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Approach

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences24%
Life Sciences14%
Chemistry13%
Engineering10%
Humanities and Social Sciences9%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting7%
Mathematics and Statistics3%
Polymers and Materials Science3%
Earth and Environmental Science3%
Psychology2%
Information Science and Computing2%
3 Other Domains10%

Kinds of Approach

  • Baye approach
  • ablation approach
  • acceptable approach
  • action research approach
  • actuarial approach
  • adaptive approach
  • adaptive management approach
  • additional approach
  • aggressive approach
  • aggressive surgical approach
  • alder approach
  • algebraic approach
  • algorithm approach
  • algorithmic approach
  • alternate approach
  • alternative approach
  • alternative therapeutic approach
  • alternative treatment approach
  • analysis approach
  • analytic approach
  • analytical approach
  • another approach
  • anterior approach
  • anthropological approach
  • applicable approach
  • appropriate approach
  • approximation approach
  • assessment approach
  • attractive approach
  • audit approach
  • automate approach
  • averaging approach
  • backstepping approach
  • balance approach
  • basic approach
  • bayesian approach
  • behavioral approach
  • behavioural approach
  • best approach
  • best practice approach
  • biochemical approach
  • biocultural approach
  • biographical approach
  • bioinformatic approach
  • bioinformatics approach
  • biological approach
  • biology approach
  • biomimetic approach
  • biopsychosocial approach
  • bootstrap approach
  • bottom-up approach
  • boundary element approach
  • breeding approach
  • broad approach
  • broader approach
  • candidate gene approach
  • canonical approach
  • capability approach
  • capital approach
  • care approach
  • carlo approach
  • carlo simulation approach
  • cascade approach
  • case study approach
  • case-study approach
  • catalytic approach
  • categorical approach
  • cervical approach
  • chain approach
  • chemical approach
  • chemistry approach
  • chemoenzymatic approach
  • chemometric approach
  • chemotherapeutic approach
  • choice approach
  • classical approach
  • classification approach
  • click chemistry approach
  • clinical approach
  • close approach
  • cluster approach
  • clustering approach
  • cognitive approach
  • coherent approach
  • collaborative approach
  • collective approach
  • combination approach
  • combinatorial approach
  • combined approach
  • common approach
  • community approach
  • comparative approach
  • comparative genomic approach
  • competing approach
  • competitive approach
  • complementary approach
  • complex approach
  • component approach
  • comprehensive approach
  • computational approach
  • conceptual approach
  • consensus approach
  • conservation approach
  • conservative approach
  • consistent approach
  • constructionist approach
  • constructive approach
  • constructivist approach
  • contemporary approach
  • content analysis approach
  • contextual approach
  • contingency approach
  • continuum approach
  • contrasting approach
  • control approach
  • convenient approach
  • conventional approach
  • convergent approach
  • coordinated approach
  • copula approach
  • correction approach
  • correlation approach
  • correlative approach
  • cost approach
  • cost-effective approach
  • coupling approach
  • crack approach
  • critical approach
  • cross-sectional approach
  • cultural approach
  • culture approach
  • culture-independent approach
  • current approach
  • current therapeutic approach
  • curve approach
  • cycloaddition approach
  • data approach
  • data envelopment analysis approach
  • data-driven approach
  • decision-making approach
  • decomposition approach
  • deep approach
  • delivery approach
  • delphi approach
  • density functional approach
  • deposition approach
  • derivatization approach
  • described approach
  • descriptive approach
  • design approach
  • detection approach
  • deterministic approach
  • developed approach
  • development approach
  • developmental approach
  • diagnostic approach
  • dialectical approach
  • didactic approach
  • dietary approach
  • different analytical approach
  • different approach
  • different experimental approach
  • different methodological approach
  • different statistical approach
  • different therapeutic approach
  • different treatment approach
  • differential approach
  • differential equation approach
  • differentiated approach
  • dimensional approach
  • direct approach
  • discontinuity approach
  • discursive approach
  • display approach
  • distinct approach
  • distinctive approach
  • distributed approach
  • distribution approach
  • diverse approach
  • domain approach
  • domain decomposition approach
  • dominant approach
  • dual approach
  • dynamic approach
  • dynamics approach
  • early intervention approach
  • easy approach
  • eclectic approach
  • ecological approach
  • econometric approach
  • economic approach
  • economy approach
  • ecosystem approach
  • education approach
  • educational approach
    		•
  • effective approach
  • effective therapeutic approach
  • efficient approach
  • electrochemical approach
  • element approach
  • emerging approach
  • empirical approach
  • empowerment approach
  • enantioselective approach
  • endonasal approach
  • endoscopic approach
  • energy approach
  • engineering approach
  • envelopment analysis approach
  • environmental approach
  • epidemiological approach
  • equation approach
  • equilibrium approach
  • error approach
  • established approach
  • estimating equation approach
  • estimation approach
  • ethical approach
  • ethnographic approach
  • european approach
  • evaluation approach
  • evolution approach
  • evolutionary approach
  • exact approach
  • existing approach
  • expansion approach
  • experiment approach
  • experimental approach
  • experimental design approach
  • explanatory approach
  • expression approach
  • external approach
  • extreme value approach
  • facile approach
  • factor approach
  • family approach
  • feasible approach
  • feminist approach
  • femoral approach
  • filtering approach
  • finite element approach
  • finite-difference approach
  • first approach
  • flexible approach
  • flow approach
  • formal approach
  • former approach
