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MIP
Selected AbstractsInstant Volumetric Understanding with Order-Independent Volume RenderingCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2004Benjamin Mora Rapid, visual understanding of volumetric datasets is a crucial outcome of a good volume rendering application, but few current volume rendering systems deliver this result. Our goal is to reduce the volumetric surfing that is required to understand volumetric features by conveying more information in fewer images. In order to achieve this goal, and in contrast with most current methods which still use optical models and alpha blending, our approach reintroduces the order-independent contribution of every sample along the ray in order to have an equiprobable visualization of all the volume samples. Therefore, we demonstrate how order independent sampling can be suitable for fast volume understanding, show useful extensions to MIP and X-ray like renderings, and, finally, point out the special advantage of using stereo visualization in these models to circumvent the lack of depth cues. Categories and Subject Descriptors: I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image, Generation, I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional graphics and realism. [source] Flow-Through Assay of Quinine Using Solid Contact Potentiometric Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted PolymersELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 24 2009Ayman Abstract Miniaturized potentiometric membrane sensors for quinine incorporated with molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) were synthesized and implemented. Planar PVC based polymeric membrane sensors containing quinine-methacrylic and/or acrylic acid-ethylene glycol methacrylate were dispensed into anisotropically etched wells on polyimide wafers. The determination of quinine was carried out in acidic solution at pH,6, where positively charged species predominated prevalently. The suggested miniaturized planner sensors exhibited marked selectivity, sensitivity, long-term stability and reproducibility. At their optimum conditions, the sensors displayed wide concentration ranges of 4.0×10,6,1.0×10,2mol L,1 and 1.0×10,5,1.0×10,2 mol L,1 with slopes of about 61.3,55.7,mV decade,1; respectively. Sensors exhibit detection limits of 1.2×10,6 and 8.2×10,6 mol L,1 upon the use of methacrylic and acrylic acid monomers in the imprinted polymer, respectively. Validation of the assay method according to the quality assurance standards (range, within-day repeatability, between-day variability, standard deviation, accuracy, and good performance characteristics) which could assure good reliable novel sensors for quinine estimation was justified. Application of the proposed flow-through assay method for routine determination of quinine in soft drinks was assayed and the results compared favorably with data obtained by the standard fluorimetric method. [source] Novel Potentiometric Sensors of Molecular Imprinted Polymers for Specific Binding of ChlormequatELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 2 2008Ayman Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) were used as potentiometric sensors for the selective recognition and determination of chlormequat (CMQ). They were produced after radical polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) or methacrylic acid (MAA) monomers in the presence of a cross-linker. CMQ was used as template. Similar non-imprinted (NI) polymers (NIP) were produced by removing the template from reaction media. The effect of kind and amount of MIP or NIP sensors on the potentiometric behavior was investigated. Main analytical features were evaluated in steady and flow modes of operation. The sensor MIP/4-VP exhibited the best performance, presenting fast near-Nernstian response for CMQ over the concentration range 6.2×10,6,1.0×10,2,mol L,1 with detection limits of 4.1×10,6,mol L,1. The sensor was independent from the pH of test solutions in the range 5,10. Potentiometric selectivity coefficients of the proposed sensors were evaluated over several inorganic and organic cations. Results pointed out a good selectivity to CMQ. The sensor was applied to the potentiometric determination of CMQ in commercial phytopharmaceuticals and spiked water samples. Recoveries ranged 96 to 108.5%. [source] Molecularly imprinted polymers as a tool for separation in CECELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1-2 2007Zhao-Sheng Liu Dr. Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthesized in the presence of a template which results in the formation of specific recognition cavities complementary to the template in shape and chemical functionality. One of the most successful application areas of MIPs is chromatographic sorbents, which are tailor-made synthetic polymers for a given analyte. However, low efficiency of MIP columns is often observed because of slow kinetics of the template. CEC-based MIPs are thought to improve efficiency of MIP-based separation due to the enhanced flow dynamics of CEC. Another attractive feature is the miniaturized format of CEC, so that fewer templates or monomers for the molecular imprinting are consumed, a characteristic desired for ,green chemistry'. The small dimensions of a capillary demand the development of novel polymer formats that can be applied to a miniaturized system. This review discusses the various formats, i.e., the micro- or nanoparticle, the coating and the monolith, for application in CEC as well as the use in MIP syntheses and characteristics. [source] Neutrophil recruitment in immunized mice depends on MIP-2 inducing the sequential release of MIP-1,, TNF-, and LTB4EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 8 2006Cleber Abstract Neutrophils are thought to play an important role in the tissue damage observed in various autoimmune diseases. Chemokines, cytokines and leukotrienes have recognized roles in the orchestration of neutrophil migration. We have recently shown that antigen-induced neutrophil migration into the peritoneum of immunized mice is mediated by macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1, which interacts with CCR1 and induces the sequential release of TNF-, and leukotriene,B4 (LTB4). The present study investigates the role of MIP-2 and CXCR2 in the cascade of events leading to mediator generation and neutrophil influx. Antigen challenge of immunized mice induced the expression of CXCR2 and the production of KC and MIP-2 proteins. Antigen-induced neutrophil migration was inhibited by a CXCR2 receptor antagonist (repertaxin) or an anti-MIP-2 antibody, but not by an anti-KC antibody. Administration of MIP-2 promoted a dose-dependent neutrophil migration in naive mice which was inhibited by repertaxin, anti-TNF-,, anti-MIP-1, antibodies or by MK886 (leukotriene synthesis inhibitor). MIP-2 administration induced the release of MIP-1,, TNF-, and LTB4, and the release of the latter two was inhibited by anti-MIP-1, antibody treatment. Our studies highlight the intricate balance between mediator production and action during an immune-mediated inflammatory response and suggest a mediator cascade leading to neutrophil influx following antigen challenge of immunized mice: MIP-2 , MIP-1, , TNF-, , LTB4. [source] Chemical Nanosensors Based on Composite Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Particles and Surface-Enhanced Raman ScatteringADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 21 2010Marc Bompart Chemical nanosensors with a submicrometer core,shell composite design, based on a polymer core, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shell for specific analyte recognition, and an interlayer of gold nanoparticles for signal amplification, are described. SERS measurements on single nanosensors yield detection limits of 10,7,M for the , -blocker propranolol, several orders of magnitude lower than on plain MIP spheres. [source] Numerical analysis of the rectangular domain decomposition methodINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2009Younbae Jun Abstract When solving parabolic partial differential equations using finite difference non-overlapping domain decomposition methods, one often uses the stripwise decomposition of spatial domain and it can be extended to the rectangular decomposition without further analysis. In this paper, we analyze the rectangular decomposition when the modified implicit prediction (MIP) algorithm is used. We show that the performance of the rectangular decomposition and the stripwise decomposition is different. We compare spectral radius, maximum error, efficiency, and total operations of the rectangular and the stripwise decompositions. We investigate the accuracy of the interface of the rectangular decomposition and the effects of the correction phase of the rectangular decomposition. Numerical experiments have been done in both two and three spatial dimensions and show that the rectangular decomposition is not better than the stripwise decomposition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A mixed integer programming for robust truss topology optimization with stress constraintsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 13 2010Yoshihiro Kanno Abstract This paper presents a mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation for robust topology optimization of trusses subjected to the stress constraints under the uncertain load. A design-dependent uncertainty model of the external load is proposed for dealing with the variation of truss topology in the course of optimization. For a truss with the discrete member cross-sectional areas, it is shown that the robust topology optimization problem can be reduced to an MIP problem, which is solved globally. Numerical examples illustrate that the robust optimal topology of a truss depends on the magnitude of uncertainty. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL)-Mediated, Non-Hydrolytic Sol,Gel Methodology to Prepare Molecularly Imprinted, Silica-Based Hybrid Monoliths for Chiral Separation,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 24 2006H.