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Approved Treatment (approved + treatment)
Selected AbstractsGASTRIC FUNDIC VARICES: HEMODYNAMICS AND NON-SURGICAL TREATMENTDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2005Seishu Hayashi The hemodynamics and non-surgical treatment of gastric fundic varices (FV) are reviewed. FV are more frequently supplied by the short and posterior gastric veins than esophageal varices (EV), and are formed mostly by large spontaneous shunts in which the gastric or splenic vein is continuous with the left renal vein via the inferior phrenic veins and the suprarenal vein (so-called gastric-renal shunt). Concomitant collaterals such as EV, para-esophageal vein, and para-umbilical vein were also observed in nearly 60% of FV. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) with Histoacryl is thought to be the most approved treatment for hemorrhage from FV, but repeated treatment for residual FV and care for ensuing hepatic failure are required. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) is a notable interventional radiological procedure specially developed for the elective or prophylactic treatment of FV. If the procedure is technically successful, long-term eradication of treated FV is found in most patients without recurrence. B-RTO includes another significance, obliteration of the unified portal-systemic shunt. Follow-up abdominal CT scan revealed a high incidence of long-term obliteration of the gastric-renal shunt after B-RTO. Benefits such as elevation of serum albumin, improvement in 15-min retention rate of indocyanine green, decrease in blood ammonia levels, and improvement of encephalopathy are sometimes observed. [source] Isolation, Partial Purification, and Immunogenicity of Flagella from Tritrichomonas foetusTHE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005PHILIP F. JEMILOHUN Abstract. Tritrichomonas foetus, the agent of bovine trichomoniasis, is a flagellate protozoan responsible for substantial economic losses to the dairy and calf industries worldwide. As yet, there is no approved treatment nor is there a sensitive diagnostic method. All these problems suggest that immunization is the best control strategy. In view of this, we isolated and partially purified flagella of the parasite by vortex homogenization followed by low-speed differential centrifugation. The resulting enriched flagellar preparation termed "crude flagellar prep" was purified further by sucrose and percoll gradients. Microscopic analysis showed that the flagellar membrane was intact. Analysis by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three prominent protein bands of 42, 49, and >250 kDa, and several minor bands. Immunoblotting of flagellar and whole-cell extracts revealed many flagellar antigens. [source] Complex immunomodulatory effects of interferon-, in multiple sclerosis include the upregulation of T helper 1-associated marker genesANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2001Klaus-Peter Wandinger MD Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an autoimmune disease that is mediated by proinflammatory T helper-1 lymphocytes. The putative mechanism of interferon-, (IFN-,), an approved treatment for MS, includes the inhibition of T-cell proliferation, blocking of blood-brain-barrier opening and T-cell transmigration into the brain via interference with cell adhesion, and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory (TH2) cytokines. In the present study, a gene expression analysis of IFN-,-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cDNA microarray documents the broad effects of IFN-, that are not purely anti-inflammatory. Specifically, we addressed the effect of IFN-, on T helper-1 differentiation- or lineage markers such as the IL-12 receptor ,2 chain and the chemokine receptor CCR5 that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. Both markers were significantly upregulated in vitro and in vivo under IFN-, therapy, supporting that this cytokine exerts complex effects on the immune system. The combination of cDNA microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction will expand our knowledge of the immunological effects of such pleiotropic agents as IFN-,, may provide a key to why certain patients fail to respond, and eventually influence our view of the disease pathogenesis. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Should short children born small for gestational age with a distance to target height <1 standard deviation score be excluded from growth hormone treatment?CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Annemieke J. Lem Summary Context, The criteria for starting growth hormone (GH), an approved treatment for short children born small for gestational age (SGA), differ between Europe and the USA. One European requirement for starting GH, a distance to target height (DTH) of ,1 standard deviation score (SDS), is controversial. Objective, To investigate the influence of DTH on growth during GH treatment in short SGA children and to ascertain whether it is correct to exclude children with a DTH <1 SDS from GH. Patients, A large group of short prepubertal SGA children (baseline n = 446; 4 years GH n = 215). Measurements, We analysed the prepubertal growth response during 4 years of GH. We investigated the influence of the continuous variable DTH SDS on growth response and a possible DTH SDS cut-off level below which point the growth response is insufficient. Results, Height gain SDS during 4 years of GH showed a wide variation at every DTH SDS level. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that, after correction for other significant variables, an additional DTH of 1 SDS resulted in 0·13 SDS more height gain during 4 years of GH. We found no significant differences in height gain below and above certain DTH SDS cut-off levels. Conclusions, DTH SDS had a weak positive effect on height gain during 4 years of GH, while several other determinants had much larger effects. We found no support for using any DTH cut-off level. Based on our data, excluding children with a DTH <1 SDS from GH treatment is not justified. [source] Current Treatment and Recent Clinical Research in Alzheimer's DiseaseMOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE: A JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2010Judith Neugroschl MD Abstract The transition from either epidemiological observation or the bench to rigorously tested clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease is crucial in understanding which treatments are beneficial to patients. The amyloid hypothesis has undergone scrutiny recently, as many trials aimed at reducing amyloid and plaque have been completed or are in the testing phase. Examples include modulation of the secretases involved in beta amyloid formation, anti-aggregation agents, and immunotherapeutic trials. Other therapies targeting hyperphosphorylated tau and novel targets such as enhancement of mitochondrial function, serotonin receptors, receptor for advanced glycation end products, and nerve growth factor, as well as other strategies, are discussed. A brief review of the current Food and Drug Administration,approved treatments is included. Mt Sinai J Med 77:3&–16, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine [source] A real reason for patients with pseudobulbar affect to smileANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 2 2007Howard J. Rosen MD Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a dramatic disorder of emotional expression and regulation characterized by uncontrollable episodes of laughing and crying that often cause embarrassment, curtailment of social activities, and reduction in quality of life. The disorder occurs in patients with brain injury caused by many types of neurological disease, including stroke, tumors, and neurodegenerative gray and white matter disorders. Although the pathophysiology is unknown, PBA may relate to release of brainstem emotional control centers from regulation by the frontal lobes. Diagnosis of PBA can be difficult and relies on careful characterization of episodes and differentiation from depression. Although there are no US Food and Drug Administration,approved treatments for PBA, several agents have been shown to be effective, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and a new agent containing dextromethorphan and quinidine. The growing number of treatment options, some of great benefit to patients, highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis of this disorder. Ann Neurol 2007 [source] | ||||||||||