  • formulation approach
  • fractal approach
  • fractionation approach
  • fragment length polymorphism approach
  • framework approach
  • fresh approach
  • frontier approach
  • function approach
  • functional approach
  • functional genomic approach
  • functional genomics approach
  • functionalization approach
  • future approach
  • fuzzy approach
  • fuzzy logic approach
  • ga approach
  • galerkin approach
  • garch approach
  • gene approach
  • gene therapy approach
  • gene transfer approach
  • general approach
  • generalized approach
  • generation approach
  • generic approach
  • genetic algorithm approach
  • genetic approach
  • genetics approach
  • genome-wide approach
  • genomic approach
  • genomics approach
  • geographical approach
  • geometric approach
  • geometric morphometric approach
  • geostatistical approach
  • gi approach
  • global approach
  • good approach
  • gradient approach
  • graphical approach
  • green approach
  • green function approach
  • grounded theory approach
  • group approach
  • growth approach
  • health approach
  • hermeneutic approach
  • heuristic approach
  • hierarchical approach
  • hierarchical bayesian approach
  • historical approach
  • holistic approach
  • homogenization approach
  • human capital approach
  • humanistic approach
  • hybrid approach
  • hydrodynamic approach
  • ideal approach
  • identification approach
  • identity approach
  • idiographic approach
  • image analysis approach
  • imaging approach
  • immunohistochemical approach
  • immunological approach
  • immunotherapeutic approach
  • implementation approach
  • implicit approach
  • important approach
  • improvement approach
  • inclusive approach
  • independent approach
  • index approach
  • indirect approach
  • individual approach
  • individualized approach
  • inductive approach
  • inequality approach
  • inexpensive approach
  • influential approach
  • information-theoretic approach
  • initial approach
  • innovation approach
  • innovative approach
  • innovative treatment approach
  • inquiry approach
  • institutional approach
  • institutionalist approach
  • instructional approach
  • instrumental variable approach
  • integral approach
  • integrate approach
  • integrative approach
  • interactive approach
  • interdisciplinary approach
  • interesting approach
  • international approach
  • interpretative approach
  • interpretive approach
  • intervention approach
  • interventional approach
  • invasive approach
  • inversion approach
  • isotope approach
  • iterative approach
  • judicial approach
  • key approach
  • kinematic approach
  • kinetic approach
  • knockdown approach
  • labeling approach
  • labelling approach
  • laboratory approach
  • lagrangian approach
  • laparoscopic approach
  • latent variable approach
  • lateral approach
  • latter approach
  • leadership approach
  • learning approach
  • legal approach
  • length polymorphism approach
  • level approach
  • level set approach
  • lexical approach
  • library approach
  • likelihood approach
  • line approach
  • linear approach
  • linear matrix inequality approach
  • linguistic approach
  • livelihood approach
  • lmi approach
  • local approach
  • logic approach
  • logical approach
  • logistic regression approach
  • long-term approach
  • longitudinal approach
  • lyapunov approach
  • lyapunov function approach
  • machine learning approach
  • main approach
    		•
  • mainstream approach
  • major approach
  • management approach
  • many approach
  • mapping approach
  • marketing approach
  • mass spectrometry approach
  • matching approach
  • mathematical approach
  • mathematical programming approach
  • matrix approach
  • matrix inequality approach
  • maximum likelihood approach
  • measurement approach
  • mechanic approach
  • mechanical approach
  • mechanistic approach
  • medical approach
  • medicine approach
  • meta-analytic approach
  • method approach
  • methodological approach
  • methods approach
  • microarray approach
  • micromechanic approach
  • minimalist approach
  • minimization approach
  • mixed method approach
  • mixed methods approach
  • mixed model approach
  • model approach
  • model selection approach
  • modeling approach
  • modelling approach
  • modern approach
  • modification approach
  • modified approach
  • modular approach
  • modular synthetic approach
  • molecular approach
  • molecular biological approach
  • molecular biology approach
  • molecular dynamics approach
  • molecular genetic approach
  • molecular modeling approach
  • monte carlo approach
  • monte carlo simulation approach
  • morphological approach
  • morphometric approach
  • motivational approach
  • mri approach
  • multi-dimensional approach
  • multi-disciplinary approach
  • multi-faceted approach
  • multi-method approach
  • multi-scale approach
  • multidimensional approach
  • multidisciplinary approach
  • multidisciplinary team approach
  • multifaceted approach
  • multifactorial approach
  • multilevel approach
  • multimethod approach
  • multimodal approach
  • multimodality approach
  • multiple approach
  • multiscale approach
  • multivariate approach
  • narrative approach
  • national approach
  • network approach
  • neural network approach
  • new approach
  • new methodological approach
  • new numerical approach
  • new statistical approach
  • new surgical approach
  • new synthetic approach
  • new therapeutic approach
  • new treatment approach
  • newer approach
  • nmr approach
  • non-invasive approach
  • non-parametric approach
  • non-pharmacological approach
  • noninvasive approach
  • nonparametric approach
  • normative approach
  • novel approach
  • novel pharmacological approach
  • novel synthetic approach
  • novel therapeutic approach
  • novel treatment approach
  • numerical approach
  • numerous approach
  • objective approach
  • observational approach
  • of approach
  • one approach
  • one-pot approach
  • one-size-fits-all approach
  • one-step approach
  • open approach
  • operative approach
  • optimal approach
  • optimization approach
  • option approach
  • organization approach
  • organizational approach
  • organometallic approach
  • original approach
  • other approach
  • panel data approach
  • parallel approach
  • parameter approach
  • parameterization approach
  • parametric approach
  • parenting approach
  • participatory action research approach
