Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Mid-twentieth Century (mid-twentieth + century)
Selected AbstractsGender, Caste and Matchmaking in Kerala: A Rationale for DowryDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2008Praveena Kodoth ABSTRACT The matrilineal castes of northern Kerala consider dowry demeaning and resort to it only in ,exceptional' circumstances. In local discourse, dowry is transacted when women are considered ,old' by the standards of the marriage market, where over-age is a condition reached usually on account of what is considered a deficit of a normative conception of femininity. Dowry is practised openly only by poor and socially vulnerable households, as the relatively affluent could mask dowry with hidden compensations. This article explores the ways in which gender mediates matchmaking and generates a residual category of women for whom dowry is openly negotiated. Open negotiation on the margins of the marriage market expose the terms of exchange in ,respectable' society, where matchmaking strategies reveal the emphasis placed on conjugality and on caste in the social construction of women's interests and identity. Up to the mid-twentieth century, matrilineal women derived their identity from their natal families. The political economy of marriage in Kerala brought a new emphasis to bear on conjugality and on caste, which generated new restrictions on women and produced a rationale for dowry. [source] Diversified Agriculture, Land Use, and Agrofood Networks in Hawaii,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2002Krisnawati Suryanata Abstract: Agriculture dominated the culture and economy of Hawaii until the mid-twentieth century, but has since been in a prolonged state of decline. This article examines strategies in Hawaii's diversified agriculture that seek to revitalize its agrarian sector and the difficult challenges these efforts face within the globalized agrofood systems. Drawing from the actor-network perspective, this article suggests an alternative approach to developing Hawaii's diversified agriculture. Networks of social actors that include growers, processors, gourmet chefs, retailers, and consumers have been able to create viable diversified agriculture in spite of the globalized agrofood systems. The article then discusses how the politics of land use and land development could condition Hawaii's ability to build networks that are critical to the maintenance of a diversified agricultural sector. [source] Mother, Child, Race, Nation: The Visual Iconography of Rescue and the Politics of Transnational and Transracial AdoptionGENDER & HISTORY, Issue 2 2003Laura Briggs ,Third World' poverty and hunger conjures up certain conventionalised images: thin children, with or without their mothers. This paper explores the genealogy of such images in the mid-twentieth century, and shows how they mobilise ideologies of ,rescue' while pointing away from structural (political, military and economic) explanations for poverty, famine and other disasters. These images had a counterpart in practices of transnational and transracial adoption, which became the subject of debate in the USA during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, and were at least as much about symbolic debates over race as the fate of particular children. Together, these visual and familial practices made US foreign and domestic poverty policy intelligible as a debate over whether to save women and children. When they cast the USA as rescuer, they made it all but impossible to understand what US political, military or economic power had to do with creating the problem. [source] IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION CHANGES ON THE WOODWORKING INDUSTRY OF MEXICO'S PURÉPECHA REGIONGEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2004PAUL MARR ABSTRACT. The PurÉpecha region of Michoacán State, in west-central Mexico, has a strong tradition of craft production, especially wooden items. Transportation improvements in the region since the mid-twentieth century have led to a higher level of integration of the regional economy, yet access to the broader Mexican market remains limited. Towns throughout the region have experienced substantial changes in the types of crafts produced, the extent of their local and external markets, and the location of craft production. Transportation improvements have, in part, led to agglomeration economies and a resultant contraction in the number of different types and an increase in the volume of the crafts produced. Market changes have led to the proliferation of craft storefronts in towns with higher levels of accessibility. Conversely, remote towns still rely heavily on distributors and have not been able to expand their markets. As a result, the region has seen the development of a two-tiered system whereby towns with increased accessibility have viable craft industries and towns with limited accessibility struggle with stagnant craft industries. [source] The Marriage of Artist Novel and Bildungsroman: Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, A Paradigm in DisguiseGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 1 2006Hellmut Ammerlahn Goethe described the fruitful years from 1794, when he found Schiller's friendship and completed Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, in metaphors of creativity, insight and abundance: ,ein neuer Frühling' and ,ein unaufhaltsames Fortschreiten philosophischer Ausbildung und ästhetischer Tätigkeit'. Yet since the mid-twentieth century