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Mineral Oil (mineral + oil)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	30%
Life Sciences	20%
Chemistry	20%
Polymers and Materials Science	16%

Selected Abstracts

Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2005
Sunil Varughese MSc
Abstract Background Theatrical fogs (glycol or mineral oil aerosols) are widely used in the entertainment industry to create special effects and make lighting visible. Methods We studied 101 employees at 19 sites using fogs and measured personal fog exposures, across work shift lung function, and acute and chronic symptoms. Results were also compared to an external control population, studied previously. Results Chronic work-related wheezing and chest tightness were significantly associated with increased cumulative exposure to fogs (mineral oil and glycols) over the previous 2 years. Acute cough and dry throat were associated with acute exposure to glycol-based fogs; increased acute upper airway symptoms were associated with increased fog aerosol overall. Lung function was significantly lower among those working closest to the fog source. Conclusions Mineral oil- and glycol-based fogs are associated with acute and chronic adverse effects on respiratory health among employees. Reducing exposure, through controls, substitution, and elimination where possible, is likely to reduce these effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:411,418, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Prevention of Nosocomial Infection During Dermoscopy?

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 4 2006
SUSAN C. KELLY DO
BACKGROUND Dermatoscopes are applied directly to cutaneous or mucocutaneous surfaces with immersion fluid (IF) such as oil or alcohol to reduce light reflection. Recently, Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from dermatosopes that used mineral oil as the IF. Thus, dermatoscopes might be a potential source of nosocomial infection. OBJECTIVE In this study we propose the use of an alcohol-based antibacterial gel to reduce nosocomial infection transmission while optimizing optical resolution during dermatoscopic examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aerobic bacterial cultures were performed on three dermatoscopes used in an outpatient setting after routine examination of 31 patients with an alcohol-based antibacterial gel as IF. RESULTS There was no bacterial growth after using the antibacterial gel with the dermatoscopes. The optical resolution for the antibacterial gel appeared equal to the ,dermatoscopy oil' and superior to alcohol wipes. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-based antibacterial gel appears to inhibit bacterial colonization while offering excellent optical resolution during dermoscopic examination. The use of alcohol-based IF appears to obviate the risk of nosocomial infections. [source]

Voltammetric Antioxidant Analysis in Mineral Oil Samples Immobilized into Boron-Doped Diamond Micropore Array Electrodes

ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 12 2009
Xiaohang Zhang
Abstract Mineral oil microdroplets containing the model antioxidant N,N -didodecyl- N,,N, -diethyl-phenylene-diamine (DDPD) are immobilized into a 100×100 pore-array (ca. 10,,m individual pore diameter, 100,,m pitch) in a boron-doped diamond electrode surface. The robust diamond surface allows pore filling, cleaning, and reuse without damage to the electrode surface. The electrode is immersed into aqueous electrolyte media, and voltammetric responses for the oxidation of DDPD are obtained. In order to further improve the current responses, 20,wt% of carbon nanofibers are co-deposited with the oil into the pore array. Voltammetric signals are consistent with the oxidation of DDPD and the associated transfer of perchlorate anions (in aqueous 0.1,M NaClO4) or the transfer of protons (in aqueous 0.1,M HClO4). From the magnitude of the current response, the DDPD content in the mineral oil can be determined down to less than 1,wt% levels. Perhaps surprisingly, the reversible (or midpoint) potential for the DDPD oxidation in mineral oil (when immersed in 0.1 NaClO4) is shown to be concentration-dependent and to shift to more positive potential values for more dilute DDPD in mineral oil solutions. An extraction mechanism and the formation of a separate organic product phase are proposed to explain this behavior. [source]

Paste Electrode Based on Short Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: Preparation, Characterization and Application in DNA Detection

ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 12 2008
Xuzhi Zhang
Abstract A paste electrode (SWNT&RTIL PE) has been prepared using carboxylic group-functionalized short single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) mixed with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6, one kind of room temperature ionic liquid, RTIL). Its electrochemical behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in comparison with the paste electrode using mineral oil as a binder. Results highlighted the advantages of the paste electrode: not only higher conductivity, but also lower potential separation (,Ep), higher peak current (ip) and better reversibility towards dopamine (DA), methylene blue (MB) and K3[Fe(CN)6]. The SWNT&RTIL PE could be used to detect the number of guanine bases and adenine bases contents in per mol oligonucleotides according to the current response in the range of 0.05,2.0,nM. Based on the current response of guanine bases, oligonucleotides could be detected sensitively in the B,R buffer solution with a detection limit of 9.9,pM. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) of guanine bases contents in the oligonucleotides was investigated and its value was 0.90,s,1. In essence the SWNT&RTIL PE showed high sensitivity, reliability, stability and reproducibility for the detection of DNA. [source]

Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrodes.

ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 7-8 2007
A New Alternative for the Development of Electrochemical Sensors
Abstract In this work we summarize the recent activities of our group regarding the analytical performance of a new composite material, the so-called carbon nanotubes paste electrode (CNTPE) obtained by dispersion of multiwall carbon nanotubes in mineral oil. The electrocatalytic properties towards different redox systems, especially those involved in important enzymatic reactions are discussed. Significant shifting in the overpotentials for the oxidation and/or reduction of hydrogen peroxide, NADH, phenol, catechol, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid and hydroquinone are obtained at CNTPE in comparison with the analogous graphite paste electrode (CPE). The usefulness of the electrode as a matrix for immobilizing enzymes is also demonstrated. Highly sensitive and selective glucose quantification is accomplished even without using permselective films or redox mediators. Enzymatic biosensors obtained by incorporation of lactate oxidase, polyphenol oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase/NAD+ within the composite material have allowed the successful quantification of lactate, phenol, dopamine, catechin and ethanol. The sensitive quantification of traces of oligonucleotides and double stranded calf thymus DNA by adsorptive stripping is reported. The confined DNA layer demonstrated to be stable either in air, acetate or phosphate buffer. The advantages of incorporating copper particles for the quantification of amino acids and albumin is also discussed. [source]

Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Amitrole at a Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electdrode

ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 5-6 2005
M. Chicharro
Abstract This work reports the excellent electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanotubes paste electrodes (CNTPE) prepared by dispersion of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) within mineral oil toward the oxidation of 3-amino-1H -1,2,4-triazole (amitrole). The quantification is performed by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV). The influence of the paste composition and surface pretreatments as well as the amitrole accumulation conditions on the adsorption and further electrooxidation of this herbicide is described. After potentiodynamic pretreatment in 0.050,M phosphate buffer pH,7.4 the amitrole oxidation signal shifts 250,mV toward more negative potential and the sensitivity increases 29 fold, demonstrating that pretreated CNTPEs are extremely useful for a highly sensitive determination of amitrole down to the sub-,M levels. The oxidation peak current is proportional to the amitrole concentration over the range from 0.8 to 7.0,,M (5,min accumulation), with a detection limit of 0.6,,M (48,,gL,1) and a precision of 4.3%, n=20. The proposed method was used for the determination of amitrole in spiked river water (Alberche River (Madrid, Spain)) and tap water samples (Madrid, Spain) at levels higher than 0.6,,M. [source]

Efficiency of combined methotrexate/chloroquine therapy in adjuvant-induced arthritis

FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 4 2005
M.A.R.C.P. Silva
Abstract The present study evaluates the effects of methotrexate (MTX) and chloroquine (CQ), and of combined MTX + CQ treatment, on the inflammatory response and on plasma and liver phosphatase and transaminase activities, employing an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats. Arthritis was induced by the intradermal injection of a suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mineral oil into the plantar surface of the hind paws. Development of the inflammatory response was assessed over a 21-day period. Animal groups received either: (i) MTX, administered i.p., weekly, in 0.15, 1.5, 3, 6 or 12 mg/kg doses; (ii) CQ, given intragastrically, in daily 25 or 50 mg/kg doses; or (iii) MTX + CQ, administered in two combinations (MTX1.5 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg, or MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were anesthetized and killed, blood and liver samples were collected and prepared for measurement of acid and alkaline phosphatase (AP, ALP), and aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. MTX at 6 and 12 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response while CQ had no effect. MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response similar to MTX12 mg/kg, without affecting the bone marrow. Plasma AP and liver ALP activities were very elevated in the arthritic rats. While MTX treatment partially reduced both plasma AP and liver ALP activities at all doses used in the arthritic rats, CQ treatment reduced plasma AP, but increased liver AP activity. MTX + CQ treatment decreased plasma AP and liver ALP activities in the arthritic rats to control values. Plasma and liver AST activities were unaltered in the arthritic rats, and were unaffected by treatment. However, plasma and liver ALT activities were significantly reduced in the arthritic rats. While MTX or CQ treatment did not alter plasma transaminase activity in the arthritic rats, after MTX + CQ treatment, plasma ALT activity returned to normal values. In conclusion, the present data suggest that MTX + CQ treatment provides more effective anti-inflammatory protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis than does MTX alone, reverting the alterations in enzyme activities induced by this inflammatory disease in rats. [source]

