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Microglial Expression (microglial + expression)

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Life Sciences	75%

Selected Abstracts

Microglial expression of ,v,3 and ,v,5 integrins is regulated by cytokines and the extracellular matrix: ,5 Integrin null microglia show no defects in adhesion or MMP-9 expression on vitronectin

GLIA, Issue 7 2009
Richard Milner
Abstract As the primary immune effector cells in the CNS, microglia play a central role in regulating inflammation. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein vitronectin is a strong inducer of microglial activation, switching microglia from a resting into an activated potentially destructive phenotype. As the activating effect of vitronectin is mediated by ,v integrins, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the requirement of the ,v,5 integrin in mediating microglial adhesion and activation to vitronectin, by studying these events in ,5 integrin-null murine microglia. Surprisingly, ,5 integrin null microglia were not defective in adhesion to vitronectin. Further analysis showed that microglia express the ,v,3 integrin, in addition to ,v,5. Flow cytometry revealed that microglial ,v integrin expression is regulated by cytokines and ECM proteins. ,v,3 integrin expression was downregulated by IFN-,, TNF, LPS, and TGF-,1. ,v,5 expression was also reduced by IFN-,, TNF, and LPS, but strongly increased by the antiactivating factors TGF-,1 and laminin. Gel zymography revealed that ,5 integrin null microglia showed no deficiency in their expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in response to vitronectin. Taken together, these data show that microglia express two different ,v integrins, ,v,3 and ,v,5, and that expression of these integrins is independently regulated by cytokines and ECM proteins. Furthermore, it reveals that the ,v,5 integrin is not essential for mediating microglial adhesion and MMP-9 expression in response to vitronectin. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Expression and regulation of interleukin-10 and interleukin-10 receptor in rat astroglial and microglial cells

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 7 2002
Annemarie Ledeboer
Abstract Activated glial cells crucially contribute to brain inflammatory responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important modulator of glial cell responses in the brain. In the present study we describe the expression of IL-10 and the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R1) in primary cocultures of rat microglial and astroglial cells. Using quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, we show that IL-10 mRNA expression and subsequent IL-10 secretion is time-dependently induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-10R1, however, is constitutively expressed in glial cell cocultures, as shown by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Radioligand binding studies using 125I-IL-10 reveal that rat glial cells express a single binding site with an apparent affinity of approximately 600 pm for human IL-10. Observations in enriched cultures of either microglial or astroglial cells indicate that both cell types express IL-10 mRNA and are capable of secreting IL-10. Both cell types also express IL-10R1 mRNA and protein. However, in glial cell cocultures immunoreactive IL-10R1 protein is predominantly observed in astrocytes, suggesting that microglial expression of IL-10R1 in cocultures is suppressed by astrocytes. In addition, exogenous IL-10 is highly potent in down-regulating LPS-induced IL-1, and IL-10 mRNA, and, at a higher dose, IL-10R1 mRNA in untreated and LPS-treated cultures, suggesting that IL-10 autoregulates its expression and inhibits that of IL-1, at the transcriptional level. Together the findings support the concept that IL-10, produced by activated microglial and astroglial cells, modulates glia-mediated inflammatory responses through high-affinity IL-10 receptors via paracrine and autocrine interactions. [source]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, agonist fenofibrate regulates IL-12 family cytokine expression in the CNS: relevance to multiple sclerosis

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2007
Jihong Xu
Abstract The interleukin-12 (IL-12) family of cytokines which includes IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27 play critical roles in T cell differentiation and are important modulators of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Previously, we demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) -, agonists suppress the development of EAE. The present studies demonstrated that the PPAR-, agonist fenofibrate inhibited the secretion of IL-12p40, IL-12p70 (p35/p40), IL-23 (p19/p40), and IL-27p28 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia. The cytokines interferon-, and tumor necrosis factor-, also stimulated IL-12 p40 and IL-27 p28 expression by microglia, which was suppressed by fenofibrate. Furthermore, fenofibrate inhibited microglial expression of CD14 which plays a critical role in TLR signaling, suggesting a mechanism by which this PPAR-, agonist regulates the production of these pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, fenofibrate suppressed the secretion of IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-27p28 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes. Importantly, fenofibrate suppression of EAE was associated with decreased expression of IL-12 family cytokine mRNAs as well as mRNAs encoding TLR4, CD14, and MyD88 known to play critical roles in MyD88-dependent TLR signaling. These novel observations suggest that PPAR-, agonists including fenofibrate may modulate the development of EAE, at least in part, by suppressing the production of IL-12 family cytokines and MyD88-dependent signaling. [source]

Obovatol attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by modulating redox regulation

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 8 2010
Jiyeon Ock
Background and purpose:, Obovatol isolated from the medicinal herb Magnolia obovata exhibits a variety of biological activities. Here, the effect of obovatol and its mechanism of action on microglial activation, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were investigated. Experimental approach:, In microglial BV-2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we measured nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production, and activation of intracellular signalling pathways by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blots. Cell death was assayed in co-cultures of activated microglia (with bacterial LPS) and neurons and in LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice in vivo. Key results:, Obovatol inhibited microglial NO production with an IC50 value of 10 µM. Obovatol also inhibited microglial expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric-oxide synthase, which was accompanied by the inhibition of multiple signalling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B, signal transducers and activators of transcription 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. In addition, obovatol protected cultured neurons from microglial toxicity and inhibited neuroinflammation in mice in vivo. One molecular target of obovatol in microglia was peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), identified by affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. Obovatol enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity of Prx2 in vitro, thereby suppressing proinflammatory signalling pathways of microglia where ROS plays an important role. Conclusions and implications:, Obovatol is not only a useful chemical tool that can be used to investigate microglial signalling, but also a promising drug candidate against neuroinflammatory diseases. Furthermore, our results indicate that Prx2 is a novel drug target that can be exploited for the therapeutic modulation of neuroinflammatory signalling. [source]