what has been called Goethe's ,prototypischer Bildungsroman' and its central concept have come under attack. The more the novel's structure and the symbolism of the hero's relationships to all other characters were disregarded, the more Wilhelm's identity became ambiguous. Since the issue of genre is a major key to understanding the novel, Goethe's poetological and morphological principles are examined to make sense of the ,Masken' the author employs both to hide and to reveal Wilhelm's identity as a creative and self-reflexive poet. The first part of the ,Lehrbrief,' which deals with art and the artist as well as the mature Wilhelm's inheritance of his grandfather's art collection, receive focused attention. The hero's healing process from personal trauma, and his ultimate discovery of the solid foundation for his ,produktive Einbildungskraft' are tied to his poetic ,Doppelgänger', Mignon and the Harpist, and further to Shakespeare's Hamlet, the Tower, the picture of the sick prince, and to Natalie. The new interpretation of these interconnections reveals that with this novel Goethe produced nothing less than the paradigmatic ,Bildungsroman eines Dichters'. In the colourful figures that enter into or leave the hero's life, Goethe symbolises the increasingly demanding challenges his Wilhelm Meister has to confront and comprehend in order to master his vibrant imagination. [source] Mapping Race: Historicizing the History of the Color-LineHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 9 2010Ryan Irwin This study examines scholarship about the global color-line. It unfolds in two sections. The first traces how understandings of race and racism were encoded within university environments in the mid-twentieth century. The second shows how this epistemology influenced early academic comparisons of the United States and South Africa in the 1980s and why the literature diversified in the post-apartheid era. [source] Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty-first centuryHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 7 2009Jennifer C. Adam Abstract For most of the global land area poleward of about 40° latitude, snow plays an important role in the water cycle. The (seasonal) timing of runoff in these areas is especially sensitive to projected losses of snowpack associated with warming trends, whereas projected (annual) runoff volume changes are primarily associated with precipitation changes, and to a lesser extent, with changes in evapotranspiration (ET). Regional studies in the USA (and especially the western USA) suggest that hydrologic adjustments to a warming climate have been ongoing since the mid-twentieth century. We extend the insights extracted from the western USA to the global scale using a physically based hydrologic model to assess the effects of systematic changes in precipitation and temperature on snow-affected portions of the global land area as projected by a suite of global climate models. While annual (and in some cases seasonal) changes in precipitation are a key driver of projected changes in annual runoff, we find, as in the western USA, that projected warming produces strong decreases in winter snow accumulation and spring snowmelt over much of the affected area regardless of precipitation change. Decreased snowpack produces decreases in warm-season runoff in many mid- to high-latitude areas where precipitation changes are either moderately positive or negative in the future projections. Exceptions, however, occur in some high-latitude areas, particular in Eurasia, where changes in projected precipitation are large enough to result in increased, rather than decreased, snow accumulation. Overall, projected changes in snowpack and the timing of snowmelt-derived runoff are largest near the boundaries of the areas that currently experience substantial snowfall, and at least qualitatively, they mirror the character of observed changes in the western USA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Framing the American DreamJOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION, Issue 1 2004DAVID MONTEYNE Presenting a cultural history of the platform frame, this article explores its codification and commodification by the mid-twentieth century in relation to changing technology and to a shifting landscape of residential development. In addition to its promotion by government agencies, platform framing was complementary to the development of mass production and consumption in house construction. Rows of new houses can be seen in parallel with newly standardized and marketed lumber products like plywood. But pure commodification was tempered by appeals to the American dream of homeownership, partly propagated through myths about the nineteenth-century invention of the balloon frame. [source] Effecting science, affecting medicine: Homosexuality, the Kinsey reports, and the contested boundaries of psychopathology in the United States, 1948,1965JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2008Howard Hsueh-Hao Chiang Despite the well-documented intensive battle between Alfred Kinsey and American psychiatrists around the mid-twentieth century, this paper argues that Kinsey's work, in fact, played a significant role in transforming mental health experts' view of homosexuality starting as far back as the late 1940s and extending all the way through the mid-1960s. After analyzing the way in which Kinsey's work pushed American psychiatrists to re-evaluate their understanding of homosexuality indirectly through the effort of clinical psychologists, I then focus to a greater extent on examples that illustrate how the Kinsey reports directly influenced members of the psychiatric community. In the conclusion, using a Foucauldian conception of "discourse," I propose that in order to approach the struggle around the pathological status of homosexuality in the 1950s and the 1960s, thinking in terms of a "politics of knowledge" is more promising than simply in terms of a "politics of diagnosis." Central to the struggle was not merely the matter of medical diagnosis, but larger issues regarding the production of knowledge at an intersection of science and medicine where the parameters of psychopathology were disputed in the context of mid-twentieth-century United States. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The Struggle over Employee Benefits: The Role of Labor in Influencing Modern Health PolicyTHE MILBANK QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2003David Rosner Health care policy has often been described as the work of political actors seeking to benefit the larger community or a particular group of individuals. In 20th-century America, those actors worked in a historical context shaped by demographic and political pressures created during a period of rapid industrial change. Whereas scholars have placed the emergence of European social welfare in such a larger frame, their analysis of movements for health insurance in the United States has largely ignored the need for a frame. If anything, their studies have focused on the lack of a radical political working-class movement in this country as an explanation for the absence of national or compulsory health insurance. Indeed, this absence has dominated analyses of the failure of health policy reform in this country, which generally ignore even these passing historical allusions to the role of class in shaping health policy. Explanations of why health care reform failed during the Clinton administration cited the lack of coverage for millions of Americans but rarely alluded to the active role of labor or other working-class groups in shaping the existing health care system. After organized labor failed to institute national health insurance in the mid-twentieth century, its influence on health care policy diminished even further. This article proposes an alternative interpretation of the development of health care policy in the United States, by examining the association of health policy with the relationships between employers and employees. The social welfare and health insurance systems that resulted were a direct outcome of the pressures brought by organized and unorganized labor movements. The greater dependency created by industrial and demographic changes, conflicts between labor and capital over the political meaning of disease and accidents, and attempts by the political system to mitigate the impending social crisis all helped determine new health policy options. [source] The Commonwealth as an Economic NetworkAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Paul L. Robertson Research on the economics and sociology of business networks also sheds light on the development of networks of countries. The British Commonwealth was an important global network, or group of networks, in the mid-twentieth century. Commonwealth members, including Australia and New Zealand, cooperated in the management of the Sterling Area and the Commonwealth Preference Area. Yet Commonwealth members also had links to other networks and other sources of influence including the USA, continental Europe and Japan. During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a gradual change in the network relations of Australia and New Zealand, involving a diminution in the importance of bilateral ties with Britain. [source] The ombudsman and e-government in CanadaCANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 2 2010Stewart Hyson Based on this premise, Powles introduced, described and justified the office of the ombudsman as a specialized institution for handling the public's administrative grievances that had become so commonplace in the modern administrative state of the mid-twentieth century. By logical extension, this article examines how the ten provincial and territorial ombudsman offices have adopted electronic communication technology in the early years of the twenty-first century to settle more effectively administrative grievances. Specific focus is on the contrast and analysis of the web sites of the ten provincial ombudsman offices to see if they fulfil the potential of this new technology. Sommaire : Dans un numéro de 1966 de la présente revue, Sir Guy Powles s'était inspiré du livre de John Milton Areopagitica, paru en 1644, pour nous rappeler l'importance que représente pour la démocratie le droit de demander le redressement de griefs. À partir de cette prémisse, Powles a présenté, décrit et justifié le Bureau de l'ombudsman comme une institution spécialisée pour traiter les griefs administratifs du public, devenus si fréquents dans l'état de l'administration moderne du milieu du XXe siècle. Par extension logique, cet article examine comment les dix bureaux provinciaux et territoriaux de l'ombudsman ont adopté la technologie de la communication électronique au début du XXIe siècle pour régler plus efficacement les griefs administratifs. L'article s'attarde particulièrement sur le contraste et l'analyse des dix sites Web des bureaux de l'ombudsman afin de voir s'ils utilisent le plein potentiel de cette nouvelle technologie. [source] | |||||||||||||