Wet and Dry Adhesion Properties of Self-Selective Nanowire Connectors

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 19 2009
Hyunhyub Ko
Abstract Here, the wet and dry adhesion properties of hybrid Ge/parylene nanowire (NW) connectors are examined. The ability of the NW connectors to bind strongly even under lubricating conditions, such as mineral oil, sheds light on the dominant role of van der Waals interactions in the observed adhesion. The superhydrophobic surface of the NW connectors enables the wet, self-cleaning of contaminant particles from the surface, similar to the lotus effect. In addition, the effect of NW length on the shear adhesion strength, repeated usability, and robustness of the connectors, all critical properties for applications that require reversible binding of components, is examined. [source]

Arthritis induced in rats with non-immunogenic adjuvants as models for rheumatoid arthritis

IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2001
Rikard Holmdahl
Summary: Rat models are useful for studies of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) since rats are extraordinarily sensitive to induction of arthritis with adjuvants. Injection of not only the classical complete Freund's adjuvant but also mineral oil without mycobacteria and pure adjuvants such as pristane and squalene, induce severe arthritis in many rat strains. Models like pristane-induced arthritis in rats are optimal models for RA since they fulfill the RA criteria including a chronic relapsing disease course. Arthritogenic adjuvants like pristane, avridine, squalene and mineral oil are not immunogenic since they do not contain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding peptides. Nevertheless, the diseases are MHC-associated and dependent on the activation of ,,TCR (T-cell receptor)-expressing T cells. However, it has not been possible to link the immune response to joint antigens or other endogenous components although immunization with various cartilage proteins induce arthritis but with different pathogeneses. To unravel the mechanisms behind adjuvant-induced arthritis, a disease-oriented genetic approach is optimal. Several loci that control onset of arthritis, severity and chronicity of the disease have been identified in genetic crosses and most of these have been confirmed in congenic strains. In addition, many of these loci are found in other autoimmune models in the rat as well as associated with arthritis in mice and humans. [source]

Study of sensory properties of emollients used in cosmetics and their correlation with physicochemical properties

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005
M. E. Parente
Eight liquid emollients (mineral oil, sunflower oil, squalane, decyl-oleate, isopropyl-myristate, octyldodecanol, dimethicone, and cyclomethicone) were characterized by instrumental and sensory methods and evaluated to determine the relationship between sensory and instrumental measures. Sensory analysis was carried out by a panel of 14 assessors, who evaluated the following attributes: difficulty of spreading, gloss, residue, stickiness, slipperiness, softness, and oiliness. The physicochemical properties measured were spreadability (at 1½ and 1 min), viscosity, and superficial tension. Data collected were statistically analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and linear partial least squares regression analysis (PLS). In consideration of their physicochemical characteristics, the studied emollients were sorted into three groups, in which the silicones distinctly separate from the rest. Sensory characteristics enabled the discrimination of four groups of emollients where, besides the two silicones, isopropyl myristate was also differentiated. PLS revealed that emollient sensory attributes could be well predicted by instrumental measurements. [source]

Effectiveness of kukui nut oil as a topical treatment for psoriasis

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 8 2005
Amy C. Brown PhD
Background, No cure for psoriasis exists for the 1,3% of the American population who suffer from it; however, anecdotal reports from patients with psoriasis visiting Hawaii who purchased kukui nut oil, claim it helped reduce the severity of their lesions. Objective, This pilot study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of kukui nut oil as a topical treatment for psoriasis. Methods, Thirty adult subjects (18,78 year) were recruited from the community for a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Subjects were previously diagnosed with mild, stable plaque psoriasis (less than 15% of total body surface area [TBSA]) and agreed to abstain from other treatments during the course of the study. Following a 4-week washout period the subjects were randomized into a treatment group (15 subjects applying kukui nut oil) or a control group (15 applying the mineral oil placebo). Patients were seen every 2 weeks (seven visits at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks) by a dermatological nurse practitioner under the general supervision of a board certified dermatologist. Measurable outcomes included evaluation of one targeted lesion and of the overall severity of their psoriasis using clinical evaluation, Psoriasis Area and Sensitivity Index (PASI), Global Severity of Psoriasis Scale, and photographs. Each patient also evaluated their own lesions daily using the Global Severity of Psoriasis Scale, and noted any side-effects or other treatments used. Results, Although both groups improved, we found no significant difference between the treatment (kukui nut oil) and the placebo (mineral oil) among the 24 out of 30 subjects (80%) who completed the study. No side-effects or adverse events were reported. Conclusion, Kukui nut oil did not significantly reduce symptoms of psoriasis; however, this was a small pilot study, and the use of this oil cannot be dismissed without using a larger study population of patients with psoriasis. [source]

