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Selected AbstractsTrichloroacetic Acid Matricectomy in the Treatment of Ingrowing ToenailsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 6 2009SU-HAN KIM MD BACKGROUND Ingrowing toenails can be treated with conservative therapy or surgery, but frequent relapse can be a problem in conservative therapy and surgical therapy without matricectomy. Thus, permanent nail ablation by partial matricectomy is now accepted as the treatment of choice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) matricectomy in the treatment of ingrowing nail. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty ingrowing toenail edges in 25 patients were enrolled. TCA matricectomy with 100% trichloroacetic acid after partial nail avulsion was performed. For a few weeks after surgery, postoperative complications such as pain, discharge, and infection were assessed. After a mean follow-up period of 22.9 months, recurrence rate and cosmetic outcomes were investigated to evaluate the effects of the surgery. RESULTS The wounds almost always healed within 2 weeks without prolonged exudative discharge. Pain was mild and transient. A case of secondary infection occurred. Recurrence was found in only two nails of one patient, and the success rate was 95%, with good cosmetic results. CONCLUSION TCA matricectomy showed a low recurrence rate with minimal side effects and was easy to perform in outpatient clinic. Therefore, it may be a good alternative treatment of ingrowing toenails. [source] Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Cutaneous Neoplasia, Inflammatory Disorders, and PhotoagingDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2009EMILY TIERNEY MD BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated high efficacy, minimal side effects, and improved cosmetic outcome when used for the treatment of actinic keratoses (AK), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma, and photoaging. METHODS To review the literature on the use of PDT in dermatologic surgery using MEDLINE. RESULTS Published clinical studies using PDT in the treatment of AKs yield overall efficacy rates ranging from 50% to 71% with one treatment to as high as 88% to 90% with two or more treatments. For superficial BCC, initial clearance rates were 76% to 97%, and for Bowen's disease, initial clearance rates ranged from 72% to 94% overall. The use of PDT for photorejuvenation is a relatively new application of this technology, which has shown promise in improving the appearance of fine lines, pigmentary variation, and telangiectasias. CONCLUSIONS The advantages of photodynamic therapy include the capacity for noninvasive targeted therapy through topical application of aminolevulinic acid and methyl aminolevulinic acid, with outstanding cosmetic results. Although the theory behind the use of chemical photosensitizers and ultraviolet light to treat a wide variety of skin disorders is straightforward, the practical application of this technology is evolving. Additional research into the precise mechanisms of action for specific photosensitizers and optimal light sources will be highly beneficial to the advancement of this technology. [source] Intense Pulsed Light for the Treatment of Refractory Melasma in Asian PersonsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 9 2004Chia-Chen Wang MD Background. Patients with dermal or mixed-type melasmas are often refractory to various treatments. Intense pulsed light has been used to treat melanocytic lesions with promising results. Objective. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of intense pulsed light for refractory melasma in Asian persons. Methods. Seventeen patients were treated with intense pulsed light, during four sessions at 4-week intervals. The patients were also given 4% hydroquinone cream and broad-spectrum sunscreens to prevent and treat postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Sixteen patients in the control group were treated with hydroquinone cream and sunscreens. The treatment efficacy was evaluated using reflectance spectrophotometer and patient satisfaction questionnaire. Results. Patients in the intense pulsed light group achieved an average of 39.8% improvement in relative melanin index, compared to 11.6% improvement in the control group (p<0.05) at Week 16. Six (35%) patients in the intense pulsed light group had more than 50% improvement, compared to two (14%) patients in the control group. Two patients in the intense pulsed light group, however, experienced transient postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, and partial repigmentation was noted 24 weeks after the last treatment session. Conclusion. Intense pulsed light is a safe and effective treatment for refractory melasma in Asian persons, with minimal side effects. Further treatment sessions are required for maintenance therapy. [source] The Safety and Effectiveness of Single-Pass Erbium:YAG Laser in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate PhotodamageDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2004David K. Avram MD Background. There are several treatment modalities for mild to moderate photodamage. The demand for effective treatments with minimal side effects has increased. Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of short-pulsed erbium:YAG laser in treating mild to moderate photodamage. Methods. Twenty patients were treated with the short-pulse erbium:YAG laser on the face and neck. One pass was given over the entire face with two to three passes over the perioral and periorbital regions. Patients were evaluated for improvement of pigmentary irregularities, skin texture, and fine wrinkles. All side effects were recorded at follow-up visits. Two lasers were used, Sciton and Cynosure CO3, under local anesthesia. Results. There was a 58% reduction in pigment irregularities and a 54% improvement in skin texture. There was minimal improvement in fine wrinkles with one pass. Two and three passes resulted in a 50% reduction in wrinkles. The procedure was minimally painful. Side effects included 3 to 5 days of erythema and edema. Patients returned to work within 3 days on average. There were no infections. Patient satisfaction with the procedure was rated as very good. There was no difference in efficacy or adverse effects with either laser. Conclusions. One-pass short-pulse erbium:YAG laser in treating photodamage of the face and neck is safe and effective. There are minimal side effects and patients heal within 3 to 5 days. [source] Intense Pulsed Light Treatment of Photoaged Facial SkinDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2004Douglas E. Kligman MD Background. It has been reported that intense pulsed light is efficacious for rejuvenation of photoaged skin, specifically the improvement of appearance of telangiectases and solar lentigines. Objective. The objective was to define the treatment variables for photodamaged facial skin using a newer intense pulsed light system. Methods. Twenty-three female subjects received three treatments using double-stacked pulses with fluences of 24 and 30 J/cm2. Response to treatment was evaluated using digital photography. Three signs of photoaging were evaluated: surface texture/roughness, mottled hyperpigmentation, and erythema/telangiectases. Results. There was a shift in clinical grading from more to less severe on all three measures of photoaging. Conclusion. Intense pulsed light therapy was efficacious in ameliorating the clinical signs of photoaging. The device was well tolerated with minimal side effects. [source] Gross and Microscopic Findings in Patients Submitted to Nonablative Full-Face Resurfacing Using Intense Pulsed Light: A Preliminary StudyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2002Enrique Hernández-Pérez MD background. Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a noncoherent, nonlaser, filtered flashlamp emitting a broadband visible light that has been shown to be effective in photoepilation, as well as in a number of vascular and pigmented lesions of the skin. Their efficacy has also been reported recently in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin. In the last condition, however, there are few studies showing the clinical and microscopic changes produced by IPL. objective. To assess the gross and microscopic changes that occur in photodamaged skin submitted to nonablative full-face resurfacing (NAFFR) using IPL. methods. Five women were submitted to five NAFFR sessions using IPL, one every 2 weeks. Skin biopsies and photographs were taken on all of the patients before the first procedure and after the last one, as well as weekly clinical assessment. Data concerning skin features (wrinkles, oiliness, thickness, dilated pores, and general appearance) were all assessed. Microscopic improvement of the aging features in the epidermis and dermis were all assessed. For the statistical analysis a t test for small samples was used. results. All the patients showed clinical and microscopic improvement in every one of the parameters assessed. The t test for small samples showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) in epidermal thickness. conclusion. Facial photodamage was clinically and microscopically improved using IPL. Use of IPL as a rejuvenating method seems to be promising, with minimal side effects, a wide safety margin, and minimal downtime. [source] Early behavioral screening for antidepressants and anxiolyticsDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 9 2006Vincent Castagné Abstract Early preclinical behavioral testing is an essential stage during the development of substances with potential antidepressant and/or anxiolytic activity. With the growing cost of drug development, optimal