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Microbial Stimulation (microbial + stimulation)
Selected AbstractsHigh intestinal IgA associates with reduced risk of IgE-associated allergic diseasesPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1-Part-I 2010Kaarina Kukkonen Kukkonen K, Kuitunen M, Haahtela T, Korpela R, Poussa T, Savilahti E. High intestinal IgA associates with reduced risk of IgE-associated allergic diseases. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 67,73. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Development of oral tolerance and its stimulation by probiotics are still incomprehensible. Microbial stimulation of the gut may induce a subtle inflammation and induce secretion of mucosal IgA, which participates in antigen elimination. In a cohort of allergy-prone infants receiving probiotics and prebiotics or placebo we studied intestinal IgA and inflammation in the development of eczema, food allergy, asthma, and rhinitis (allergic diseases). We performed a nested unmatched case,control study of 237 infants participating in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled allergy-prevention trial using a combination of four probiotic strains pre-natally and during 6 months form birth. We measured faecal IgA, ,1-antitrypsin (,1-AT), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-,), and calprotectin at the age of 3 and 6 months. By age 2 yr, 124 infants had developed allergic disease or IgE-sensitization (cases) and 113 had not (controls). In infants with high faecal IgA concentration at the age of 6 months, the risk of having any allergic disease before the age of 2 yr tended to reduce [odds ratio (OR: 0.52)] and the risk for any IgE-associated (atopic) disease reduced significantly (OR: 0.49). High faecal calprotectin at the age of 6 months associated also with lower risk for IgE-associated diseases up to age 2 yr (OR: 0.49). All faecal inflammation markers (,1-AT, TNF-,, and calprotectin) correlated positively with faecal IgA (p < 0.001). Probiotics tended to augment faecal IgA (p = 0.085) and significantly increased faecal ,1-AT (p = 0.001). High intestinal IgA in early life associates with minimal intestinal inflammation and indicates reduced risk for IgE-associated allergic diseases. [source] The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and other microflora-associated characteristics in faeces from children with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes and control children and their family membersDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 1 2004U. Samuelsson Abstract Aims The gut flora is quantitatively the most important source of microbial stimulation and may provide a primary signal in the maturation of the immune system. We compared the microflora-associated characteristics (MACs) in 22 children with newly diagnosed diabetes, 27 healthy controls, and their family members to see if there were differences between the children and if there was a familial pattern. Methods The MACs were assessed by determining the concentrations of eight short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), mucin, urobilin, b-aspartylglycine, coprastanol and faecal tryptic activity (FTA). Results There were no statistically significant differences between the concentrations of SCFA in the diabetes and control children. Members of families with a diabetic child had a higher concentration of acetic acid (P < 0.02) and lower concentrations of several other SCFAs than control families (P < 0.05,0.02). The other MACs showed no differences between the children or between the two family groups. Conclusion In this pilot study we saw no differences in the MACs between children with diabetes and their controls. There were, however, some differences between the family members of diabetic children and controls that may indicate a familial pattern regarding the production of SCFAs by the gut flora. The role of the gut flora in relation to the risk of developing Type 1 diabetes needs to be analysed in larger and/or prospective studies. [source] Neonatal exposure to staphylococcal superantigen improves induction of oral tolerance in a mouse model of airway allergyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Anna Lönnqvist Abstract The hygiene hypothesis suggests that lack of microbial stimulation in early infancy may lead to allergy, but it has been difficult to identify particular protective microbial exposures. We have observed that infants colonised in the first week(s) of life with Staphylococcus aureus have lower risk of developing food allergy. As many S. aureus strains produce superantigens with T-cell stimulating properties, we here investigate whether neonatal mucosal exposure to superantigen could influence the capacity to develop oral tolerance and reduce sensitisation and allergy. BALB/c mice were exposed to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) as neonates and fed with OVA as adults, prior to sensitisation and i.n. OVA challenge. Our results show that SEA pre-treated mice are more efficiently tolerised by OVA feeding, as shown by lower lung-cell infiltration and antigen-specific IgE response in the SEA pre-treated mice, compared with sham-treated mice. This was not due to deletion or anergy of lymphocytes by SEA treatment, because the SEA pre-treated