Expression of inhibitors of apoptosis family protein in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal-pouch squamous-cell carcinogenesis is associated with mutant p53 accumulation and epigenetic changes

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2008
Shui-Sang Hsue
Summary Fifty outbred Syrian golden hamsters were equally divided into three experimental groups and two control groups. The pouches of the experimental groups were painted bilaterally with a 0.5% 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) solution thrice a week for 3, 7 and 14 weeks. One of the control groups was applied with mineral oil while another control group remained untreated throughout the experiment. Neither survivin nor cIAP2 could be detected in any of the control tissues, whereas survivin and cIAP2 were found to be significantly increased in 3-, 7- and 14-week DMBA-treated pouches compared with the control pouches. Expression of XIAP, cIAP1 and NAIP were noted for both the control and 3-, 7- and 14-week DMBA-treated pouches, but levels were found to be significantly elevated in the experimental groups compared with the control pouches. p53 was not detected in any control tissues, but was significantly increased in 3-, 7- and 14-week DMBA-treated pouches. Direct sequencing revealed a point mutation (C,G) of p53 for pouch tissues treated with DMBA for 3 and 7 weeks, and there was a wide variation in the p53 sequence of the 14-week DMBA-treated pouch tissues, as compared with the control tissues. The control tissues had a survivin - and cIAP2 -methylated allele, whereas the DMBA-treated tissues showed no evidence of survivin - and cIAP2 -methylation. Neither the control nor DMBA-treated pouches showed evidence of XIAP -, cIAP1 - or NAIP -methylation. Our results suggest that the expression of inhibitors of apoptosis family in DMBA-induced hamster buccal-pouch squamous-cell carcinogenesis may be modulated by both genetic (mutant p53) and epigenetic mechanisms. [source]

Organic farming-compatible insecticides against the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in peach orchards

JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2006
C. Karagounis
Abstract:, Three products allowed in organic farming (kaolin, mineral oil and insecticidal soap) as alternatives to chemical insecticides, were evaluated for the control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in a peach orchard. Their efficacy was compared with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and an untreated control. The experiment was replicated for 2 years (2003 and 2004). The products were applied once in May every year and aphid infestation was recorded three to four times post-treatment. In 2004, the effect of the products on the predatory coccinellid species was also recorded. In 2003, all four products showed good control with average Abbott's efficiency ranging from 80% to 88%. In the next year, however, the products were less effective and only imidacloprid and kaolin reduced aphid population significantly compared with the untreated control, with an average Abbott's efficiency of 62% and 31%, respectively. This reduced efficiency was attributed to high rainfall occurring post-treatment. Regarding the effects on beneficial coccinellids, only imidacloprid and mineral oil reduced their numbers after application. The results showed that the three alternative products and especially kaolin are promising for aphid control in peach orchards. Kaolin has also low side-effects on beneficials and it could be used in organic peach orchards. [source]

Effect of the preparation conditions on the permeation of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene/silicon dioxide hybrid membranes

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010
Nana Li
Abstract Porous ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene/SiO2 membranes were prepared by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) with white mineral oil as the diluent and SiO2 as an additive. Influential factors, including extraction method, SiO2 content, and cooling rate, were investigated. The results suggest that the both porosity and pure water flux of the membranes by extraction of the solvent naphtha in the tension state with alcohol were the best among our research. With increasing SiO2 content, the porosity, pure water flux, and pore diameter increased. However, with excessive SiO2 content, defects formed easily. Moreover, SiO2 improved the pressure resistance of the membranes. The cooling rate directly effected the crystal structure. A slow cooling rate was good for crystal growth and the integration of the diluent. Therefore, the porosity, pure water flux, and bubble-point pore diameter increased with decreasing cooling rate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source]