research strategies are needed to detect potential new treatments with high efficacy and minimal side effects and to confirm in vitro pharmacological studies. In the following article, we present simple rodent tests used for early behavioral testing for antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like activity. Unpublished results from our laboratory are discussed with reference to published data to illustrate the predictive validity of several behavioral screening tests. Drug Dev. Res. 67:729,742, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapyEPILEPSIA, Issue 2008Yeou-mei Christiana Liu Summary The medium-chain triglyceride diet (MCTD) is a variant of the classic 4:1 ketogenic diet (KD) introduced in 1971 by Huttenlocher as an attempt to improve the palatability of the KD by allowing more carbohydrates yet preserving ketosis. Although initially found to be equally effective as the classic KD, use of the MCTD declined because of frequent gastrointestinal side effects such as cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting. Recently, we have used the MCTD in more than 50 patients. We have found excellent seizure control, similar to the classic KD, and with careful monitoring, we have encountered minimal side effects. The MCTD should remain a viable dietary option for children with refractory epilepsy who have large appetites, can tolerate more calories, or cannot accept the restrictions of the classic KD. [source] PEI,PEG,Chitosan-Copolymer-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Safe Gene Delivery: Synthesis, Complexation, and TransfectionADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 14 2009Forrest M. Kievit Abstract Gene therapy offers the potential of mediating disease through modification of specific cellular functions of target cells. However, effective transport of nucleic acids to target cells with minimal side effects remains a challenge despite the use of unique viral and non-viral delivery approaches. Here, a non-viral nanoparticle gene carrier that demonstrates effective gene delivery and transfection both in vitro and in vivo is presented. The nanoparticle system (NP,CP,PEI) is made of a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (NP), which enables magnetic resonance imaging, coated with a novel copolymer (CP,PEI) comprised of short chain polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted to the natural polysaccharide, chitosan (CP), which allows efficient loading and protection of the nucleic acids. The function of each component material in this nanoparticle system is illustrated by comparative studies of three nanoparticle systems of different surface chemistries, through material property characterization, DNA loading and transfection analyses, and toxicity assessment. Significantly, NP,CP,PEI demonstrates an innocuous toxic profile and a high level of expression of the delivered plasmid DNA in a C6 xenograft mouse model, making it a potential candidate for safe in vivo delivery of DNA for gene therapy. [source] A Double-Blind Comparison of OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®) and Topiramate (TOPAMAX®) for the Prophylactic Treatment of Chronic Migraine: A Pilot StudyHEADACHE, Issue 10 2009Ninan T. Mathew MD Background., There is a need for effective prophylactic therapy for chronic migraine (CM) that has minimal side effects. Objective., To compare the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) and topiramate (TOPAMAX®, Ortho-McNeil, Titusville, NJ) prophylactic treatment in patients with CM. Methods., In this single-center, double-blind trial, patients with CM received either onabotulinumtoxinA, maximum 200 units (U) at baseline and month 3 (100 U fixed-site and 100 U follow-the-pain), plus an oral placebo, or topiramate, 4-week titration to 100 mg/day with option for additional 4-week titration to 200 mg/day, plus placebo saline injections. OnabotulinumtoxinA or placebo saline injection was administered at baseline and month 3 only, while topiramate oral treatment or oral placebo was continued through the end of the study. The primary endpoint was treatment responder rate assessed using Physician Global Assessment 9-point scale (+4 = clearance of signs and symptoms and ,4 = very marked worsening [about 100% worse]). Secondary endpoints included the change from baseline in the number of headache (HA)/migraine days per month (HA diary), and HA disability measured using Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), HA diary, Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire, and Migraine Impact Questionnaire (MIQ). The overall study duration was approximately 10.5 months, which included a 4-week screening period and a 2-week optional final safety visit. Follow-up visits for assessments occurred at months 1, 3, 6, and 9. Adverse events (AEs) were documented. Results., Of 60 patients