  • participatory approach
  • particular approach
  • partitioning approach
  • partnership approach
  • passive approach
  • pcr approach
  • pedagogical approach
  • percutaneou approach
  • perineal approach
  • person-centred approach
  • personal approach
  • perturbation approach
  • pharmacokinetic approach
  • pharmacologic approach
  • pharmacological approach
  • phenomenographic approach
  • phenomenological approach
  • philosophical approach
  • phylogenetic approach
  • phylogeographical approach
  • physiological approach
  • planning approach
  • policy approach
  • political approach
  • political economy approach
  • polymorphism approach
  • polyphasic approach
  • popular approach
  • population approach
  • population balance approach
  • population genetic approach
  • population pharmacokinetic approach
  • positive approach
  • possible approach
  • possible new approach
  • posterior approach
  • potential approach
  • potential therapeutic approach
  • power approach
  • powerful approach
  • practical approach
  • practice approach
  • pragmatic approach
  • precautionary approach
  • predictive control approach
  • prefer approach
  • preferable approach
  • preliminary approach
  • prescriptive approach
  • present approach
  • presented approach
  • prevailing approach
  • preventative approach
  • prevention approach
  • preventive approach
  • previous approach
  • pricing approach
  • proactive approach
  • probabilistic approach
  • problem-solving approach
  • process approach
  • processing approach
  • prodrug approach
  • production function approach
  • profiling approach
  • programme approach
  • programming approach
  • projection approach
  • promising approach
  • promising new approach
  • promising therapeutic approach
  • proposed approach
  • proposed design approach
  • prospective approach
  • proteome approach
  • proteomic approach
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  • psychoanalytic approach
  • psychological approach
  • psychometric approach
  • psychosocial approach
  • psychotherapeutic approach
  • public health approach
  • qsar approach
  • qualitative approach
  • qualitative research approach
  • quantitative approach
  • quantum chemical approach
  • radical approach
  • ranking approach
  • rapid approach
  • ratio approach
  • rational approach
  • reactive approach
  • real option approach
  • realistic approach
  • reasonable approach
  • recent approach
  • recognition approach
  • recommended approach
  • reconstruction approach
  • reduction approach
  • reductionist approach
  • regional approach
  • regioselective approach
  • regression approach
  • regulatory approach
  • rehabilitative approach
  • relate approach
  • relational approach
  • relevant approach
  • reliable approach
  • research approach
  • restoration approach
  • rhetorical approach
  • right approach
  • risk assessment approach
  • rna approach
  • robust approach
  • routing approach
  • safe approach
  • safety approach
  • same approach
  • sampling approach
  • scale-down approach
  • scaling approach
  • scheduling approach
  • school approach
  • science approach
  • scientific approach
  • screening approach
  • search approach
  • second approach
  • selection approach
  • selective approach
  • self-assembly approach
  • semiparametric approach
  • sensitive approach
  • sequencing approach
  • sequential approach
  • series approach
  • set approach
  • several approach
  • several experimental approach
  • several new approach
  • silico approach
  • similar approach
  • simple approach
  • simplified approach
  • simulation approach
  • single approach
  • smoothing approach
  • social approach
  • social identity approach
  • social learning approach
  • social psychological approach
  • sociological approach
  • solution approach
  • solvothermal approach
  • sophisticated approach
  • space approach
  • spatial approach
  • specific approach
  • specific therapeutic approach
  • spectral approach
  • spectrometry approach
  • spectroscopic approach
  • stable isotope approach
  • staged approach
  • stakeholder approach
  • standard approach
  • standard laparoscopic approach
  • standardized approach
  • state-of-the-art approach
  • static approach
  • statistical approach
  • step approach
  • step-by-step approach
  • stepped care approach
  • stereoselective approach
  • stochastic approach
  • stochastic frontier approach
  • straightforward approach
  • strain approach
  • strategic approach
  • strong discontinuity approach
  • structural approach
  • structured approach
  • study approach
  • successful approach
  • suggested approach
  • suitable approach
  • support approach
  • supramolecular approach
  • surgical approach
  • synergistic approach
  • synthesis approach
  • synthetic approach
  • system approach
  • system biology approach
  • systematic approach
  • systemic approach
  • tailored approach
  • targeted approach
  • targeting approach
  • taxonomic approach
  • teaching approach
  • team approach
  • technical approach
  • technological approach
  • temperature approach
  • template approach
  • templating approach
  • temporal approach
  • test approach
  • testing approach
  • thematic approach
  • theoretic approach
  • theoretical approach
  • theory approach
  • therapeutic approach
  • therapy approach
  • thermodynamic approach
  • third approach
  • time series approach
  • time-domain approach
  • tissue engineering approach
  • top-down approach
  • traditional approach
  • traditional statistical approach
  • traditional surgical approach
  • training approach
  • trait approach
  • transcriptomic approach
  • transfer approach
  • transform approach
  • transgenic approach
  • transperitoneal approach
  • transseptal approach
  • treatment approach
  • trial-and-error approach
  • two-stage approach
  • two-step approach
  • unbiased approach
  • unified approach
  • uniform approach
  • unique approach
  • univariate approach
  • universal approach
  • used approach
  • useful approach
  • usual approach
  • vaccine approach
  • valid approach
  • valuable approach
  • value approach
  • var approach
  • variable approach
  • variational approach
  • variety of approach
  • various approach
  • vector approach
  • vein approach
  • venous approach
  • versatile approach
  • very promising approach
  • viable approach
  • visual approach
  • vitro approach
  • vivo approach
  • volume approach