mice that were fed with PBS showed similar inflammatory response as the sham-treated PBS-fed mice. Our results suggest that strong T-cell activation in infancy conditions the mucosal immune system and promotes development of oral tolerance. [source] Reaction of Armillaria ostoyae to forest soil microfungiFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2004H. Kwa Summary Fungi isolated from the oak (Quercus robur) rhizosphere were tested for their effects on rhizomorph formation and growth of 16 isolates of Armillaria ostoyae sampled in three localities in western Poland. The number of rhizomorphs, number of rhizomorph apices, and rhizomorph length and weight increased most in the presence of Penicillium lanosum, Penicillium notatum, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Penicillium spinulosum and Mycelium radicis atrovirens , and, to a lesser extent, in the presence of Nectria grammicospora. Inhibition of rhizomorph formation was caused by Trichoderma hamatum and Trichoderma viride in two A. ostoyae isolates and by M. radicis atrovirens , and P. spinulosum in one A. ostoyae isolate. It is suggested that variation in sensitivity to microbial stimulation within A. ostoyae is associated with the environmental and nutritional conditions of its original habitat. Isolates from nutrition-rich localities, with 20% of the land area covered by deciduous trees, were particularly susceptible to stimulation by rhizosphere fungi. Résumé Les champignons isolés de la rhizosphère de chêne (Quercus robur) ont été testés pour leurs effets sur la formation et la croissance des rhizomorphes de 16 isolats d'Armillaria ostoyae provenant de 3 localités de Pologne occidentale. L'augmentation du nombre de rhizomorphes et d'apex de rhizomorphes, de la longueur et du poids des rhizomorphes a été la plus importante en présence de Penicillium lanosum, Penicillium notatum, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Penicillium spinulosum et Mycelium radicis atrovirens, et, à un moindre degré, en présence de Nectria grammicospora. Trichoderma hamatum et Trichoderma viride ont inhibé la formation de rhizomorphes chez deux isolats d'A. ostoyae et M. radicis atrovirens, et P. spinulosum chez un isolat. Nos résultats suggèrent que la variation de sensibilitéà la stimulation microbienne entre isolats d'A. ostoyae est associée aux conditions environnementales et nutritionnelles de leurs habitats d'origine. Les isolats provenant de localités riches sur le plan nutritif, avec 20% de la surface couverte par des essences feuillues, sont particulièrement sensibles à la stimulation par des champignons de la rhizosphère. Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Rhizosphärenpilze von Quercus robur wurden auf ihre Wirkung auf die Bildung und das Wachstum der Rhizomorphen von 16 A. ostoyae -Isolaten getestet, die aus drei Gebieten in Westpolen stammten. Penicillium lanosum, P. notatum, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Penicillium spinulosum und Mycelium radicis atrovirens , erhöhten sowohl die Anzahl der Rhizomorphen und der Rhizomorphenspitzen als auch die Länge und das Gewicht der Rhizomorphen am deutlichsten. Nectria grammicospora war weniger wirksam. Trichoderma hamatum und T. viride hemmten die Rhizomorphenbildung bei zwei Isolaten von A. ostoyae, M. radicis atrovirens , und P. spinulosum hatten diesen Effekt bei einem Isolat. Aus den Daten ergibt sich, dass die unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeit der verschiedenen Isolate von A. ostoyae auf die mikrobielle Stimulation mit den Umweltbedingungen am Herkunftsort zusammenhängen könnte. Isolate von nährstoffreichen Standorten, wo 20% der Fläche mit Laubgehölzen bestockt waren, reagierten besonders deutlich auf die Präsenz von Rhizosphärenpilzen. [source] The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of atopic disordersALLERGY, Issue 11 2007J. Penders The prevalence of atopic diseases, including eczema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma, has increased worldwide, predominantly in westernized countries. Recent epidemiological studies and experimental research suggest that microbial stimulation of the immune system influences the development of tolerance to innocuous allergens. The gastrointestinal microbiota composition may be of particular interest, as it provides an early and major source of immune stimulation and seems to be a prerequisite for the development of oral tolerance. In this review the observational studies of the association between the gut microbiota and atopic diseases are discussed. Although most studies indicated an association between the gut microbiota composition and atopic sensitization or symptoms, no specific harmful or protective microbes can be identified yet. Some important methodological issues that have to be considered are the microbiological methods used (traditional culture vs molecular techniques), the timing of examining the gut microbiota, the definition of atopic outcomes, confounding and reverse causation. In conclusion, the microbiota hypothesis in atopic diseases is promising and deserves further attention. To gain more insight into the role of the gut microbiota in the etiology of atopy, large-scale prospective birth cohort studies using molecular methods to study the gut microbiota are needed. [source] | ||||||||||