Efficacy of injection vaccines against Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 1 2006
J Madetoja
Abstract Efficacy of mineral oil-based experimental injection vaccines against Flavobacterium psychrophilum were tested in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), under laboratory and field conditions. The vaccines consisted of formalin- or heat-inactivated whole bacterium cell preparations of two different serotypes (Fd and Th) or a combination of serologically different F. psychrophilum (Fd and/or Th and/or FpT;Th). Specific antibody responses against the bacterium in plasma and skin mucus were evaluated post-vaccination with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Efficacy of the vaccinations was determined by challenge trials to F. psychrophilum with the vaccinated rainbow trout. Significantly higher antibody levels in plasma were detected in vaccinated fish compared with mock-vaccinated fish. Injection vaccination did not trigger specific antibody production in the skin mucus. Significantly higher survival of i.p. vaccinated fish compared with non-vaccinated fish was observed during the challenge. The results suggest that mineral oil-based injectable vaccines containing formalin- or heat-inactivated virulent cells of F. psychrophilum effectively triggered specific antibody production and protected the fish against bacterial cold water disease. [source]

An investigation into the influence of counterion on the RS -propranolol and S -propranolol skin permeability

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2010
Francesco Cilurzo
Abstract The effects of two contra-ions, namely benzoate (Bz) and oleate (Ol), on the in vitro human skin permeability of propranolol racemate (RS -PR) or S -enantiomer (S -PR) were studied. Saline solution (SS) or mineral oil (MO) were selected as vehicles. The MO increased the permeability coefficient (Kp) of PR-Bz (pKp,,,4) of about four times with respect to SS (pKp,,,8) probably due to the ion pair formation. The steady-state flux of S -enantiomers resulted about twofold higher than that of racemates according to their lower melting temperatures with the exception of (S)-PR-Ol and (RS)-PR-Ol vehicled in SS which not resulted statistically different. This anomalous result could be explained considering the behavior of (RS)-PR-Ol or (S)-PR-Ol in aqueous solutions: these salts formed ion pairs which associated to form aggregates up to a concentration of 20,µg/mL as verified by light scattering. Therefore, their effective concentrations in SS resulted similar and justified the overlapped skin permeation profiles. All three considered variables, namely counterion, vehicle, and chirality, resulted mutually interfering on and deeply influenced the passive diffusion process of PR. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99: 1217,1224, 2010 [source]

Application of the transformed Potts,Guy equation to in vivo human skin data

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 9 2001
William J. Roberts
Abstract Data developed by Wenkers and Lippold for the flux of 10 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from light mineral oil (MO) through human skin in vivo has been analyzed using the transformed Potts,Guy equation. The analysis shows that the flux is dependent not only on the solubility in MO (SMO), but also on the solubility in acidic water (SAQ). This dependence of flux on SAQ shows that the previously reported dependence of flux on SAQ from in vitro experiments using hairless mouse skin is not an artifact of the in vitro experiments but is due to a characteristic of the skin barrier. Further inspection of the equations used by Wenkers and Lippold in their analyses of their data shows that the equations are variations of the transformed Potts,Guy equation. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 90:1318,1323, 2001 [source]

Formulation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B190 for Control of Lily Grey Mould (Botrytis elliptica)

JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003
A. L. Chiou
Abstract Calcium hydroxide (0.1%) significantly increased the growth of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B190, inhibited completely the germination of Botrytis elliptica, and decreased the disease severity caused by B. elliptica on lily. Spraying B. amyloliquefaciens B190 mixed with either 0.025% calcium hydroxide, 0.05% sodium carbonate or 0.025% ammonium nitrate decreased the grey mould disease on lily leaves. B. amyloliquefaciens B190 mixed with 0.025% calcium hydroxide and 0.05% sodium carbonate, or mixed with 0.025% calcium hydroxide and 0.025% ammonium nitrate controlled lily grey mould completely. When the concentration of tested adjuvants was below 0.1% (v/v), adhesive adjuvant, i.e. carboxymethyl cellulose and spreader, i.e. Tween 80 were equally effective to assist B. amyloliquefaciens B190 to control lily grey mould. Calcium hydroxide (0.025%) and 0.05% sodium carbonate mixed with 0.1% Tween 80 significantly controlled lily grey mould. B. amyloliquefaciens B190 mixed with 0.025% calcium hydroxide and 0.05% sodium carbonate, and these two chemicals plus or without 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.05% mineral oil (i.e. emulsion and wettable powder, respectively) was consistently able to control grey mould on lily as well as 100 p.p.m. flusilazole in greenhouse and field trials, respectively. [source]

Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on canine atopic dermatitis

JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE, Issue 6 2004
R. S. Mueller
Twenty-nine dogs were included in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial and were orally supplemented for 10 weeks with either flax oil (200 mg/kg/day), eicosapentaenoic acid (50 mg/kg/day) and docosahexaenoic acid (35 mg/kg/day) in a commercial preparation, or mineral oil as a placebo. For each dog, clinical scores were determined based on a scoring system developed prior to the trial. Total omega-6 and omega-3 intake and the ratio of omega-6:omega-3 (omega-6:3) were calculated before and after the trial. The dogs' clinical scores improved in those supplemented with flax oil and the commercial preparation, but not in the placebo group. No correlation was identified between total fatty acid intake or omega-6:3 ratio and clinical scores. Based on the results of this study, the total intake of fatty acids or the omega-6:3 ratio do not seem to be the main factors in determining the clinical response. [source]

The effect of culture preservation techniques on patulin and citrinin production by Penicillium expansum Link

LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002
I.M. Santos
Aims: To study the influence of culture preservation methods and culture conditions on the production of the mycotoxins patulin and citrinin by Penicillium expansum. Methods and results: Ten strains of Penicillium expansum were preserved using subculture and maintenance at 4 °C, mineral oil, drying on silica gel and freeze-drying. Patulin and citrinin production was assessed on yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) and grape juice agar (GJ), using TLC before and after 0·5, 2,3, 6 and 12 months preservation. Citrinin was detected in all cultures for all preservation techniques on YES. The patulin profiles obtained differed with strain and culture media used. Conclusions: Citrinin production seems to be a stable character for the tested strains. There is a tendency for patulin detection with time apparently more consistent for silica gel storage and freeze-drying, especially when the strains are grown on GJ. Significance and Impact of the Study: Variability in the profiles of the mycotoxins tested seems to be more strain-specific than dependent on the preservation technique used. [source]

Friction reduction in rolling bearing by using polymer additives,

LUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 8 2009
Maria Bercea
Abstract The friction torque on the outer ring of a tapered roller bearing has been experimentally measured for a mineral oil (base oil), as well as for samples of the base oil additived with low-density polyethylene. The data show an important reduction of friction by introducing the polymer into the base oil due to the film formed by the adsorption of macromolecular coils on the solid surface. The effectiveness of macromolecular additive contribution to friction behaviour is described in terms of polymer efficiency, which shows maximum values at low polymer concentrations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Experimental investigation of transient and thermal effects on lubricated non-conformal contacts

LUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007
R. Bassani
Abstract In this work, thermal and transient effects on non-conformal lubricated contacts are investigated through experimental analyses. Experiments between a ball and a plane surface of a disc are described. Friction coefficients and film thicknesses are measured (the film thickness only for the glass-on-steel contact). A paraffin base mineral oil is used as a lubricant. First experiments are carried out under steady-state conditions. To include effects due to different thermal properties of contacting materials, a steel-on-steel and a glass-on-steel contact with different slide-to-roll ratios are tested. If the contacting materials have different thermal properties, as in the case of a glass-on-steel contact, thermal effects like the temperature,viscosity wedge action could clearly be shown. It is found that the friction coefficients are influenced by the slide-to-roll ratio and the thermal properties of the contacting materials. Under transient conditions, the entraining velocity is varied with a sinusoidal law. Squeeze effects explain ,loops' of friction and film thickness found also in previous works. The formation of friction loops is related to the measured film thickness differences. However, also under non-steady-state conditions, thermal effects, like the temperature,viscosity wedge action, influence the friction coefficients. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Calculation of sliding power loss in spur gear contacts

LUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 1 2002
Arto Lehtovaara
Abstract An engineering-level calculation model for sliding power loss in spur gear contacts is presented. Teeth contact through the line of action is modelled as a constantly changing roller contact whose radius, speed, and load can be calculated from the gear geometry under the given operating conditions. The gear mesh cycle is approximated by a large number of elastohydrodynamic contacts. A constant film thickness and a Hertzian pressure distribution are assumed in each contact. The model includes non-Newtonian lubricant behaviour together with temperature and mixed lubrication effects in contact. The numerical solver is reasonably fast in evaluating effectively the sliding power loss dependence on the essential gear and lubricant parameters. The features and behaviour trends of the calculated sliding power losses have a close similarity with published results obtained from measurements and experiment-based power loss models with mineral oil. The limiting shear stress of the lubricant is observed to have an essential role in the power loss behaviour especially at high loads. [source]

Dielectric in situ sensor monitoring of phase separation and changes in the state of each phase

MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, Issue 1 2003
D. Kranbuehl
Abstract Frequency dependent dielectric measurements have been used to monitor and characterize the phase separation process and changes in state of each phase. The measurements are made in situ using a micro planar sensor. They can be made both in the laboratory as well as in an industrial production or use environment. Two examples are presented. The first is monitoring the onset of phase separation, the buildup in Tg and change in composition of each phase during "reactive processing" of a high performance thermoplastic (TP) PPI, thermoset precursors (TS) DGEBA-MCDEA intially homogeneous blend. The second example involves monitoring the stability, onset of phase separation, as a function of temperature on a mineral oil, stearyl alcohol, water, sufactant emulsion used in the cosmetic industry. [source]

Hydrogen degradation of structural steels in technical hydrocarbon liquids

MATERIALS AND CORROSION/WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION, Issue 4 2008
B. Swieczko-Zurek
Abstract Hydrogen absorption, mechanical testing under different loading mode and electrochemical measurement were done for 0.3C low alloy steels used in the ship engine parts at immersion in the boiler fuel and in the used engine mineral oil at elevated temperatures corresponding to the operating conditions. The hydrogen charging of steels has been found to reach a level causing their plasticity loss. No effect, a plasticity loss and a significant decrease in the number of cycles have been stated in constant load, slow strain rate and fatigue tests, respectively. The results showed the local active plastic deformation proceeded close to the surface of hydrogen ingress to provide the highest possibility for hydrogen induced metal degradation in hydrocarbon environments. Although the source of hydrogen evolved in the case of technical hydrocarbons has been discussed, the promoting effect of formed H2S should be recognized as the important factor influencing the hydrogen charging from those environments. Some variation in the steel microstructure, chemical composition and hardness of steels, even allowed by the standard may affect their susceptibility to hydrogen degradation in hydrocarbons. [source]

Verschleißreduzierung in hydraulischen Verdrängereinheiten durch Verwendung PVD-beschichteter Komponenten

MATERIALWISSENSCHAFT UND WERKSTOFFTECHNIK, Issue 10-11 2004
H. Murrenhoff
Wear; hydraulic system; PVD coating Abstract In hydrostatischen Verdrängereinheiten sind Komponenten und mineralölbasierte, meist hochadditivierte, Fluide für einen optimalen Betrieb aufeinander abgestimmt. Ein Wechsel zu niedrig oder unadditivierten Druckübertragungsmedien bedeutet den Verlust wichtiger Funktionsträger in den verschiedenen Tribokontakten. Im SFB 442 ,Umweltverträgliche Tribosysteme" wird dies durch die Übertragung der entsprechenden Funktionen auf die PVD-beschichteten Kontaktflächen kompensiert. Dabei werden gradierte Kohlenstoffschichten verwendet. Auf verschiedenen Prüfständen sind dabei maßgebliche Fortschritte beim Einsatz beschichteter Tribokontaktkörper gemacht worden. Wear reduction with PVD-coatings in hydrostatic displacement units Hydrostatic pumps and motors are most important parts of hydraulic systems. The majority of these systems is designed to be used with fluids, which are based on mineral oil and improved by numerous additives. These systems are a rather optimal synthesis of fluid and solids, developed in this unity to a high performing standard. A change to fluids, which are environmentally friendly, means the loss of environmental harmful additivs and though, among other things, an increasing friction and wear of the system. To compensate this loss of technically helpful additivs, their tribological functions have to be transferred to the surface of the solid parts. That may be done with coating the surfaces of the tribological contacts with PVD-coatings, like those based on ZrC-materials. Experiments on speciments and pistons have shown the potential of that method. [source]

Designing for topical delivery: Prodrugs can make the difference

MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS, Issue 6 2003
Kenneth B. Sloan
Abstract It has been shown for homologous series of prodrugs that those members who were the more water soluble ones gave the greatest enhancement in topical delivery of the parent drug and not the more lipophilic ones. However, until recently models for topical delivery and equations to predict topical delivery focused only on lipid solubility (SLIPID) or partition coefficient (KOCT:AQ) and molecular volume (or molecular weight, MW) as parameters. Now several equations (transformed Potts,Guy or Series/Parallel) have been developed which include aqueous solubility (SAQ) as a parameter for predicting flux through skin. Experimental fluxes, solubilities, and MW from seven series of prodrugs have been fit to the transformed Potts,Guy equation to give coefficients for log solubility in isopropyl myristate (log SIPM) and log solubility in water (log SAQ) (0.53 and 0.47, respectively) which show, for parent drugs delivered by prodrugs from IPM in vitro through hairless mouse skin, that water solubility is almost as important as lipid solubility. When the transformed Potts,Guy equation was fit to data for the delivery of NSAID from mineral oil (MO) in vivo through human skin, the coefficients were 0.72 log SMO and 0.28 log SAQ. When the transformed Potts,Guy equation was fit to data for the delivery of their parent drugs by three series of prodrugs from water in vitro through hairless mouse skin the coefficients were 0.66 log SIPM and 0.34 log SAQ. Numerous recent examples are also given where more water-soluble members of homologous series of prodrugs give higher flux values from water vehicles in vitro through human skin than the more lipid soluble ones. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23 No. 6, 763,793, 2003 [source]