    • Terms modified by Approach

  • approach available
  • approach behavior
  • approach being
  • approach capable
  • approach combining
  • approach consisting
    		•
  • approach distance
  • approach help
  • approach lead
  • approach ly
  • approach make
  • approach response
    		•
  • approach reveal
  • approach shows
  • approach similar
  • approach suitable
  • approach used
  • approach useful
    		•
  • approach warrant
  • approach work

    • Selected Abstracts

    A RULE-BASED APPROACH FOR SEMANTIC ANNOTATION EVOLUTION

    COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2007
    P.-H. Luong
    An approach for managing knowledge in an organization in the new infrastructure of Semantic Web consists of building a corporate semantic web (CSW). The main components of a CSW are (i) evolving resources distributed over an intranet and indexed using (ii) semantic annotations expressed with the vocabulary provided by (iii) a shared ontology. However, changes in the operating environment may lead to some inconsistencies in the system and they result in need of modifications of the CSW components. These changes need to be evolved and well managed. In this paper we present a rule-based approach allowing us to detect and correct semantic annotation inconsistencies. This rule-based approach is implemented in the CoSWEM system enabling to manage the evolution of such a CSW, especially to address the evolution of semantic annotations when its underlying ontologies change. [source]

    WHEN MISSING DATA ARE NOT MISSING: A NEW APPROACH TO EVALUATING SUPPLEMENTAL HOMICIDE REPORT IMPUTATION STRATEGIES,

    CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2008
    TIM WADSWORTH
    The Supplemental Homicide Reports (SHR) are widely used in criminological research and inform a broad range of research topics and subsequent policy applications. A serious issue with the SHR is missing information about the offender and incident in many recorded homicides. Although it is convenient to discard cases with missing data before analysis, such discarding is not theoretically justified and can lead to incorrect substantive conclusions. Recently, several techniques for imputing missing SHR data have been proposed, but it is difficult to evaluate their effectiveness. This research presents a new approach to testing and evaluating SHR imputation techniques. Offender data that are missing in the SHR are often found in police records available for individual cities. We examine similarities and differences among cases with known offender characteristics in the SHR, cases with such information missing in the SHR but available in police records, and cases with such information missing in both sources. We then use these data sets to evaluate four different imputation techniques suggested in the literature (Fox, 2004; Messner, Deane, and Beaulieu, 2002; Pampel and Williams, 2000; Regoeczi and Riedel, 2003). We apply each imputation technique to the SHR, and for cases with information missing in the SHR but known in the police records, we see how well the imputed values correspond both with the individual known values and with the overall distributions in the police records. We discuss the outcome of our assessment of these strategies, and we outline important implications this assessment has for research using SHR data. [source]

    EXTENDING SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF VIOLENCE AMONG PERSONS WITH MENTAL ILLNESSES,

    CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2000
    ERIC SILVER
    Prior studies of violence among individuals with mental illnesses have focused almost exclusively on individual-level characteristics. In this study, I examine whether the structural correlates of neighborhood social disorganization also explain variation in violence. I use data on 270 psychiatric patients who were treated and discharged from an acute inpatient facility combined with tract-level data from the 1990 U.S. Census. I find that living in a socially disorganized neighborhood increased the probability of violence among the sample, an effect that was not mediated by self-reported social supports. Implications for future research in the areas of violence and mental illness are discussed. [source]