randomized to treatment (mean age, 36.8 ± 10.3 years; 90% female), 36 completed the study at the end of the 9 months of active treatment (onabotulinumtoxinA, 19/30 [63.3%]; topiramate, 17/30 [56.7%]). In the topiramate group, 7/29 (24.1%) discontinued study because of treatment-related AEs vs 2/26 (7.7%) in the onabotulinumtoxinA group. Between 68% and 83% of patients for both onabotulinumtoxinA and topiramate groups reported at least a slight (25%) improvement in migraine; response to treatment was assessed using Physician Global Assessment at months 1, 3, 6, and 9. Most patients in both groups reported moderate to marked improvements at all time points. No significant between-group differences were observed, except for marked improvement at month 9 (onabotulinumtoxinA, 27.3% vs topiramate, 60.9%, P = .0234, chi-square). In both groups, HA/migraine days decreased and MIDAS and HIT-6 scores improved. Patient-reported quality of life measures assessed using MIQ after treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA paralleled those seen after treatment with topiramate in most respects. At month 9, 40.9% and 42.9% of patients in the onabotulinumtoxinA and topiramate groups, respectively, reported ,50% reduction in HA/migraine days. Forty-one treatment-related AEs were reported in 18 onabotulinumtoxinA-treated patients vs 87 in 25 topiramate-treated patients, and 2.7% of patients in the onabotulinumtoxinA group and 24.1% of patients in the topiramate group reported AEs that required permanent discontinuation of study treatment. Conclusions., OnabotulinumtoxinA and topiramate demonstrated similar efficacy in the prophylactic treatment of CM. Patients receiving onabotulinumtoxinA had fewer AEs and discontinuations. [source] Dronedarone: A New Treatment for Atrial FibrillationJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 11 2008JAMES C. LAUGHLIN M.D. Dronedarone is a benzofuran derivative pharmacologically related to amiodarone but without the iodine moiety. It is designed for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Historically, amiodarone has proved most effective in maintaining sinus rhythm and has been used safely in patients with advanced heart failure. However, its use has been limited by cumulative and often irreversible organ toxicity, especially in younger patients. Dronedarone was developed in an effort to provide equivalent efficacy and safety with less toxicity. Dronedarone has proved efficacious without toxic or proarrhythmic effects and has minimal side effects, but remaining concerns exist regarding its use in patients with advanced heart failure. [source] Removal of amateur blue-black tattoos in Arabic women of skin type (III,IV) with Q-switched alexandrite laserJOURNAL OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Iqbal A Bukhari Summary Background and Objectives, Tattoos in Arabic society used to have a cosmetic importance on the face of females. These were usually amateur tattoos done by non-professional women in the tribe. Because Islam as a religion prohibited its practice and its application, people became concerned about removing the old tattoos by any means. Nowadays, laser is considered an effective method of tattoo removal. Here, we report our experience in the removal of tattoos in Arabic women of skin type III,IV using the Q-switched alexandrite laser. Study Design/Materials and Methods, Twenty female subjects aged 35,50 years from similar racial and ethnic background with amateur tattoos were treated using the Q-switched alexandrite laser. Fluence threshold was determined and a spot test was made. Q-switched alexandrite laser with a fluence range 4.0,7.5 J/cm2 (mean 6.05) was used at 6,12-week intervals. Total treatment numbers ranged from three to six sessions (mean 4.15) with single-pulse technique application. Results, More than 95% lightening was achieved in five patients after three to six sessions at fluence range of 6,7.5 J/cm2 and > 75% lightening in 10 subjects after three to six sessions of treatment at fluence range of 4,7.5 J/cm2. Pinpoint bleeding was observed in one case but no pigmentary alteration or scarring was seen. Conclusion, Tattoo pigment removal by Q-switched alexandrite laser is an effective method in skin type (III,IV) with minimal side effects, which gives high patient satisfaction. [source] The effects of multiple passes on the epidermal thermal damage pattern in nonablative fractional resurfacing,LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 2 2009Dieter Manstein MD Background and Objective Nonablative fractional resurfacing is a concept of cutaneous re-modeling whereby laser-induced microscopic treatment zones (MTZs) are surrounded by normal viable tissue. Such thermal damage pattern with a small diameter of individual lesions allows fast re-epithelialization with minimal side effects. The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the