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Micronutrient Supplementation (micronutrient + supplementation)
Selected AbstractsNutrition, mood and behaviour: a reviewACTA NEUROPSYCHIATRICA, Issue 5 2009Nerissa L Soh Objective: To conduct a critical review of recent empirical research regarding mood, behaviour and nutrition factors including essential fatty acids, macronutrients, micronutrients and food additives. Method: A literature search of databases Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Embase up to October 2008. The search emphasised empirical research published in the last 10 years and also included older literature. Studies in both adults and children were addressed. Results: Research into omega-3 fatty acids has been substantial but evidence for their potential in treating mood and behaviour is modest. In comparison, there has been much less research into carbohydrate and protein intakes and little evidence for their ability to influence mood and behaviour. Recent trials with food additives suggest their removal from the diet may benefit susceptible children with hyperactivity disorders. Micronutrient supplementation appears to improve mood only in those who were initially deficient in micronutrients. Conclusions: More stringent research designs such as longitudinal studies and the use of biologically inert placebos within randomised controlled trials are needed before supplemental use of omega-3 fatty acids to treat disorders of mood and behaviour can be recommended. Caution is advised regarding the indiscriminate use of diets free of artificial food additives in managing hyperactivity disorders, as they may place an undue burden on individuals and their families. Should omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or the elimination of certain food additives be established as effective, they may provide cost-effective, accessible and well-tolerated adjuncts to standard psychiatric treatments for mood and behavioural disturbances. [source] Impaired bioavailability of vitamin A in adults and children with persistent diarrhoea in ZambiaALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 7 2001P. Kelly Background: We have previously demonstrated a strong relationship between low serum retinol concentration and mortality in Zambian AIDS patients with diarrhoea, but were unable to detect any benefit from oral micronutrient supplementation. Aim: To test the hypothesis that this is related to impaired availability of vitamin A, we analysed serum retinol concentration changes over 6 h following oral mega-dose therapy (60, 120 or 180 mg retinol). Methods: Twenty-four men without diarrhoea, 15 adults with persistent diarrhoea and 11 children (six girls, five boys) with persistent diarrhoea were studied. Results: Men with persistent diarrhoea had lower baseline serum retinol concentrations (median 0.39 ,mol/L, interquartile range 0.21,0.56) than controls (median 1.16 ,mol/L, interquartile range 0.84,1.47; P=0.0003). After 60 mg retinol, the rise in serum retinol in HIV seropositive controls (median 0.63 ,mol/L, interquartile range 0.35,0.77) did not differ significantly from that observed in HIV seronegative controls (median 0.35 ,mol/L, interquartile range , 0.04,0.56; P=0.20). Increasing the dose to 120 mg or 180 mg retinol did not enhance the increase in serum retinol concentration. The increase in serum retinol was less in adults with persistent diarrhoea (median 0.25 ,mol/L, interquartile range 0.04,0.35) and in children (median 0.11 ,mol/L, interquartile range 0.04,0.46) than in men without diarrhoea (median 0.44 ,mol/L, interquartile range 0.26,0.74; P=0.03). Adults and children with diarrhoea had greater losses of retinol in urine over a 24-h period than controls, but less than 1% of the ingested dose was excreted. Conclusions: These results suggest that persistent diarrhoea in this population is associated with reduced bioavailability of retinol. Further work is required to determine the metabolic fate of therapeutic doses of retinol and to determine appropriate replacement strategies for HIV infected individuals. [source] Preterm delivery but not intrauterine growth retardation is associated with young maternal age among primiparae in rural NepalMATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION, Issue 3 2007Christine P. Stewart Abstract Pregnancy during adolescence is associated with adverse birth outcomes, including preterm delivery and low birthweight. The nutrient availability to the fetus may be limited if the mother is still growing. This research aims to study the effects of pregnancy during adolescence in a nutritionally poor environment in rural Nepal. This study utilized data from a randomized controlled trial of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in south-eastern Nepal. Women of parity 0 or 1 and of age , 25 years who gave birth to a singleton liveborn infant who was measured within 72 h of delivery were included (n = 1393). There was no difference in the risk of low birthweight (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.90,1.02) or small for gestational age (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.94,1.08) per year of increasing maternal age among primiparae. Young maternal age did not affect the anthropometry or gestational age of the offspring of parity 1 women. Each year of increasing maternal age among primiparae was associated with increases in birth length (0.07 cm; 95% CI = ,0.01 to 0.16), head (0.05 cm; 95% CI = 0.01,0.09) and chest circumference (0.07 cm; 95% CI = 0.01,0.12), but not weight (9.0 g; 95% CI = ,2.1 to 21.8) of their