    INVESTIGATING RACIAL PROFILING BY THE MIAMI-DADE POLICE DEPARTMENT: A MULTIMETHOD APPROACH

    CRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2007
    GEOFFREY P. ALPERT
    Research Summary The perception and existence of biased policing or racial profiling is one of the most difficult issues facing contemporary American society. Citizens from minority communities have focused their concerns on the improper use of race by law enforcement officers. The current research uses a complex methodological approach to investigate claims that the Miami-Dade, Florida Police Department uses race improperly for the purposes of making traffic stops and conducting post-stop activities. The results are mixed in that the officer's aggregate actions do not show a pattern of discriminatory actions toward minority citizens when making a traffic stop, but results of post-stop activities do show some disparate treatment of minorities. Policy Implications Five specific policy recommendations are made to reduce the perception or reality of racial profiling by the police. First, police departments must have clear policies and directives explaining the proper use of race in decision making. Second, officers must be trained and educated in the overall impact of using race as a factor in deciding how to respond to a citizen. Third, the department must maintain a data-collection and analytic system to monitor the activities of their officers as it pertains to the race of the citizen. The fourth police recommendation involves the use of record checks in the field that can set in motion a process that results in the detention and arrest of citizens. Fifth, the completion of a record of interrogation for later intelligence has implications for the citizen. The use of this intelligence tool must depend on suspicion rather than on the race of the citizen. [source]

    ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES: A HOBBESIAN SOCIAL CONTRACT APPROACH

    DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 2 2005
    RICHARD E. ASHCROFT
    ABSTRACT Medicines that are vital for the saving and preserving of life in conditions of public health emergency or endemic serious disease are known as essential medicines. In many developing world settings such medicines may be unavailable, or unaffordably expensive for the majority of those in need of them. Furthermore, for many serious diseases (such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis) these essential medicines are protected by patents that permit the patent-holder to operate a monopoly on their manufacture and supply, and to price these medicines well above marginal cost. Recent international legal doctrine has placed great stress on the need to globalise intellectual property rights protections, and on the rights of intellectual property rights holders to have their property rights enforced. Although international intellectual property rights law does permit compulsory licensing of protected inventions in the interests of public health, the use of this right by sovereign states has proved highly controversial. In this paper I give an argument in support of states' sovereign right to expropriate private intellectual property in conditions of public health emergency. This argument turns on a social contract argument for the legitimacy of states. The argument shows, further, that under some circumstances states are not merely permitted compulsory to license inventions, but are actually obliged to do so, on pain of failure of their legitimacy as sovereign states. The argument draws freely on a loose interpretation of Thomas Hobbes's arguments in his Leviathan, and on an analogy between his state of War and the situation of public health disasters. [source]

    THE NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS , A DIFFERENT APPROACH TO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

    ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2008
    Eirik G. Furubotn
    The initial objective of the paper is to describe the way in which the term ,New Institutional Economics' (NIE) emerged in the literature and became the designation for a new field concerned with the study of various analytical techniques designed for the exploration of institutional phenomena. It is then shown how some of the more important of these techniques, transaction-cost economics, property-rights analysis and contract theory, have been applied in two central lines of neoinstitutional thought , the Williamsonian and the Northian. Criticisms of these two disparate theoretical positions on the NIE are considered and assessed. Next, a brief review of some of the empirical literature is undertaken so that the explanatory powers of NIE themes can be gauged. Finally, the paper offers a few general remarks on the present state of the NIE and its possible influence on the further development of economics. [source]

    CAN THE HUMAN CAPITAL APPROACH EXPLAIN LIFE-CYCLE WAGE DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN RACES AND SEXES?

    ECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 1 2007
    HUOYING WU
    Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth,1979 cohort (NLSY79), this paper shows the importance of postschool human capital investment in describing both gender and racial wage gaps. The empirical results suggest that male-female wage gaps, regardless of race, are mainly caused by gender differences in the human capital production process; generally, men gain more work experience and therefore have lower marginal costs of human capital production. Black-white lifetime wage differentials could partly result from higher implicit interest rates for blacks, while the deterioration of black males' relative economic status as they age can be attributed to higher depreciation rates of their human capital stock. (JEL J24, J30, C61) [source]

    TOWARDS A MARKET ORIENTED APPROACH: EMPLOYER REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERGRADUATE ECONOMICS PROGRAMS

    ECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 3 2004
    Phillip Hellier
    The decline in enrolments in economics degrees and majors has been the focus of much concern in recent times. In 2001, two of the current researchers published a paper outlining a framework with which future investigation into the issue could be conducted (Keneley and Hellier 2001). Essentially this paper argued that a market orientated approach, which takes into account the value students and employers place on economics studies may point the way to a solution to the problem. As a first step in developing such an approach it is necessary to determine what employers require of the economics graduates they hire. With the support of the Economics Society of Australia such a survey was conducted in 2002. This paper presents the results of this survey and discusses some of the ramifications for the teaching of undergraduate economics. [source]

    CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC REFORMS: A STRUCTURAL BREAKS APPROACH

    ECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 2 2008
    ANDERS OLOFSGÅRD
    In this paper we look at the impact of broad policy reforms on the levels of corruption. We use a structural break approach to identify country-specific time periods in which significant shifts in corruption levels take place. We then correlate these times of change with a set of covariates with specific focus on the impact of democratization, and trade and equity market liberalization. We find robust support for the hypothesis that episodes of reduction in corruption levels tend to be correlated with democratization and equity market liberalization. [source]