-F. Wang Silica-based hybrid molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) monoliths with good chiral recognition ability are synthesized (see figure) using a novel method, a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL)-mediated, non-hydrolytic sol,gel technique. The approach avoids the cracking and shrinking of the bed during drying, which is commonly associated with conventional sol,gel processing, overcomes the shortcomings associated with conventional organic-polymer-based MIP matrices, and offers improved selectivity. [source] Gateway performance for network-controlled WLAN IP mobilityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 12 2007Moshiur Rahman Abstract ,Always on' broadband-accessed network gateway (GW) control can facilitate inter-WLAN IP mobility, with seamless connectivity. The GW server plays a critical role in the overall WLAN IP (WIP) mobility architecture (IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC, Atlanta, GA, 21 March 2004; Int. J. Wireless Inf. Networks 2006; 13(3):173,192). This paper provides a comparison of WIP with cellular IP (CIP) and mobile IP (MIP), and identifies the main requirements for a broadband-accessed network-based GW that supports WIP mobility. The paper then evaluates GW-contributed handoff message processing delay in the WIP architecture through an analytical system model and OPNET simulation model, and provides a comparison of the GW-contributed handoff message processing delays for non-preemptive vs preemptive queuing schemes. Both analytical and simulation results show that WIP handoff message processing delay at the GW has negligible impact on the overall system delay. Finally, this paper presents the simulation results of the fast routing table lookup and forwarding speed on the GW overall performance, which can assist service providers in the challenging implementation issues that they face. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Automated application component placement in data centers using mathematical programmingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT, Issue 6 2008Xiaoyun Zhu In this article we address the application component placement (ACP) problem for a data center. The problem is defined as follows: for a given topology of a network consisting of switches, servers and storage devices with varying capabilities, and for a given specification of a component-based distributed application, decide which physical server should be assigned to each application component, such that the application's processing, communication and storage requirements are satisfied without creating bottlenecks in the infrastructure, and that scarce resources are used most efficiently. We explain how the ACP problem differs from traditional task assignment in distributed systems, or existing grid scheduling problems. We describe our approach of formalizing this problem using a mathematical optimization framework and further formulating it as a mixed integer program (MIP). We then present our ACP solver using GAMS and CPLEX to automate the decision-making process. The solver was numerically tested on a number of examples, ranging from a 125-server real data center to a set of hypothetical data centers with increasing size. In all cases the ACP solver found an optimal solution within a reasonably short time. In a numerical simulation comparing our solver to a random selection algorithm, our solver resulted in much more efficient use of scarce network resources and allowed more applications to be placed in the same infrastructure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A genetic algorithm for a bicriteria supplier selection problemINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2009Chuda Basnet Abstract In this paper, we discuss the problem of selecting suppliers for an organisation, where a number of suppliers have made price offers for supply of items, but have limited capacity. Selecting the cheapest combination of suppliers is a straightforward matter, but purchasers often have a dual goal of lowering the number of suppliers they deal with. This second goal makes this issue a bicriteria problem , minimisation of cost and minimisation of the number of suppliers. We present a mixed integer programming (MIP) model for this scenario. Quality and delivery performance are modelled as constraints. Smaller instances of this model may be solved using an MIP solver, but large instances will require a heuristic. We present a multi-population genetic algorithm for generating Pareto-optimal solutions of the problem. The performance of this algorithm is compared against MIP solutions and Monte Carlo solutions. [source] Short-term harvest planning including scheduling of harvest crewsINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2003J. Karlsson Abstract The problem we consider is short-term harvesting planning for a total planning period of 4,6 weeks where we want to decide the harvest sequences or schedules for harvest crews. A schedule is an order or sequence of harvest areas assigned to each crew. The harvesting of areas is planned in order to meet industrial demand. The total cost includes harvesting, transportation, and storage. One considerable cost is due to the quality reduction of logs stored at harvest areas. There are a number of restrictions to be considered. Areas are of varying size and the composition of assortments in each area is different. Each harvest team has different skills, a different home base, and different production capacity. Another aspect is the road network. There is a cost