fraction of thermal injury per unit surface area (fill factor) and lesion size in relation to pulse energy and number of passes. Methods Full thickness abdominal skin samples were exposed ex vivo to the Fraxel SR 750 laser (Reliant Technologies, Mountain View, CA). One set of exposures was performed for pulse energies in the range of 8 to 40 mJ for a single pass at 250 MTZ/cm2. A second set of exposures was performed at 10 mJ with number of passes from 1 to 30. The thermal damage pattern was assessed by incubation of epidermal sheets with NitroBlueTetrazoliumChloride (NBTC) stain. Size of individual MTZ and fill factor were determined by image analysis (ImageJ, NIH, Bethesda, MD) of digital micrographs. Results Width of the thermal injury zone was directly related to the pulse energy used. The fill factor did not have a uniform relationship with the number of passes. Due to the stochastic placement of individual MTZs, even for greater number of passes, some residual undamaged tissue was found. Due to formation of thermal damage clusters, defined as overlapping individual MTZs, the size of the resulting clustering lesions which we defined as microscopic treatment cluster (MTC) increased linearly as a function of the number of passes. Conclusion We have described the fill factor as it relates to the number of passes and have demonstrated that the average size of individual lesions depends on the number of passes. Clustering of MTZs lead to the development of MTC, the average size of which increased with the number of passes. The clinical implications of these findings are contingent on further studies. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:149,153, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Photodynamic therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with hexaminolevulinate,LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 9 2008Philipp Soergel MD Abstract Background and Objective CIN is a disease of women in their reproductive years, and treatment includes excisional techniques with increased risk of preterm deliveries. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using topical precursor of photoactive porphyrins may be a non-invasive alternative with minimal side effects. This study assessed the feasibility and response rate of PDT with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Study Design/Materials and Methods Twenty four patients with a CIN 2 or 3 or a persistent CIN 1 and a positive high-risk HPV-DNA test were included. Each patient had gynaecologic examination including cervical cytology, HPV DNA testing, colposcopy and biopsy. Ten milliliters of HAL-thermogel (10 mM) were topically applied to the cervix for 3,5 hours, followed by 1,000 seconds of illumination of both ecto- and endocervical canal with red coherent light (wave length 633 nm) using a PDT laser and a special light catheter. Follow-up examinations were carried out after 3 (cytology, colposcopy, HPV DNA testing, and if needed re-PDT) and 6 months. Results Seven, 10, and 7 patients had a CIN 1, 2, or 3, respectively. Treatment could be accomplished in all cases and no severe side effects were encountered. Fifteen out of the 24 patients had a complete response (15/24,=,63%) and a HPV remission 6 months after 1,3 treatments. The remission rates were 71%, 50%, and 71% for CIN 1, 2 and 3. Conclusion HAL PDT seems to be a non-invasive, repeatable procedure for CIN and cervical HPV infection with minimal side effects which can be easily performed on outpatient basis. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:611,615, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Midazolam as a sole sedative for computed tomography imaging in pediatric patientsPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 9 2009RANJU SINGH MD Summary Objective:, To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of i.v. midazolam as a sole agent for sedation in children for computed tomography (CT) imaging. Materials and Methods:, Prospective clinical trial in which 516 children under ASA classification II,IV (273 boys and 243 girls) in the age group of 6 months to 6 years for elective CT scan were enrolled over a 17-month period. Patients were administered i.v. midazolam 0.2 mg·kg,1 and further boluses of 0.1 mg·kg,1 (total 0.5 mg·kg,1) if required. Measurements included induction time, efficacy, side effects, complications, and degree of sedation. Sedation was graded on the basis of Ramsay sedation score (RSS) as over sedated (RSS 5,6), adequately sedated (AS, RSS 3,4), under sedated (RSS 1,2), or failed if the procedure could not be completed or another agent had to be administered. Results:, Of the 516 procedures, 483 brains, 16 chests, and 17 abdomens were scanned with a mean duration of 4.75 ± 1.75 min with a mean dose of 0.212 mg·kg,1 of i.v. midazolam. Four hundred and sixty-five (90.12%) patients