The occurrence of Pascagoula River fish in the Pearl was non-reciprocal, observed at 1.1%. After accounting for non-natal genetic diversity within the Pascagoula, there remained a disparity between a pooled Pascagoula group and the only documented spawning site within the drainage located in the Bouie River. We interpret this as an indication of a second genetic stock within the Pascagoula River drainage. Radio telemetry data suggest that spawning likely occurs in the Chickasawhay River, in areas isolated from the Bouie River spawning site by about 350 river kilometers. We emphasize the utility of integrating field and molecular approaches when delineating fine-scale patterns of population structure in anadromous fishes. [source] Relationship between host diversity and parasite diversity: flea assemblages on small mammalsJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 11 2004Boris R. Krasnov Abstract Aim, We examined the relationship between host species richness and parasite species richness using simultaneously collected data on small mammals (Insectivora, Rodentia and Lagomorpha) and their flea parasites. Location, The study used previously published data on small mammals and their fleas from 37 different regions. All the world's main geographical regions other than Australasia and Wallacea were represented in the study, i.e. neotropical, nearctic, palaearctic, oriental and afrotropical realms. Methods, We controlled the data for the area sampled and sampling effort and then tested this relationship using both cross-region conventional analysis and the independent contrasts method (to control for the effects of biogeographic historical relationships among different regions). Brooks parsimony analysis was used to construct a region cladogram based on the presence/absence of a host species and host phylogeny. Results, Both cross-region and independent contrasts analyses showed a positive correlation between host species richness and flea species richness. Conventional cross-region regression under- or overestimated fleas species richness in the majority of regions. Main conclusions, When the regression derived by the independent contrasts method was mapped onto the original tip data space, points that deviated significantly from the regression originated from Kenya, Mississippi and southern California (lower than expected flea richness) and Chile, Idaho, south-western California and Kyrgyzstan (higher than expected flea richness). These deviations can be explained by the environmental mediation of host,flea relationships and by a degree of environmental variety in sampled areas. [source] Phylogeography of the northern hogsucker, Hypentelium nigricans (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): genetic evidence for the existence of the ancient Teays RiverJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 8 2003Peter B. Berendzen Abstract Aim, To assess the roles of dispersal and vicariance in shaping the present distribution and diversity within Hypentelium nigricans, the northern hogsucker (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Location, Eastern United States. Methods, Parsimony analyses, Bayesian analyses, pairwise genetic divergence and mismatch plots are used to examine patterns of genetic variation across H. nigricans. Results, Species relationships within the genus Hypentelium were consistent with previous hypotheses. However, relationships between haplotypes within H. nigricans revealed two deeply divergent groups, a clade containing haplotypes from the New and Roanoke rivers (Atlantic Slope) plus Interior Highlands and upper Mississippi River and a clade containing haplotypes from the Eastern Highlands, previously glaciated regions of the Ohio and Wabash rivers, and the Amite and Homochitto rivers of south-western Mississippi. Main conclusions, The phylogenetic history of Hypentelium was shaped by old vicariant events associated with erosion of the Blue Ridge and separation of the Mobile and Mississippi river basins. Within H. nigricans two clades existed prior to the Pleistocene; a widespread clade in the pre-glacial Teays-Mississippi River system and a clade in Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. Pleistocene events fragmented the Teays-Mississippi fauna. Following the retreat of the glaciers H. nigricans dispersed northward into previously glaciated regions. These patterns are replicated in other clades of fishes and are consistent with some of the predictions of Mayden's (Systematic Zoology, 37, 329, 1988) pre-Pleistocene vicariance hypothesis. [source] Cotton producers' choice of marketing techniquesAGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2004Oscar Vergara A survey of cotton producers was conducted in Mississippi and Texas. The econometric model consists of a multinomial logit model of cotton producers' choice of marketing techniques. The results indicate that cotton acres positively influence pooling and negatively influence cash sales. Producers willing to incur higher transaction costs in market information systems and training tend to choose futures/options contracts and forward pricing. It was found that risk-averse producers tend not to choose pooling contracts. On the other hand, producers who seek abnormal gains through speculation tend to choose pooling contracts. Finally, producers who perceive markets as being price-efficient prefer cash sales. [EconLit citation: Q130.] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 465,479, 2004. [source] RELATING PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS AND PRODUCTION TO SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION IN SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGANJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2001Article first published online: 24 SEP 200 Millie, D. F.1, Fahnenstiel, G. L.2, Carrick, H. J.3, Lohrenz, S. E.4, & Schofield, O. M. E.5 1USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA, 2NOAA-Lake Michigan Field Station, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA, 3Institute of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA, 4Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14060, USA; 5Isttitute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA, Sediment resuspension is an annually recurrent feature during spring holomixis in southern Lake Michigan. Relationships between resuspension events and phyt-oplankton biomass, compositional dynamics, and pro-duction were evaluated during 1998 and 1999. Increased water-column light attenuation (KPAR) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations corresponded with resuspension events within nearshore regions. However, neither KPAR nor SPM corresponded with chlorophyll (Chl) a concentrations, indicating no impact of resuspension on instantaneous biomass accumulation. Diatoms and cryptophytes dominated phytoplankton assemblages and together typically comprised greater than 85% of the Chl a. The associations of SPM/KPAR with diatom Chl a, and the inverse relationship between relative diatom and crypto-phyte Chl a corresponded with the dominance of diatoms and cryptophytes in near- and offshore waters, respectively. Moreover, a spatial variation in species composition occurred during resuspension events; small, centric diatoms exhibiting meroplanktonic life histories and large, pennate diatoms considered benthic in origin were associated with sediment resuspension whereas large, net diatoms and cryptophytes typically comprising phytoplankton of the annual spring bloom and of optically-clear, offshore waters were not. The presence of viable diatom photopigments and the abundance of small centric diatoms within the surficial sediments, established this layer as the source of meroplankton. Integral production was dramatically reduced within sediment-impacted waters; however, nearshore assemblages appeared to have greater photosynthetic capacities than offshore assemblages. Although resuspension dramatically influenced near-shore phytoplankton assemblages, it appeared to have little, if any relationship with the compositional development of the annual spring bloom. [source] Identity and Pathogenicity of Fungi Associated with Root and Crown Rot of Soft Red Winter Wheat Grown on the Upper Coastal Plain Land Resource Area of MississippiJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2000M. S. Gonzalez Seedling stand, disease severity and fungal incidence were determined from untreated ,Wakefield' soft red winter wheat planted on a Leeper silty clay loam in field tests conducted at the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Plant Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi during the 1996,97 and 1997,98 growing seasons. Seedling stand was reduced by 40% each year in plots established with untreated seed. Cochliobolus sativus was the most frequently isolated fungus. Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium solani were the most prevalent Fusarium spp. Seven other Fusarium spp. and 23 species of other fungal genera were isolated. Pathogenicity tests with three isolates each of C. sativus, Cochliobolus spicifer, F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, Fusarium compactum, Embellisia chlamydospora and Microdochium bolleyi were performed in test tube culture and two isolates each of C. sativus, C. spicifer, F. acuminatum, E. chlamydospora and M. bolleyi under greenhouse conditions. In test tubes and in the greenhouse, seedlings infected with isolates of C. sativus developed seedling blight, discoloration and necrosis, primarily in seminal roots and crowns. In the greenhouse, C. sativus induced lesions on the lower leaf sheath and reduced seedling height, seedling emergence, dry and fresh weight of roots and shoots. Isolates of F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. compactum, E. chlamydospora