related to road opening (restoring, snow removal). In this paper, we develop a mixed integer programming (MIP) model for the problem. The schedules are represented by 0/1 variables. With a limited number of schedules, the problem can be solved by a commercial MIP solver. We have also developed a heuristic solution approach that provides high-quality integer solutions within a distinct time limit to be used when more schedules are used. Computational results from a major Swedish forest company are presented. [source] REVIEW: The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and monkeysJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 1 2005Christian Grefkes Abstract In macaque monkeys, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is concerned with the integration of multimodal information for constructing a spatial representation of the external world (in relation to the macaque's body or parts thereof), and planning and executing object-centred movements. The areas within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), in particular, serve as interfaces between the perceptive and motor systems for controlling arm and eye movements in space. We review here the latest evidence for the existence of the IPS areas AIP (anterior intraparietal area), VIP (ventral intraparietal area), MIP (medial intraparietal area), LIP (lateral intraparietal area) and CIP (caudal intraparietal area) in macaques, and discuss putative human equivalents as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The data suggest that anterior parts of the IPS comprising areas AIP and VIP are relatively well preserved across species. By contrast, posterior areas such as area LIP and CIP have been found more medially in humans, possibly reflecting differences in the evolution of the dorsal visual stream and the inferior parietal lobule. Despite interspecies differences in the precise functional anatomy of the IPS areas, the functional relevance of this sulcus for visuomotor tasks comprising target selections for arm and eye movements, object manipulation and visuospatial attention is similar in humans and macaques, as is also suggested by studies of neurological deficits (apraxia, neglect, Bálint's syndrome) resulting from lesions to this region. [source] Molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction of huperzine A from Huperzia SerrataJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009Guosong Wang Abstract On the basis of the non-covalent interaction between template and monomer, porous molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were synthesized by a thermal-initiated polymerization method using huperzine A as template, acrylamide, or methacrylic acid as function monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking agent. The interaction between template and functional monomers was studied by UV spectrophotometry, which showed a formation of huperzine A-monomer complexes with stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 2 in the pre-polymerized systems. The resultant MIP particles were tested in the equilibrium binding experiment to analyze their adsorption ability to huperzine A, and were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) study. The recognition properties of MIP were estimated in solid-phase extraction by selecting four compounds (isolated from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata) as substrates, and were compared with and prior to those of the NIP. High affinity and adsorption of MIP1 which was prepared in chloroform with huperzine A as imprinted molecule, and acrylamide (AM) as functional monomer, made an attractive application of MIP1 in separation processes. In final, using MIP1 solid-phase extraction micro-column, huperzine A was enriched and separated from the real extraction sample of Huperzia serrata. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009 [source] Role of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 11 2002G. David Roodman M.D., Ph.D. Abstract On June 26,27, 2001, the Sixth Research Roundtable in Multiple Myeloma, entitled "The Role of the Bone Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma," was held and focused on the biology of cell-to-cell interactions, the mediators of bone disease, and novel treatment strategies for myeloma. Studies on cell-cell interactions showed that vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, expressed by local endothelial and stromal cells, binds to tumor cell surface integrins in which expression may be increased by tumor cell-derived chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1,. These adhesive interactions increase production and release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Studies on myeloma bone disease showed the ligand for receptor activator of nuclear transcription factor-,B (RANKL) was expressed on tumor cells and stromal cells associated with myeloma cells and was critical for osteoclast-induced osteolysis. Blockade of RANKL suppressed osteoclast maturation, bone resorption, and tumor development. Bisphosphonates, in addition to reducing osteoclast mobility and inducing osteoclast apoptosis, also decreased tumor cell adhesion to stroma. Immunomodulatory drugs such as thalidomide analogues