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Misleading Impression (misleading + impression)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	40%

Selected Abstracts

Deletion of 8p: a report of a child with normal intelligence

DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 12 2001
Linda Gilmore PhD
The case is presented of a female infant with a distal deletion of 8p (8p23.1,pter) whose development was monitored over a 5-year period from 12 months of age. Although previous literature has suggested that 8p deletion is associated with mild to moderate intellectual disability, the child reported here has normal intelligence. Despite initial delays in gross motor and language skills, cognitive development (assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development) and intellectual ability (measured on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale) were within average range. It is argued that the small number of previous case reports may have created a misleading impression of intellectual development in individuals with distal deletions of 8p. [source]

An evaluation of logistic regression models for predicting amphipod toxicity from sediment chemistry

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2005
Jeffrey D. Wetherington
Abstract An empirical screening level approach was developed to assess the probability of toxicity to benthic organisms associated with contaminated sediment exposure. The study was based on simple logistic regression models (LRMs) of matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data retrieved from a large database of field-collected sediment samples contaminated with multiple chemicals. Three decisions were made to simplify the application of LRMs to sediment samples contaminated with multiple chemicals. First, percent mortality information associated with each sediment sample was condensed into a dichotomous response (i.e., toxic or nontoxic). Second, each LRM assumed that toxicity was attributable to a single contaminant. Third, individual contaminants present at low concentrations were excluded from toxic sediment samples. Based on an analysis of the National Sediment Inventory database, the LRM approach classified 55% of nontoxic sediments as toxic (i.e., false-positives). Because this approach has been used to assess the probability of benthic toxicity as reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), the resultant estimates of potential toxicity convey a misleading impression of the increased hazard that sediments pose to the health of aquatic organisms at many sites in the United States. This could result in important resources needlessly being diverted from truly contaminated sites to evaluate and possibly remediate sediments at uncontaminated sites. [source]

Questioning the Notion of Feminine Leadership: A Critical Perspective on the Gender Labelling of Leadership

GENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 3 2000
Yvonne Due Billing
Traditionally, leadership has been equated with masculinity. Managerial jobs, at least in business and on senior levels, have been defined as a matter of instrumentality, autonomy, result-orientation, etc. something which is not particularly much in line with what is broadly assumed to be typical for females. Today, however, there seems to be a broad interest in leadership being more participatory, non-hierarchical, flexible and group-oriented. These new ideas on leadership are often seen by students of gender as indicating a feminine orientation. This article argues that it is necessary to critically discuss the whole idea of gender labelling leadership as masculine or feminine and suggests that we should be very careful and potentially aware of the unfortunate consequences when we use gender labels. Constructing leadership as feminine may be of some value as a contrast to conventional ideas on leadership and management but may also create a misleading impression of women's orientation to leadership as well as reproducing stereotypes and the traditional gender division of labour. [source]

4421: The fundamentals of visual acuity measurement

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010
CM CHISHOLM
Purpose To provide the background to the symposium on visual acuity and its measurement Methods The parameters employed to quantify visual performance will be defined. Commonly used measurement techniques ranging from traditional letter charts to psychophysical computer-based programmes, will be described and compared, with reference to the peer-reviewed literature in this area. The issues of accuracy and repeatability will be considered in the context of the clinical setting and scientific studies. Results Letter charts are most commonly employed to assess visual performance because of their ease of use for both the patient and assessor, but they suffer from design limitations. Psychophysical procedures are more flexible and can improve repeatability, but are time consuming and fatigue can start to play a part. Such techniques are generally more suited to the research environment. High contrast visual acuity measurement can give a misleading impression regarding the quality of vision. This is particularly the case for subjects with impaired optical quality relating to an increase in intraocular light scatter and/or increased higher order aberrations. Assessment in the contrast domain is essential to build up a fuller picture. Conclusion The assessment of visual quality requires an understanding of test design and limitations. The method used should be chosen to suit the aims of the work and partly depends on whether it is taking place in a clinical practice setting or as part of a research study. [source]

Species concepts: the basis for controversy and reconciliation

FISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 3 2002
Michael T Ghiselin
Abstract Some of the disputes about species concepts can be resolved through clarification of the conceptual issues. Others are intractable because incompatible preferences are being optimized. According to the current biological consensus species (taxa) are populations rendered cohesive by sex. The philosophical consensus has it that the species and other categories are (abstract) classes, whereas particular species and other taxa are (concrete) individuals (in the ontological sense). Natural kinds are classes that have the properties they do because of laws of nature. Individuals such as species and clades owe their properties to history, not laws of nature; they are not kinds at all and calling them natural kinds is, therefore, grossly misleading. Having the species of taxonomy be equivalent to the species of evolutionary theory facilitates the integration of history and laws of nature within biology. Efforts to define the species category on the basis of similarity create misleading impressions about the laws and mechanisms of speciation processes. A diversity of incompatible species concepts (pluralism) is undesirable because the various kinds of units that are called ,species' differ with respect to the underlying laws of nature that make them natural kinds. [source]