    A NEW APPROACH TO TEACHING EVOLUTION

    EVOLUTION, Issue 6 2010
    Judith L. Bronstein
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    METAMODELS AND PHYLOGENETIC REPLICATION: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS

    EVOLUTION, Issue 11 2009
    Artyom Kopp
    Molecular genetic analysis of phenotypic variation has revealed many examples of evolutionary change in the developmental pathways that control plant and animal morphology. A major challenge is to integrate the information from diverse organisms and traits to understand the general patterns of developmental evolution. This integration can be facilitated by evolutionary metamodels,traits that have undergone multiple independent changes in different species and whose development is controlled by well-studied regulatory pathways. The metamodel approach provides the comparative equivalent of experimental replication, allowing us to test whether the evolution of each developmental pathway follows a consistent pattern, and whether different pathways are predisposed to different modes of evolution by their intrinsic organization. A review of several metamodels suggests that the structure of developmental pathways may bias the genetic basis of phenotypic evolution, and highlights phylogenetic replication as a value-added approach that produces deeper insights into the mechanisms of evolution than single-species analyses. [source]

    ESTIMATING PHYLOGENETIC INERTIA IN TITHONIA (ASTERACEAE): A COMPARATIVE APPROACH

    EVOLUTION, Issue 2 2000
    Eduardo Morales
    Abstract., Phylogenetic inertia is a difficult issue in evolutionary biology because we have yet to reach a consensus about how to measure it. In this study a comparative approach is used to evaluate phylogenetic inertia in 14 demographic and morphological characters in 10 species and one subspecies of the genus Tithonia (Asteraceae). Three different methods, autocorrelational analysis, phylogenetic correlograms, and ancestor-state reconstruction, were used to evaluate phylogenetic inertia in these traits. Results were highly dependent on the method applied. Autoregression and phylogenetic eigenvector regression (PVR) methods found more inertia in morphological traits. In contrast, phylogenetic correlograms and ancestor-state reconstruction suggest that morphological characters exhibit less phylogenetic inertia than demographic ones. The differences between results are discussed and methods are compared in an effort to understand phylogenetic inertia more thoroughly. [source]

    EXPLORING THE AMBIGUITY OF HYBRID ORGANISATIONS: A STAKEHOLDER APPROACH

    FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2009
    Anna Thomasson
    This paper focuses on hybrid organisations, which have both public and private sector elements. Therefore, stakeholders of hybrid organisations have different views regarding what to expect from the organisation and the role of stakeholders tend to be multifaceted. This creates ambiguity that imposes demands on the management of hybrid organisations. In this paper a stakeholder approach is used in order to explore the ambiguity of hybrid organisations and the demands this imposes on managers. [source]

    MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING CHANGE AND NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A REASSESSMENT OF AMBITIONS AND RESULTS , AN INSTITUTIONALIST APPROACH TO ACCOUNTING CHANGE IN THE DUTCH PUBLIC SECTOR

    FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2008
    Henk J. Ter Bogt
    Dutch municipalities and provinces, denoted here as local government, have seen a succession of changes in their management accounting systems and have also introduced other changes related to New Public Management (NPM) in the last twenty years. This paper examines accounting changes, such as the introduction of accrual accounting, output and outcome budgets and performance measurement, from an institutionalist point of view. The paper presents experiences of 23 politicians and professional managers with the various changes over a period of fifteen to twenty years. The interviewees, just like various researchers in the field of NPM, were critical of the accounting changes and their effects. However, several of them also made clear that, seen over the long run, the changes did have some effects that they liked and seem to be in line with the ,ideals' presented in NPM literature. The paper suggests that an institutionalist perspective is helpful for studying change processes in organizations and for observing factors and developments that might not be noticed when a more functional and short-term perspective is adopted. [source]

    ON GRACE AND RECIPROCITY A FRESH APPROACH TO CONTEXTUALIZATION WITH REFERENCE TO CHRISTIANITY IN MELANESIA

    INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 355 2000
    Theodor Ahrens
    First page of article [source]

    LUMBAR PUNCTURE IN OLDER ADULTS: WHICH APPROACH IS SAFER?

    JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2010
    A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    BANK OF AMERICA ROUNDTABLE ON THE REAL OPTIONS APPROACH TO CREATING VALUE IN THE NEW ECONOMY

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 2 2000
    Article first published online: 6 APR 200
    [source]

    A RELATIONAL APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

    JOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2005
    MARION HOURDEQUIN
    [source]

    VARIETY OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH IN ECONOMICS

    JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 3 2007
    Sheila C. Dow
    Abstract It has been argued by some that the distinction between orthodox economics and heterodox economics does not fit the growing variety in economic theory, unified by a common methodological approach. On the other hand, it remains a central characteristic of heterodox economics that it does not share this methodological approach, but rather represents a range of alternative methodological approaches. The paper explores the evidence, and arguments, for variety in economics at different levels, and a range of issues which arise. This requires in turn a discussion of the meaning of variety in economics at the different levels of reality, methodology, method and theory. It is concluded that there is scope for more, rather than less, variety in economic methodologies, as well as within methodologies. Further, if variety is not to take the form of ,anything goes', then critical discussion by economists of different approaches to economics, and of variety itself, is required. [source]