targeted these tumor cell-stromal cell interactions, blocking both secretion of cytokines and activation of intracellular signaling pathways required for tumor survival and growth. These agents induced tumor cell apoptosis, decreased neovascularization, and potentiated natural killer cell activity. The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 also prevented expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines and triggered tumor cell apoptosis, even in drug-resistant cell lines, while showing minimal activity in healthy cells. In addition, potential therapeutic agents under investigation, which included RANKL antagonists, protein prenylation inhibitors, and osteoblast growth factors, were discussed. [source] Morphological features and clinical feasibility of thoracic duct: Detection with nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 TJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 1 2010Yu De-xin MD Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the detection of the thoracic duct using nonenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine the influence of some related disorders on the lymphatic duct. Materials and Methods: Highly fluid-sensitive sequence and fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (FS-T2WI) were performed in a total of 139 cases. The axial and coronal images were used to locate the thoracic duct and the measurement and evaluation of its dimensions were performed using a 3D maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction image. The differences in the dimensions among control, portal hypertension, and common bile duct obstruction groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The cisterna chyli was shown in 91% of cases on FS-T2WI, while the thoracic duct appeared in 70% of the MIP images. The common configuration of the cisterna chyli was tubular or saccular in 73%. Eighty thoracic ducts had a slight turn declining to the left at the level of T8,10. There was a significant difference in the transverse diameter of the thoracic duct between the portal hypertension group and other groups (F = 5.638, P = 0.005). Conclusion: Nonenhanced MRI is feasible for locating and depicting the morphological features of the thoracic duct. Portal hypertension may influence the dimension of the thoracic duct. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:94,100. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR angiography of intracranial lesionsJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 4 2008Zhitong Zou MD Abstract Purpose To determine if contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI of intracranial lesions benefits from time-resolved MR angiography (MRA) during contrast agent injection. Materials and Methods For 126 patients with suspected intracranial lesions undergoing routine CE MRI at 3.0T (N = 88) or 1.5T (N = 38), time-resolved CE MRA (three-dimensional [3D] time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics [TRICKS]) was performed during injection of the routine gadolinium (Gd) dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. Time to peak (TTP) enhancement of lesions as well as time to internal carotid artery (ICA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), superior sagittal sinus (SSS), and jugular vein enhancement were measured. Source and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images were reviewed to delineate the spatial relationship of lesions and the vasculature. Results In 61 patients (48%), additional important findings were detected on time-resolved MRA that were not seen on the routine CE protocol, including aneurysms (N = 6), arteriovenous malformations (N = 7), ICA stenoses (N = 2), vascular anomalies (N = 18), and relationships between lesions and vessels (N = 28). In addition, tumor TTP correlated with glioma grade (r = 0.87) and discriminated epithelial from nonepithelial meningiomas (P = 2.6 × 10,5). MRA added eight minutes to the total exam time. Conclusion Time-resolved MRA performed during contrast agent injection adds information to the routine brain CE MRI examination of intracranial lesions with only a small time penalty and no additional risk to the patient. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Diffusion-weighted images of the liver: Comparison of tumor detection before and after contrast enhancement with superparamagnetic iron oxideJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 6 2005Shinji Naganawa MD Abstract Purpose To study the recognition of malignant lesions of the liver on diffusion-weighted images (DWI) can be improved by the administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). Materials and Methods Pre- and post-SPIO mediated DWI of the liver was compared in six patients with suspected malignant liver lesions at 1.5 Tesla using a parallel imaging technique. Results Post-SPIO DWI showed improved contrast-to-noise ratio between malignant lesions and liver. Furthermore, the spleen signal was decreased on post-SPIO DWI, thus avoiding the overlap of the spleen and left lobe of the liver on maximum intensity projections (MIP). Conclusion Recognition of malignant lesions of the liver was improved by SPIO on DWI. On MIP images of DWI, SPIO helped to decrease the overlap of spleen signal on the liver in some projection angles. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:836,840. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparison of monofunctional and multifunctional monomers in phosphate binding molecularly imprinted polymersJOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION, Issue 6 2008Xiangyang Wu Abstract In this study, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared using a multifunctional and a monofunctional monomer were compared with respect to their affinities, selectivities, and imprinting efficiencies for organophosphates. This is of interest because multifunctional monomers have higher affinities than traditional monofunctional monomers for their target analytes and thus should yield MIPs with higher affinities and selectivities. However, polymers containing multifunctional monomer may also have a higher number of unselective, non-templated binding sites. This increase in background binding sites could lead to a decrease in the magnitude of the imprinting effect and in the selectivity of the MIP. Therefore, phosphate selective imprinted and non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) were prepared using a novel multifunctional triurea monomer. The binding properties of these polymers were compared with polymers prepared using a monofunctional monourea monomer. The binding affinities and selectivities of the monomers, imprinted polymers, and NIPs were characterized by NMR titration, binding uptake studies, and binding isotherms. MIPs prepared with the triurea monomer showed higher binding affinity and selectivity for the diphenylphosphate anion in organic solvents than the MIPs prepared with the monofunctional monomer. Surprisingly, the binding properties of the NIPs revealed that the polymers prepared using the multifunctional and monofunctional monomers were very similar in affinity and selectivity. Thus, the multifunctional monomers increase not only the affinity of the MIP but also enhance the imprinting effect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Additives in intravenous anesthesia modulates pulmonary inflammation in a model of LPS-induced respiratory distressACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2009J. J. HAITSMA Background: It has been suggested that propofol with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can modulate the systemic inflammatory response. Prolonged higher levels of pulmonary inflammation are associated with poor outcome of patients with acute lung injury. In the present study, we hypothesized that pulmonary inflammation could be modulated by propofol with EDTA compared with propofol with sulfite. Methods: Respiratory distress was induced in rats (n=25) by intratracheal nebulization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 24 h, animals were randomized to either propofol with EDTA (PropofolEDTA), propofol with sulfite (Propofolsulfite) or ketamine/midazolam (Ket/Mid); control animals received saline (n=30). Animals were ventilated for 4 h and blood gases were measured hourly. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed for cytokine analysis of: tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2. Results: LPS led to increased pulmonary inflammation in all groups compared with the control groups. Gas exchange deteriorated over time only in the LPS Propofolsulfite group and was significantly lower than the Ket/Mid group. Only IL-6 was significantly higher in the LPS Propofolsulfite group compared with both the Ket/Mid group and the PropofolEDTA group. Conclusion: Pulmonary IL-6 can be modulated by additives in systemic anesthesia. Implication Statement: This study demonstrates that pulmonary inflammation caused by direct lung injury can be modulated by intravenous anesthesia used in critically ill patients. [source] An attainable region approach for production planning of multiproduct processesAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007Charles Sung Abstract A novel approach is presented for the solution of production planning problems for multiproduct processes. A mixed-integer programming (MIP) scheduling model is analyzed off-line to obtain a convex approximation of feasible production levels and a convex underestimation of total production cost as a function of production levels. The two approximating functions are expressed via linear inequalities that involve only planning variables yet provide all the relevant scheduling information necessary to solve the planning problem with high quality. A rolling horizon algorithm is also presented for generation (if necessary) of detailed schedules. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007 [source] One-pot synthesis of surface-functionalized molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres by iniferter-induced "living" radical precipitation polymerizationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 15 2010Junyi Li Abstract This article describes for the first time the development of a new polymerization technique by introducing iniferter-induced "living" radical polymerization mechanism into precipitation polymerization and its application in the molecular imprinting field. The resulting iniferter-induced "living" radical precipitation polymerization (ILRPP) has proven to be an effective approach for generating not only narrow disperse poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) microspheres but also molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) microspheres with obvious molecular imprinting effects towards the template (a herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)), rather fast template rebinding kinetics, and appreciable selectivity over structurally related compounds. The binding association constant Ka and apparent maximum number Nmax for the high-affinity sites of the 2,4-D imprinted polymer were determined by Scatchard analysis and found to be 1.18 × 104 M,1 and 4.37 ,mol/g, respectively. In addition, the general applicability of ILRPP in molecular imprinting was also confirmed by the successful preparation of MIP microspheres with another template (2-chloromandelic acid). In particular, the living nature of ILRPP makes it highly useful for the facile one-pot synthesis of functional polymer/MIP microspheres with surface-bound iniferter groups, which allows their direct controlled surface modification via surface-initiated iniferter polymerization and is thus of great potential in preparing advanced polymer/MIP materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3217,3228, 2010 [source] Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres via atom transfer radical precipitation polymerizationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 13 2009Baiyi Zu Abstract The first combined use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and precipitation polymerization in the molecular imprinting field is described. The utilized polymerization technique, namely atom transfer radical precipitation polymerization (ATRPP), provides MIP microspheres with obvious molecular imprinting effects towards the template, fast template binding kinetics and an appreciable selectivity over structurally related compounds. The living chain propagation mechanism in ATRPP results in MIP spherical particles with diameters (number-average diameter Dn , 3 ,m) much larger than those prepared via traditional radical precipitation polymerization (TRPP). In addition, the MIP microspheres prepared via ATRPP have also proven to show significantly higher high-affinity binding site densities on their surfaces than the MIP generated via TRPP, while the binding association constants Ka and apparent maximum numbers Nmax of the high-affinity sites as well as the specific template bindings are almost the same in the two cases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3257,3270, 2009 [source] Macroporous molecularly imprinted monolithic polymer columns for protein recognition by liquid chromatographyJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 17-18 2010Jinxiang Liu Abstract Macroporous cytochrome c (cyc)-imprinted monolithic polyarylamide columns were prepared, and applied for the template protein recognition by HPLC. With cyc (18.8,mg) as template, the imprinted monolithic materials were in situ polymerized in an HPLC column tube, with methacrylamide (450,mg), methacrylic acid (15.8,mg), piperazine diacrylamide (720,mg) and ammonium sulfate (390,mg) dissolved in 5,mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), initiated by ammonium persulfate and TEMED. After the reaction, cyc was removed with acetic acid (10%, v/v) containing 10%,w/v SDS. The non-imprinted monolithic column was prepared under the same procedure except without cyc. Retention of cyc and its competitive protein, lysozyme (lys), on molecular-imprinting polymer (MIP) and non-imprinted polymer columns was studied. When the pH value of mobile phase was 4.0, on MIP column, the retention factors of cyc and lys were 2.0 and 1.3, respectively. However, those on non-imprinted polymer column were very similar, both as 1.1. Even in competitive environment, a mixture of cyc and lys could be separated on MIP column under gradient elution, with resolution as 1.2. These results indicate that protein-imprinted monolithic polymer columns could offer obvious affinity and specific recognition to the template protein. [source] Evaluation of selective composite cryogel for bromate removal from drinking waterJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 12 2010Solmaz Hajizadeh Abstract Bromate, which is a potential carcinogen, should be removed from drinking water to levels of less than 10,,g/L. A chitosan-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and a sol,gel ion-exchange double hydrous oxide (Fe2O3·Al2O3·xH2O) adsorbent (inorganic adsorbent) were prepared for this purpose. The sorption behavior of each adsorbent including sorption kinetics, isotherms, effect of pH and selective sorption were investigated in detail. Sorption experimental results showed that the MIP adsorbents had better selectivity for bromate, even in the presence of high concentrations of nitrate, as compared to the inorganic adsorbent. It was found that pH does not affect the adsorption of bromate when using the inorganic adsorbent. Additionally, both adsorbents were immobilized in a polymeric cryogel inside plastic carriers to make them more practical for using in larger scale. Regeneration