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Middle Eastern (middle + eastern)
Selected AbstractsWhen and How Regions Become Peaceful: Potential Theoretical Pathways to Peace,INTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2005Benjamin Miller The objective of this essay is to address the following two puzzles. First, what best accounts for the transition from war to peace in different regions at different times? Second, what is the best explanation for variations in the level of regional peace that exists in different regions in a particular time period? Consider the differences that exist today in the Middle Eastern, South American, and Western European regions. A theoretical framework is proposed that is intended to integrate the regional and international perspectives on regional peace. It establishes linkages between different mechanisms that can lead to regional peace and the emergence of different levels of peace as well as presents three potential theoretical pathways to peace. An argument is made that the underlying cause of regional war propensity is the extent of the state-to-nation imbalance in a region. Accordingly, different peacemaking strategies produce different levels of peace based on their treatment of the state-to-nation problem. A distinction is made between the effects of different approaches to peacemaking and the conditions for their success. In effect, peacemaking strategies bring about the transition from war to peace only if certain conditions exist in the region. The advantages and disadvantages of the three mechanisms are illustrated through three case studies, each exemplifying a specific strategy and level of peace that have resulted from the presence of certain conditions in the region: the Middle East (a transition to cold peace in the 1990s), South America (the evolution of normal peace across the twentieth century), and Western Europe (the emergence of warm peace since the 1950s). [source] Middle East and North Africa take growing share of EU's gas marketOIL AND ENERGY TRENDS, Issue 8 2007Article first published online: 13 AUG 200 The Middle East and North Africa are becoming an increasingly important source of supply for the European Union (EU). The 25 member-states now import some 17% of all the gas they consume from this region. A decade ago, its share was only 9%. This is perhaps not too surprising given the Middle Eastern and North African share of global gas reserves. It is likely moreover that the EU will seek even more of its gas from this source, despite the fears of some energy planners that Europe is already too dependent on what they regard as a politically unstable region. An even bigger worry, however, might be that Middle East and North Africa may not have sufficient gas to meet the increased needs of both the EU and their own home markets, as the latest study by OET's Global Energy Review suggests (see 'Middle Eastern Gas: An under-used Resource?' at http://oilandenergytrends.com). [source] Autosomal microsatellite variability of the Arrernte people of AustraliaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008M. A. Alfonso-Sánchez The genomic diversity of the Arrernte people of Australia or caterpillar people was investigated utilizing 13 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Significant departures from Hardy,Weinberg equilibrium were detected at the D18S51, TPOX and CSF1PO loci, which persisted after applying the Bonferroni correction. Gene diversity values oscillate between 0.6302 (CSF1PO) and 0.8731 (D21S11). Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.2632 (D18S51) to 0.8333 (vWA) and is lower than the expected heterozygosity (He) for 12 of the 13 loci analyzed. The genetic relationships of the Arrernte with Middle Eastern, East Asian, South Asian and Indian populations were analyzed by distance-based methods, including Neighbor-Joining trees and nonmetric multidimensional scaling. In addition, the genetic contribution of the populations included in the analysis to the Arrernte gene pool was estimated utilizing weighted least square coefficients. Although the Arrernte population exhibits a remarkable level of genetic differentiation, results of the phylogeographic analyses based on autosomal microsatellite data suggest a certain degree of genetic relatedness between the Arrernte tribe of Australia and populations from the Indian subcontinent. In contrast, the STR diversity analyses failed to detect substantial East Asian contribution to the genetic background of the Arrernte group. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: A tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan PeninsulaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Sheyla Mirabal Abstract Southeastern Europe and, particularly, the Balkan Peninsula are especially useful when studying the mechanisms responsible for generating the current distribution of Paleolithic and Neolithic genetic signals observed throughout Europe. In this study, 404 individuals from Montenegro and 179 individuals from Serbia were typed for 17 Y-STR loci and compared across 9 Y-STR loci to geographically targeted previously published collections to ascertain the phylogenetic relationships of populations within the Balkan Peninsula and beyond. We aim to provide information on whether groups in the region represent an amalgamation of Paleolithic and Neolithic genetic substrata, or whether acculturation has played a critical role in the spread of agriculture. We have found genetic markers of Middle Eastern, south Asian and European descent in the area, however, admixture analyses indicate that over 80% of the Balkan gene pool is of European descent. Altogether, our data support the view that the diffusion of agriculture into the Balkan region was mostly a cultural phenomenon although some genetic infiltration from Africa, the Levant, the Caucasus, and the Near East has occurred. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Mitochondrial DNA HVRI variation in Balearic populationsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2005A. Picornell Abstract The Balearic archipelago (Majorca, Minorca, and Ibiza islands and the Chuetas, a small and inbred community of descendants of Sephardic Jews) and Valencia were studied by means of the sequencing of a 404-bp segment of hypervariable region I (HVRI) mtDNA in 231 individuals. In total, 127 different haplotypes defined by 92 variable positions were identified. The incidence of unique haplotypes was very low, especially in Ibiza and the Chuetas. A remarkable observation in the Chueta community was the high frequency (23%) of preHV-1, a Middle Eastern lineage that is closely related, though not identical, to many others found at high frequencies in different Jewish populations. The presence of this haplogroup convincingly supported the Jewish origin of the Chueta community. The studied populations showed a reduced African contribution, and no individuals were detected with North African haplogroup U6, indicating a lack of maternal contribution from the Moslem settlement to these populations. Only Ibiza showed a lower diversity, indicating a possible genetic drift effect, also supported by the historical information known about this island. The variability in the sequence of mtDNA hypervariable region I correlated well with the existing information from the populations, with the exception of that of the Y-chromosome, which could indicate a differential contribution of the maternal and paternal lineages to the genetic pool of the Balearic Islands. The phylogenetic trees showed the intermediate position of the Chueta population between the Middle Eastern and Majorcan samples, confirming the Jewish origin of this population and their Spanish admixture. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:119-130, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Does Homo neanderthalensis play a role in modern human ancestry?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2002The mandibular evidence Abstract Data obtained from quantifying the upper part of the mandibular ramus (the coronoid process, the condylar process, and the notch between them) lead us to conclude that Neandertals (both European and Middle Eastern) differ more from Homo sapiens (early specimens such as Tabun II, Skhul, and Qafzeh, as well as contemporary populations from as far apart as Alaska and Australia) than the latter differs from Homo erectus. The specialized Neandertal mandibular ramus morphology emerges as yet another element constituting the derived complex of morphologies of the mandible and face that are unique to Neandertals. These morphologies provide further support for the contention that Neandertals do not play a role in modern human biological ancestry, either through "regional continuity" or through any other form of anagenetic progression. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:199,204, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Breast Cancer in the Middle Eastern Population of California, 1988,2004THE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Kiumarss Nasseri DVM Abstract:, This report presents the patterns of incidence, survival, and mortality of breast cancer in the Middle Eastern (ME) population of California. Cases were identified through surname recognition and population estimates were obtained from census public use files. Rates, trends, and survival in this ethnic group were compared with the non-Hispanic White (NHW) of California, as well as natives in the Middle East. Age-adjusted incidence rates for the insitu (22.8), invasive (126.2), and mortality (23.2) in ME women were significantly lower than similar rates of 26.0, 146.9, and 30.6 in the NHW women. Incidence rate in ME women in California was higher than rates in women in the Middle East. Lower rates for early stage and higher rates for late stage diagnoses in this ethnic population suggest lack of optimal access to preventive healthcare. Relative survival in the two groups is negatively associated with stage at diagnosis and is slightly higher in ME women, probably due to large numbers of lost to follow-up in ME women suggesting the presence of salmon bias. Positive association with socioeconomic standing was detected only in the NHW women. Incidence of breast cancer in ME men was significantly higher than that of NHW men. [source] INSTITUTIONS, BANKING DEVELOPMENT, AND ECONOMIC GROWTHTHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2009M. Sami NABI O16; O17; O41 Does the institutional environment affect the causal relationship between banking development and economic growth? In the theoretical section of this paper, we develop an endogenous growth model where the institutional environment is captured through two indicators: judicial system efficiency and easiness of informal trade. We show that an improvement in the institutional environment has two effects. First, it intensifies the causality direction from banking to economic growth through a reduction in defaulting loans. Second, it reduces the interest rate spread. In the empirical section of the paper, we find bidirectional causality when analyzing 22 Middle Eastern and North African countries over the period 1984,2004. The first causality, which runs from banking development to economic growth, is more intense in countries with more developed institutional environment. The second causality runs from economic growth to banking and indicates that a more developed economy has a more developed banking system. [source] Comparative genomic analysis of European and Middle Eastern community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CC80:ST80-IV) isolates by high-density microarrayCLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 8 2009R. V. Goering Abstract Infections as a result of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are an issue of increasing global healthcare concern. In Europe, this principally involves strains of multi-locus sequence type clonal complex 80 sequence type 80 with methicillin resistance in a staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) type IV arrangement (CC80:ST80-IV). As with other CA-MRSA strains, CC80:ST80-IV isolates tend to appear uniform when analysed by common molecular typing methods (e.g. pulsed field gel electrophoresis, multi-locus sequence type, SCCmec). To explore whether DNA sequence-based differences exist, we compared the genetic composition of six CC80:ST80-IV isolates of diverse chronological and geographic origin (i.e. Denmark and the Middle East) using an Affymetrix high-density microarray that was previously used to analyse CA-MRSA USA300 isolates. The results revealed a high degree of homology despite the diversity in isolation date and origin, with isolate differences primarily in conserved hypothetical open reading frames and intergenic sequences, but also including regions of known function. This included the confirmed loss of SCCmec recombinase genes in two Danish isolates representing potentially new SCCmec types. Microarray analysis grouped the six isolates into three relatedness pairs, also identified by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, which were consistent with both the clinical and molecular data. [source] | ||||||||||||||||