offspring. Young maternal age was associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery among primiparae (OR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.26,3.38) that occurred at an age cut-off of ,18 years relative to those 19,25 years. Thus, we conclude that young maternal age (,18 years) increased the risk of preterm delivery, but not intrauterine growth retardation, for the first but not second liveborn infant. [source] The Comparative Impact of Iron, the B-Complex Vitamins, Vitamins C and E, and Selenium on Diarrheal Pathogen Outcomes Relative to the Impact Produced by Vitamin A and ZincNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 5 2007Kurt Z. Long PhD Micronutrient supplementation offers one of the most cost-effective means of improving the health and survival of children in developing countries. However, the effects of supplementation with single micronutri-ents on diarrhea are not always consistent, and supplementation with multi-micronutrient supplements can have negative effects. These inconsistencies may result from the failure to consider the diverse etiolog-ical agents that cause diarrhea and the unique effects each micronutrient has on the immune response to each of these agents. This review examines the separate effects that supplementation with the B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and iron have on diarrheal disease-related outcomes. Supplementation with iron may increase the risk of infection by invasive diarrheal pathogens, while supplementation with the remaining micronutrients may reduce this risk. These differences may be due to distinct regulatory effects each micronutrient has on the pathogen-specific immune response, as well as on the virulence of specific pathogens. The findings of these studies suggest that micronutrient supplementation of children must take into account the pathogens prevalent within communities as reflected by their diarrheal disease burdens. The effectiveness of combining multiple micronutrients into one supplement must also be reconsidered. [source] Micronutrients and Child Health: Studies in International Nutrition and HIV InfectionNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 11 2001Christopher Duggan M.D., M.P.H. Increasing data link micronutrient deficiencies to excess childhood morbidity and mortality, and similar relationships have been noted in the study of nutrition and HIV infection. We review epidemiologic studies that have examined the relationship between micronutrient deficiencies and health outcomes in childhood and HIV infection, as well as clinical trials of micronutrient supplementation. Vitamin A supplementation among communities at risk of deficiency effectively reduces mortality and morbidity in children younger than age 5, and vitamin A may be especially effective in HIV-infected children. Vertical transmission of HIV has not to date been affected by maternal micronutrient supplementation. In children with poor dietary zinc intake and/or bioavailability, zinc supplementation reduces the incidence and severity of diarrheal diseases, as well as the occurrence of pneumonia. Vitamin A therapy has not been associated with improved growth, whereas some trials have shown that zinc supplementation is associated with greater increments in height. Further trials of micronutrient supplementation are warranted. [source] Chronic lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Heather J. Zar Abstract The development of chronic lung disease is common in HIV-infected children. The spectrum of chronic HIV-associated lung disease includes lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), chronic infections, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), bronchiectasis, malignancies, and interstitial pneumonitis. Chronic lung disease may result from recurrent or persistent pneumonia due to bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal or mixed infections. In high tuberculosis (TB) prevalence areas, M. tuberculosis is an important cause of chronic respiratory illness. With increasing availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for children in developing countries, a rise in the incidence of IRIS due to mycobacterial or other infections is being reported. Diagnosis of chronic lung disease is based on chronic symptoms and persistent chest X-ray changes but definitive diagnosis can be difficult as clinical and radiological findings may be non-specific. Distinguishing LIP from miliary TB remains a difficult challenge in HIV-infected children living in high TB prevalence areas. Treatment includes therapy for specific infections, pulmonary clearance techniques, corticosteroids for children with LIP who are hypoxic or who have airway compression from tuberculous nodes and HAART. Children who are taking TB therapy and HAART need adjustments in their drug regimes to minimize drug interactions and ensure efficacy. Preventative strategies include immunization, chemoprophylaxis, and micronutrient supplementation. Early use of HAART may prevent the development of chronic lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1,10. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Recommended micronutrient supplementation in pregnancyPRESCRIBER, Issue 9 2010Kate Duhig BSc, MB BS Our series Prescribing in pregnancy provides a guide for GPs on what information to offer pregnant women about the risks and benefits of drug treatment. Here, the authors discuss the evidence and guidelines for prescribing dietary supplements during pregnancy. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd [source] | ||||||||||