    APPLICATION OF DISCRETE MODELING APPROACH TO FLUIDIZED BED YEAST DRYING

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 2010
    F. DEBASTE
    ABSTRACT Yeast drying is widely used to ease transport and conservation. In this work, baker's yeast drying in fluidized bed is modeled using a pore network model. Classical balanced equations at the reactor scale are coupled with the pore network for the grain, which takes into account diffusion in the gas phase, transport by liquid film in partially saturated region and pressure gradient effects in the liquid phase. The porous structure to be applied in the model is obtained using environmental scanning electron microscopy. Simulations are validated on a thermogravimetric analysis experiment. The model is then applied to fluidized bed drying for which experimental results obtained on a laboratory pilot are available. Finally, the model results are compared to those of a simplified receding front model. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The presented model allows simulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fluidized bed drying. Taking into account transport phenomena in the grain offers the opportunity to predict drying rate without the use of a desorption isotherm. Moreover, the model predicts roughly the critical humidity. Therefore, the model can be used for scale-up, design and optimization of dryer including the effect of changes in yeast granulation. [source]

    A NUMERICAL APPROACH WITH VARIABLE TEMPERATURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT VALUES DURING BAKING OF COOKIES

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2006
    EREN DEMIRKOL
    ABSTRACT The increasing trade of ready-to-eat foods such as cookies highlights an interest in quality defects during baking. Heat (h and thermal diffusivity) and mass (mass transfer and diffusion coefficients) transfer parameters are significant parameters affecting the quality changes. Therefore, it is important to determine these parameters for modeling and process optimization studies. Among these, the h is important, revealing the relationship between the heating medium and product surface. As baking involves a simultaneous heat and mass transfer involving moisture diffusion and heat conduction inside and convective heat and mass transfer outside, a lumped system method may not be an accurate choice to determine the h value. Changes in the product volume and contact heating from bottom of the product also bring extra challenges to the determination of h. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use realistic approaches including simultaneous heat and mass transfer to determine the changes in h. The heffvalues for the bottom and top surface of the cookies were then determined, applying a numerical procedure where the surface temperature changes were the boundary conditions with evaporation on the surface. The hband ht values increased with baking temperature and varied with baking time. The results of this study showed that evaporative mass flux for the top surface, heat flux for the bottom surface and the product's volume changes were significant in the variation of h values. [source]

    MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF FAR INFRARED RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: THEORETICAL APPROACH

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2006
    F. TANAKA
    ABSTRACT We developed radiation heat transfer models with the combination of the Monte Carlo (MC) method and computational fluid dynamic approach and two-dimensional heat transfer models based on the fundamental quantum physics of radiation and fluid dynamics. We investigated far infrared radiation (FIR) heating in laminar and buoyancy airflow. A simple prediction model in laminar airflow was tested with an analytical solution and commercial software (CFX 4). The adequate number of photon tracks for MC simulation was established. As for the complex designs model, the predicted results agreed well with the experimental data with root mean square error of 3.8 K. Because food safety public concerns are increasing, we applied this model to the prediction of the thermal inactivation level by coupling with the microbial kinetics model. Under buoyancy airflow condition, uniformity of FIR heating was improved by selecting adequate wall temperature and emissivity. [source]

    A NEW APPROACH TO MODELING AND CONTROL OF A FOOD EXTRUSION PROCESS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK AND AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2001
    OTILIA POPESCU
    ABSTRACT The paper presents a new approach to the modeling of the start-up part of a food extrusion process. A neural network model is proposed and its parameters are determined. Simulation results with real data are also presented. The inputs and outputs of the model are among those used by the human operator during the start-up process for control. An intelligent controller structure that uses an expert system and "delta-variations" to modify inputs is also proposed. [source]

    AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH FOR ASSESSMENT OF SAFE STORAGE PERIOD FOR BUTTON MUSHROOM (AGARICUS BISPORUS) BASED UPON COLOR CHANGES UNDER MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 2010
    SHASHI PAUL
    ABSTRACT White button mushroom accounts for 35,45% of the total mushroom produced in the world. Modified atmosphere packaging or MAP is a technology that, along with low temperature storage, helps in extending the shelf life and maintenance of quality of the produce packaged in polymeric films. The present study mathematically modeled the various transport processes associated with the mushroom under MAP at 15C and 75% relative humidity (RH) using the enzyme kinetics approach. Low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and oriented polypropylene (OPP) films were used to pack the mushroom. Numerical solutions to the transient state equations were programed in a computer programing language to predict the in-pack gaseous partial pressures at any instant of time. The model was experimentally validated, and a simple qualitative tool based upon optimum whiteness of mushroom was developed using the predictions to determine the safe period of storage. The predicted and experimental in-pack partial pressures of O2 and CO2 were in fair agreement with each other. In the OPP film packages, the O2 and CO2 levels stabilized around 6.87 and 12.93 kPa, respectively. Whereas, O2 levels decreased drastically in LDPE and PP film packages. A combination of predicted in-pack environment in all the film packages, storage time and whiteness of mushroom led to the conclusion that mushrooms can be stored safely for 32, 44 and 108 h in the gaseous environment available in the LDPE, PP and OPP film packages, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The empirical approach followed in this study through assimilation of various transient state in-pack variables with a single qualitative attribute of mushroom can serve as a measure of assessment of the mushroom's safe storage period under modified atmosphere packaging. Further, the mathematical approach suggested in this study can also serve as a benchmark for its application to other fruits and vegetables, taking into consideration their respective limiting qualitative characteristics. Thus, the results detailed in the study can be easily applied for their direct practical application during storage as well as for further academic exercises. [source]