were AS in 5.9 ± 0.7 min while 40 (7.75%) patients required additional boluses. Of these 40 patients, 24 (4.65%) required a single bolus, 12 (2.32%) required two boluses, whereas the remaining four (0.78%) required three boluses. In 11 (2.13%; P < 0.0001) patients, the scan could not be completed satisfactorily. Side effects were seen in 46 (9.11%) patients in the form of desaturation, hiccups (seven patients, 1.38%), and agitation (four patients, 0.79%). Desaturation (SpO2 90,95%) was seen in 35 (6.93%) patients, which was corrected by topical application of oxygen. None of the patients exhibited any complications such as pulmonary aspiration or need to maintain airway. The patients were kept under observation for 1 h after the procedure. Conclusion:, The level of sedation achieved in children with midazolam 0.2 mg·kg,1 is adequate for imaging with minimal side effects, no airway complications, and fast recovery. It can be recommended as the sole agent for sedation in pediatric patients for CT imaging. [source] Low-dose doxapram therapy for idiopathic apnea of prematurityPEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2001Toshio Yamazaki AbstractBackground: Doxapram is contraindicated for newborn infants in Japan because of its serious side effects. However, because of encouraging results of recent studies regarding the efficacy and safety of therapy for apnea of prematurity (AOP) with lower doses of doxapram than those previously proposed, approximately 60% of Japanese neonatologists continue to use doxapram at small doses. Caution is warranted because the sample sizes of the former studies are inadequate to evaluate doxapram for both its beneficial and harmful effects. Therefore, we conducted the present study in order to investigate the efficacy and harmful events of low-dose doxapram therapy for idiopathic AOP in very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants in a larger population. Methods: One hundred and six VLBW infants with idiopathic AOP were treated with doxapram at a dose of 0.2,1.0 mg/kg per h in combination with methylxanthines and the frequency of apnea and secondary outcomes were compared with a group of control infants. Results: An approximate 80% reduction in the frequency of apnea was found with only minimal side effects following low-dose doxapram. Although there were no significant differences in secondary outcomes between the doxapram-treated and control groups, mortality in doxapram-treated infants was significantly lower than that in control infants. Conclusions: Patients with AOP unresponsive to treatment with methylxanthines may benefit from the addition of low-dose doxapram. [source] Clinical evaluation of the Chinese herbal medicine formula STA-1 in the treatment of allergic asthmaPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2006Tung-Ti Chang Abstract Although some formulae of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been used for antiasthma treatment, few of them have had sufficient discussion on their efficacy, safety and mechanisms. In this study, the availability of the TCM formula STA-1 for the treatment of allergic asthma was investigated by conducting a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial. One hundred and twenty patients between the ages of 5 to 20 years with mild-to-moderate asthma were included. These patients were treated with either STA-1 or placebo in a dose of 80 g/kg/day and were administered twice daily for 6 months. The main outcome measures were a daily diary record of symptoms, supplementary bronchodilator and glucocorticoid treatment, changes of pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), changes of total and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP)-specific IgE and side effects. The results showed a statistically significant reduction of symptom scores, systemic steroid dose, total IgE and specific IgE in the STA-1 group. Furthermore, STA-1 also improved the pulmonary lung function FEV1 compared with the placebo group and only minimal side effects were shown. These results suggested that STA-1 is available for the treatment of mild-to-moderate chronic asthma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Regional anaesthesia in day-stay and short-stay surgeryANAESTHESIA, Issue 2010S. L. Kopp Summary The goals for ambulatory surgery are rapid recovery with minimal side effects, adequate postoperative pain control, rapid patient discharge and overall cost containment. The addition of regional anaesthetic techniques has been shown to decrease nausea, postoperative pain scores and the need for post-anaesthesia care unit monitoring. The use of regional anaesthesia is increasing as studies confirm the goals for ambulatory anaesthesia can be met with a combination of regional anaesthesia and a multimodal pain management regimen. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||