of the cryogels either containing MIP or inorganic adsorbents were carried out by 0.1,M NaOH and 0.1,M NaCl, respectively. It was found that the regenerated MIP and inorganic adsorbents could be used at least three and five times, respectively, without any loss in their sorption capacity. [source] Molecular imprinting of AMP by an ionic-noncovalent dual approachJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 19 2009Florent Breton Abstract In order to mimic recognition properties of adenylate kinase, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared for adenosine 5,-monophosphate (AMP), a substrate of the enzyme. Different functional monomers interacting with the phosphate moiety were tested, and the MIP giving the best specific binding of AMP was composed with one equivalent of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and ten equivalents of acrylamide compared to AMP. Packed into solid phase cartridge, this polymer showed similar characteristics than the enzyme, since it was specific for AMP toward other nucleotides. [source] Capacitated lot-sizing and scheduling with parallel machines, back-orders, and setup carry-overNAVAL RESEARCH LOGISTICS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Daniel Quadt Abstract We address the capacitated lot-sizing and scheduling problem with setup times, setup carry-over, back-orders, and parallel machines as it appears in a semiconductor assembly facility. The problem can be formulated as an extension of the capacitated lot-sizing problem with linked lot-sizes (CLSPL). We present a mixed integer (MIP) formulation of the problem and a new solution procedure. The solution procedure is based on a novel "aggregate model," which uses integer instead of binary variables. The model is embedded in a period-by-period heuristic and is solved to optimality or near-optimality in each iteration using standard procedures (CPLEX). A subsequent scheduling routine loads and sequences the products on the parallel machines. Six variants of the heuristic are presented and tested in an extensive computational study. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009 [source] Shortest-path network interdiction,NETWORKS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Eitan Israeli Abstract We study the problem of interdicting the arcs in a network in order to maximize the shortest s,t path length. "Interdiction" is an attack on an arc that destroys the arc or increases its effective length; there is a limited interdiction budget. We formulate this bilevel, max,min problem as a mixed-integer program (MIP), which can be solved directly, but we develop more efficient decomposition algorithms. One algorithm enhances Benders decomposition by adding generalized integer cutting planes, called "supervalid inequalities" (SVIs), to the master problem. A second algorithm exploits a unique set-covering master problem. Computational results demonstrate orders-of-magnitude improvements of the decomposition algorithms over direct solution of the MIP and show that SVIs also help solve the original MIP faster. Published 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Which pulmonary volume should be used in physiotherapy to obtain higher maximal inspiratory pressure in COPD patients?PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2005Patricia EM Marinho Abstract Background and Purpose Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present pulmonary hyperinflation as the main cause of mechanical disadvantage in respiratory muscles. Measurement of the force generated by those muscles is converted into pressure changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) from the residual volume (RV) and from the functional residual capacity (FRC), in patients with COPD, and to determine which pulmonary volume should be used in physiotherapy so as to obtain higher MIP results. Method An investigation of 18 male patients with stable COPD. Patients were examined using a manual vacuometer to measur the MIP of 20 daily manoeuvres. Ten measurements were taken from the RV and 10 from the FRC, taken alternately with an interval of 1 minute between each measurement, for five consecutive days. Results Increases in MIP were obtained from the RV measurements (mean ± SE) from 59.7 (±5.2) to 66.6 (±5.3) cm H2O (F (4,64) = 3.34; p < 0.015) and from the FRC measurements, from 55.4 (±4.9) to 64.4 (±4,8) cm H2O (F (4,64) = 6.72; p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis showed an increase, over consecutive days, in both RV and FRC. For FRC, an increase was revealed on the second and third days, a fall was found on the fourth day and a new increase was found on the last day. MIP reached different levels, between RV and FRC, on the first (t = 2.888; p = 0.010) and fourth ( t = 2.165; p = 0.045) days. Conclusion In the present study, MIP reached higher levels at FRC during the five days of evaluation, and a learning effect occurred in the patients. Motor units from the respiratory muscles may have been recruited in order to performe the manoeuvres during the days of evaluation. The study suggests that there is good evidence for the use of the FRC as a parameter to find the major MIP value. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||