    IN THE SPACE BETWEEN PEOPLE: SEIKKULA'S OPEN DIALOGUE APPROACH

    JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 3 2002
    Harlene Anderson
    [source]

    A FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH TO ESTIMATING HYDRAULIC FLOW UNITS FROM WELL LOG DATA: A CASE STUDY FROM THE AHWAZ OILFIELD, SOUTH IRAN

    JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, Issue 1 2009
    A. Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi
    Porosity-permeability relationships in the framework of hydraulic flow units can be used to characterize heterogeneous reservoir rocks. Porosity is a volumetric parameter whereas permeability is a measure of a rock's flow properties and depends on pore distribution and connectivity. Thus zonation of a reservoir using flow zone indicators and the identification of flow units can be used to evaluate reservoir quality based on porosity-permeability relationships. In the present study, we attempt to make a quantitative correlation between flow units and well log responses using fuzzy logic in the mixed carbonate-clastic Asmari Formation at the Ahwaz oilfield, South Iran. A hybrid neuro-fuzzy approach was used to verify the results of fuzzy modelling. For this purpose, well log and core data from three wells at Ahwaz were used to make an intelligent formulation between core-derived flow units and well log responses. Data from a separate well was used for evaluation and validation of the results. The results of this study demonstrate that there is a good agreement between core-derived and fuzzy-logic derived flow units. Fuzzy logic was successful in modelling flow units from well logs at well locations for which no core data was available. [source]

    PHYLOGENY OF PHAGOTROPHIC EUGLENIDS (EUGLENOZOA): A MOLECULAR APPROACH BASED ON CULTURE MATERIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES,

    JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
    Ingo Busse
    Molecular studies based on small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences addressing euglenid phylogeny hitherto suffered from the lack of available data about phagotrophic species. To extend the taxon sampling, SSU rRNA genes from species of seven genera of phagotrophic euglenids were investigated. Sequence analyses revealed an increasing genetic diversity among euglenid SSU rDNA sequences compared with other well-known eukaryotic groups, reflecting an equally broad diversity of morphological characters among euglenid phagotrophs. Phylogenetic inference using standard parsimony and likelihood approaches as well as Bayesian inference and spectral analyses revealed no clear support for euglenid monophyly. Among phagotrophs, monophyly of Petalomonas cantuscygni and Notosolenus ostium, both comprising simple ingestion apparatuses, is strongly supported. A moderately supported clade comprises phototrophic euglenids and primary osmotrophic euglenids together with phagotrophs, exhibiting a primarily flexible pellicle composed of numerous helically arranged strips and a complex ingestion apparatus with two supporting rods and four curved vanes. Comparison of molecular and morphological data is used to demonstrate the difficulties to formulate a hypothesis about how the ingestion apparatus evolved in this group. [source]

    FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: A MOLECULAR APPROACH TO AN ORGANISMAL QUESTION

    JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2 2001
    Colette Sacksteder
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    THE IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ON PROPERTY VALUES: A HIGHER-ORDER SPATIAL ECONOMETRICS APPROACH

    JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007
    Jeffrey P. Cohen
    ABSTRACT We evaluate the impacts of enhanced transportation systems on property values for U.S. manufacturing firms, allowing for higher-order spatial error correlation. We use a state-level model of production cost and input demand that recognizes the productive contribution of public transportation infrastructure stocks. Our findings include significant impacts on property shadow values and input composition from both public highway and airport investment. We also find that these effects have a spatial dimension that depends on the proximity of the transport system; at least one and as many as three spatial error lags are significant in our estimating equations. Further, recognizing production growth from transportation system improvements augments the associated incentives for private capital investment. [source]

    THE IMPACT OF RENT CONTROLS IN NON-WALRASIAN MARKETS: AN AGENT-BASED MODELING APPROACH

    JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006
    Ralph Bradburd
    ABSTRACT We use agent-based models to consider rent ceilings in non-Walrasian housing markets, where bargaining between landlord and tenant leads to exchange at a range of prices. In the non-Walrasian setting agents who would be extramarginal in the Walrasian setting frequently are successful in renting, and actually account for a significant share of the units rented. This has several implications. First, rent ceilings above the Walrasian equilibrium price (WEP) can affect the market outcome. Second, rent ceilings that reduce the number of units rented do not necessarily reduce total market surplus. Finally, the distributional impact of rent controls differs from the Walrasian setting. [source]