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Migratory Systems (migratory + system)
Selected AbstractsThe Lusophone Migratory System: Patterns and TrendsINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2009Maria I. Baganha Portugal, like all the other EU countries, belongs to several migratory systems. This paper describes and characterizes one of the migratory systems to which Portugal belongs, the Lusophone migratory system. The system approach was chosen because it implies a dynamic perspective which is the most adequate to capture the changing trends and patterns of international migration between a group of countries. The author argument is that historically, this migratory system has existed for a very long time, although at the beginning it was formed by only two countries, Portugal and Brazil. The system was enlarged to the PALOP in the aftermath of the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 and the subsequent independence of the Portuguese colonies in Africa. [source] Portugal as a Semi-peripheral Country in the Global Migration SystemINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2009Pedro Góis Although Portugal has traditionally produced many emigrants, the last 30 years have also shown increasing immigration. This increase in immigration has drawn attention away from the fact that significant emigration from Portugal continues. In this article, some of the main characteristics of migrations to and from Portugal are highlighted from a systemic perspective. The article shows that Portugal is both a receiving country and a sending country in the global migration system, and that it integrates several of the main migration systems at different levels. It is suggested that Portugal's participation in existing migration systems is best captured and explained by conceptualizing it as a semi-peripheral society, one that is part of a core region of the world system (the European Union) and displays a number of characteristics of both central and peripheral countries. The concept of semi-periphery enables one to recognize the existence of what could be termed a quasi or emergent migratory system: the Lusophone migration system, which one can conceive as communicating intensively with other macro migratory systems. Observing the country's migratory dynamics from the last two decades, and especially the migration flows that bond the Portuguese-speaking countries, one may view the Lusophone migration system as able to combine different levels of centers that (in some moments, and given certain conditions) could evolve into a bicephalous, or even tricephalous, center. These centers function as bonds among several other migration systems, and it is in the middle of this Lusophone migration system that the semi-peripheral role of Portugal becomes evident, as it can be core and periphery at the same time. [source] Migrant Assimilation in Europe: A Transnational Family Affair1INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Sam Scott The paper advances our empirical and theoretical understanding of migrant assimilation. It does so by focusing on a very particular group of individuals who appear more likely than other migrant types to "go native." We call these individuals "mixed nationality relationship migrants" (i.e., migrants who have committed to a life outside their home country because of the presence of a foreign partner). The paper argues that the transnational family milieus that emerge from this form of international migration are critical to the assimilation process. Empirical material from 11 in-depth interviews with female migrants in Britain (Sheffield) and France (Paris) supports our argument. We also suggest that such "extreme" assimilation is more likely within a regional migratory system , like the EU , where the "identity frontiers" crossed in the formation of a transnational family are relatively shallow. [source] The Lusophone Migratory System: Patterns and TrendsINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2009Maria I. Baganha Portugal, like all the other EU countries, belongs to several migratory systems. This paper describes and characterizes one of the migratory systems to which Portugal belongs, the Lusophone migratory system. The system approach was chosen because it implies a dynamic perspective which is the most adequate to capture the changing trends and patterns of international migration between a group of countries. The author argument is that historically, this migratory system has existed for a very long time, although at the beginning it was formed by only two countries, Portugal and Brazil. The system was enlarged to the PALOP in the aftermath of the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 and the subsequent independence of the Portuguese colonies in Africa. [source] Portugal as a Semi-peripheral Country in the Global Migration SystemINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2009Pedro Góis Although Portugal has traditionally produced many emigrants, the last 30 years have also shown increasing immigration. This increase in immigration has drawn attention away from the fact that significant emigration from Portugal continues. In this article, some of the main characteristics of migrations to and from Portugal are highlighted from a systemic perspective. The article shows that Portugal is both a receiving country and a sending country in the global migration system, and that it integrates several of the main migration systems at different levels. It is suggested that Portugal's participation in existing migration systems is best captured and explained by conceptualizing it as a semi-peripheral society, one that is part of a