and M. bolleyi induced slight to moderate orange to light-brown discoloration of crown and seminal roots in test tubes. Cochliobolus spicifer isolates had the most pre-emergence activity, inducing black root discoloration and root pruning of wheat seedlings and reducing seedling emergence, root fresh weight and shoot dry weight. In the greenhouse, F. acuminatum reduced seedling height, seedling emergence and root and shoot dry weights. Microdochium bolleyi and E. chlamydospora reduced fresh and dry weight of roots, plant emergence and shoot dry weight. Fusarium acuminatum and C. spicifer reduced the growth rate of wheat seedlings. All fungi evaluated showed increased disease severity compared to the untreated control. The high frequency of isolation of C. sativus from crown and root tissues can be partially explained by the dry, warm conditions during the early stages of wheat seedling development in the Upper Coastal Plain Land Resource Area of Mississippi. Zusammenfassung Die Auflaufrate von Sämlingen, die Stärke des Krank-heitsbefalls sowie die Häufigkeit von Pilzarten wurden bei nicht behandelten roten Weichwinterweizen der Sorte Wakefield ermittelt, welche in einem Leeper schlammigen Tonboden an der Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station, Plant Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi in der 1996,97 und 1997,98 Saison gesät worden waren. In beiden Jahren wurde die Auflaufrate von nicht behandeltem Saatgut um 40% reduziert. Cochliobolus sativus wurde am häufigsten isoliert. Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium equiseti und Fusarium solani waren die überwiegenden Fusarium spp. Außierdem wurden sieben weitere Fusarium spp. sowie 23 weitere Pilzarten isoliert. Pathogenitätstests mit je 3 Isolaten von C. sativus, Cochliobolus spicifer, F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, Fusarium compactum, Embellisia chlamydospora und Microdochiumbolleyi wurden in Reagenzröhrchen durchgeführt, sowie mit je 2 Isolaten von C. sativus, C. spicifer, F. acuminatum, E. chlamydospora und M. bolleyi unter Gewächshausbedingungen. Sowohl in den Reagenzröhrchen als auch im Gewächshaus entwickelten Sämlinge, die mit C. sativus inokuliert worden waren, eine Fäule, Verfärbung sowie Nekrosis, hauptsächlich in den sekundären Wurzeln und in den Halmbasen. Unter Gewächshausbedingungen verursachte C. sativus außierdem Läsionen der unteren Blattscheide sowie eine Reduzierung des Sämlingswachstums, des Sämlingsauflaufs, des Trocken-und Frischgewichts der Wurzeln und Sprossen. Im Reagenzröhrchentest induzierten Isolate von F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. compactum, E. chlamydospora und M. bolleyieine schwache bis mäßiige orange bis hell braune Verfärbung des Halmbasis und der Sekundärwurzeln. Isolate von C. spicifer besaßien die höchste Vorauflaufaktivität und induzierten eine Verschwärzung und Verkürzung der Wurzeln sowie eine Reduzierung des Sämlingsauflaufs, des Wurzelfrischgewichts sowie des Sproitrockengewichts. Unter Gewächshausbedingungen reduzierte F. acuminatum die Sämlingshöhe, die Auflaufrate sowie das Trockengewicht der Wurzeln und Sproien. Microdochium bolleyi und E. chlamydospora reduzierten das Frisch-und Trockengewicht der Wurzeln, die Auflaufrate sowie das Sproßitrockengewicht. Die Wachstumsrate der Sämlinge wurde durch F. acuminatum und C. spicifer reduziert. Alle untersuchten Pilzarten erhöhten die Befallsstärke verglichen mit der unbehandelten Kontrolle. Die hohe Isolierungsrate von C. sativus aus dem Halmbasis-und Wurzelgewebe kann zum Teil dadurch erklärt werden, dass während der Frühentwicklungsphase der Sämlinge trockene und warme Wachstumsbedingungen in diesem Gebiet herrschten. [source] The Impact of Mandatory Waiting Periods and Parental Consent Laws on the Timing of Abortion and State of Occurrence among Adolescents in Mississippi and South CarolinaJOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2001Ted Joyce Individual data on induced abortions from Mississippi and South Carolina are used to examine the effect of parental consent laws and mandatory delay statutes on two outcomes among teens: the point in pregnancy at which the abortion occurs and whether teens obtain abortions in or outside their state of residence. No effect of either law was found on the timing and location of abortion among minors relative to older teens in South Carolina. In Mississippi, however, both laws are associated with an increase in the proportion of abortions performed out of the state and the parental consent statute with later abortions. The conclusion is that Mississippi's 24-hour as compared with South Carolina's one-hour delay requirement, and Mississippi's two-parent as contrasted with South Carolina's one-parent consent statute explain the stronger behavioral response in Mississippi. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Management and Ananlysis. [source] Oral Health of Young Children in Mississippi Delta Child Care Centers: A Second Look at Early Childhood Caries Risk AssessmentJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2008Linda H. Southward PhD Abstract Objectives: To identify the predictors of early childhood caries and urgent dental treatment need among primarily African-American children in child care centers in the Delta region of Mississippi. The purpose of this study was to replicate predictors of caries and urgent dental treatment needs that were identified in an earlier study conducted in Delta child care centers and to assess additional caries risk factors not collected in the original study. Methods: Children in 19 child care centers were examined by the dentists, and the parents provided data on oral health practices, oral health history, and on children's oral health-related quality of life (QOL). The dentists also assessed visible plaque and tested levels of mutans streptococci. Predictors of caries and treatment need among children 24 to 71 months of age were examined using logistic regression. Results: Two parent predictors of caries identified in the earlier study (parent flossing and soft/sugary drink consumption) were not predictive in the current study. Parent history of abscess continued to predict their child's urgent need for treatment. Young children's level of salivary mutans streptococci, maxillary incisor visible plaque, and parents' reports of child oral health-related QOL measures predicted the presence of both caries and urgent treatment need. Some expected predictors, such as frequency of child's toothbrushing, were not predictive of caries. Conclusions: Parental abscess and parent's report of the child's oral health-related QOL are risk indicators for poor oral health outcomes that could be used by nondental personnel to identify young children in need of early preventive intervention and dental referral. [source] Nurse Practitioner, Nurse Midwife and Physician Assistant Attitudes and Care Practices Related to Persons with HIV/AIDSJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 2 2000Jane E. Martin RN ABSTRACT Although multiple studies of nurses' attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWAs) can be found in the literature, little is known about the attitudes, beliefs and practices of nurse practitioners (NPs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and physician assistants (PAs). A survey including a 21-item AIDS Attitude Scale measuring the constructs of Avoidance and Empathy was sent to 1,291 NPs, CNMs and PAs in Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi to describe their attitudes and care practices related to PLWAs. Respondents who were more comfortable treating PLWAs had significantly lower avoidance scores and significantly higher empathy scores than respondents with lower comfort levels in providing care. Greater than 80% of respondents indicated that they would provide health care to HIV-infected individuals. Respondents who referred HIV/AIDS patients for all care did so primarily due to lack of experience with HIV and the availability of more experienced providers. Avoidance and empathy scores were not found to be significantly associated with referral for care. This study suggests that this group of providers has relatively low avoidance and high empathy toward PLWAs and is willing to care for HIV-infected individuals. This study was supported by Grant No. 5U69PE00112-06 from the Department of Health & Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau, National AIDS Education and Training Center. [source] THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL UPLAND EROSION MODEL CASC2D-SED,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 1 2000Billy E. Johnson ABSTRACT: The two-dimensional soil erosion model CASC2D-SED simulates the dynamics of upland erosion during single rainstorms. The model is based on the raster-based surface runoff calculations from CASC2D. Rainfall precipitation is distributed in time and space. Infiltration is calculated from the Green-Ampt equations. Surface runoff is calculated from the diffusive wave approximation to the Saint-Venant equations in two-dimensions. Watershed data bases in raster Geographical Information System (GIS) provide information on the soil type, size fractions, soil erodibility, cropping management, and conservation practice factors for soil erosion calculations. Upland sediment transport is calculated for the size fractions (sand, silt, and clay), and the model displays the sediment flux, the amount of suspended sediment, and the net erosion and deposition using color graphics. The model has been tested on Goodwin Creek, Mississippi. The peak discharge and time to peak are within ± 20 percent and sediment transport rates within ,50 percent to 200 percent. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||