Extravascular Transport of Fluorescently Labeled Albumins in the Rat Mesentery

MICROCIRCULATION, Issue 3 2002
NORMAN R. HARRIS
ABSTRACT Objective: Fluorescently labeled albumin is used frequently as a tracer when monitoring microvascular permeability. Several fluorescent dyes are available for labeling protein, including fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and Texas Red (TR). Because differences in leakage of dye-labeled proteins have been reported, the objective of the present study was to compare the accumulation of these two tracers in interstitium and lymph after the inflammatory event of ischemiareperfusion. Methods: Anesthetized rats were injected intravenously with FITC-labeled albumin (FITC-alb) and TR-labeled albumin (TR-alb) before 30 minutes of mesenteric ischemia. Because the tracers leaked out of the microcirculation after reperfusion, accumulation in the surrounding buffer-superfused tissue, and in separate experiments, accumulation in lymph vessels, was defined as the ratio of tissue-to-plasma and lymph-to-plasma fluorescence. Results: Reperfusion induced a significant increase in tissue-to-plasma fluorescence of FITC-alb; however, no increase was observed for TR-alb. In contrast, lymph-to-plasma fluorescence of TR-alb tended to be greater than FITC-alb. Reperfusion-induced increases in tissue-to-plasma fluorescence of TR-alb occurred only when the superfusate was replaced with mineral oil, in which case tissue-to-plasma TR-alb fluorescence tended to be greater than FITC-alb. Conclusions: Measurement of fluorescently labeled albumin leakage from mesenteric venules depends on the dye used to label the albumin and requires an assessment of losses from the extravascular measuring region. [source]

Immunohistochemical demonstration of p63 in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch squamous cell carcinogenesis

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 5 2003
YK Chen
Objectives: Abnormalities in the p53 gene are regarded as the most consistent genetic abnormalities detected in head and neck squamous cell carcinogenesis. Two new members of the p53 gene family, p73 at the 1p36 region and p63 at the 3q27-29 region, have recently been identified. They share considerable sequence homology with p53 in the transactivation, DNA binding, and oligomerization domains, indicating possible involvement in carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, however, p63 expression in experimental oral carcinogenesis has not been studied. Materials and methods: Immunohistochemical analysis of p63 protein expression was performed in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch squamous cell carcinogenesis. Fifty outbred, young (6 weeks), male, Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricatus auratus) were randomly divided into three experimental groups (each consisting of 10 3-, 9- and 15-week DMBA treated animals), and two control groups (with 10 animals in each). The pouches of the three experimental groups were painted bilaterally with a 0.5% DMBA solution three times a week. The treatment protocol for animals in one of the control groups was identical with only mineral oil applied, while the other control group remained untreated throughout the experiment. Results: In all of the untreated and mineral oil-treated pouch mucosa, nuclear positivity for p63 was mainly observed in the basal/parabasal cell layers. The p63 nuclear positivity extended from the basal/parabasal layers to the whole epithelial layers in the 3- and 9-week DMBA-treated pouch mucosa. Furthermore, the positive nuclear-stain cells were randomly distributed throughout the entire epithelial layers in the 3- and 9-week DMBA-treated pouch-mucosa specimens. In carcinomas from 15-week DMBA-treated pouch specimens, p63 staining was more uniform and homogeneous for the less-differentiated tumor areas. By contrast, p63 expression was noted mainly in the peripheral cells of tumor nests in the well-differentiated tumor areas. Conclusions: The results of this study are consistent with those from previous analyses of p63 expression in human oral mucosa, suggesting that p63 may be associated with the regulation of epithelial differentiation and proliferation in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch squamous cell carcinogenesis. Further study is required to investigate which p63 isoform(s) is/are involved in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. [source]