core region of the world system (the European Union) and displays a number of characteristics of both central and peripheral countries. The concept of semi-periphery enables one to recognize the existence of what could be termed a quasi or emergent migratory system: the Lusophone migration system, which one can conceive as communicating intensively with other macro migratory systems. Observing the country's migratory dynamics from the last two decades, and especially the migration flows that bond the Portuguese-speaking countries, one may view the Lusophone migration system as able to combine different levels of centers that (in some moments, and given certain conditions) could evolve into a bicephalous, or even tricephalous, center. These centers function as bonds among several other migration systems, and it is in the middle of this Lusophone migration system that the semi-peripheral role of Portugal becomes evident, as it can be core and periphery at the same time. [source] Possible causes of decreasing migratory ungulate populations in an East African savannah after restrictions in their seasonal movementsAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Margje M. Voeten Abstract In many areas in Africa, seasonal movements of migratory ungulates are restricted and their population numbers decline, for example in the Tarangire region, Tanzania. Here, agriculture restricts migration of ungulates to their wet season ranges. We investigated whether low forage quality or supply are possible causes of population decline of wildebeest and zebra when access to these wet season ranges is restricted and migratory herds have to reside in the dry season range year-round. We simulated grazing through a clipping experiment in the dry season range during the wet season. Clipping negatively affected forage supply and had a positive effect on forage quality by increasing proportions of live and leaf biomass as well as nutrient concentrations in the leaves. However, increase in forage quality in the dry season range due to grazing was not as such that requirements of wildebeest during the wet season, when females are lactating, could be met. We conclude that low forage quality in the dry season range during the wet season could cause the decrease in migratory ungulate populations in the Tarangire region. With this study, the necessity of protecting wet season ranges from expanding human activities to safeguard migratory systems is supported. Résumé Dans de nombreuses régions d'Afrique, les déplacements saisonniers des ongulés migrateurs sont entravés et leurs populations déclinent, comme par exemple dans la région de Tarangire, en Tanzanie. Ici, c'est l'agriculture qui limite la migration des ongulés vers les domaines qu'ils fréquentent en saison des pluies. Nous avons étudié si la mauvaise qualité ou la faible quantité du fourrage étaient des causes possibles du déclin des populations de gnous et de zèbres lorsque l'accès à leur domaine de saison des pluies est limité et que les troupeaux migrateurs doivent rester dans les domaines de saison sèche toute l'année. Nous avons simulé le pâturage en menant, en saison des pluies, une expérience de tonte dans l'aire fréquentée en saison sèche. Couper l'herbe avait un effet négatif sur l'apport de fourrage et avait un effet positif sur la qualité du fourrage parce que cela augmentait la proportion de biomasse vivante et de feuilles ainsi que la concentration de nutriments dans les feuilles. Cependant, augmenter par le pâturage la qualité du fourrage dans le domaine de saison sèche n'était pas suffisant pour satisfaire les besoins des gnous en saison des pluies, lorsque les femelles sont allaitantes. Nous concluons qu'en saison des pluies, la qualité médiocre du fourrage dans le domaine fréquenté en saison sèche pourrait causer la diminution des populations d'ongulés migrateurs dans la région de Tarangire. Cette étude conforte la nécessité de protéger les domaines fréquentés en saison des pluies contre l'expansion des activités humaines, afin de sauvegarder les systèmes migratoires. [source] A tale of networks and policies: prolegomena to an analysis of irregular migration careers and their developmental pathsPOPULATION, SPACE AND PLACE (PREVIOUSLY:-INT JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY), Issue 3 2010Martina Cvajner Abstract In recent decades, large-scale irregular migration flows and systems have developed across Europe. Although such systems involve most European countries and are often treated as being similar, their structures and dynamics are quite different. Some irregular migration systems have developed through clandestine entries, while other systems are almost entirely the result of overstaying. Some systems have been structured around a sequence of self-contained spells of irregular work, while others have involved long-term irregular residence. Some have coupled specific flows with specific niches in the occupational structures, while others have shown no significant connections with specific sectors of employment. This paper is based on what has been learned from an immigrant life-history project carried out in Italy in recent years, and describes three different types of irregular migratory systems that are themselves rooted in three different kinds of migration careers: atomistic, volume-based and structured. The paper argues that the distinction between different irregular migration systems is crucial both for structural and developmental analysis. Differences in the structure of irregular migration systems should also be taken into account in the analyses of the impact of different migration control policies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||