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Metabolic Hormones (metabolic + hormones)
Selected AbstractsSeasonal Variation in Serum Concentrations of Selected Metabolic Hormones in HorsesJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2010N.J. Place Background: Determination of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration is a commonly used test in the evaluation of endocrine causes of equine laminitis, but the concentration in healthy horses can be high at certain times of year, which alters the specificity of the ACTH test. Objective: To determine if circulating concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, glucose, insulin, and thyroxine vary month to month in healthy horses and in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Animals: Nine healthy adult horses were studied on their farm/stable over the course of 1 year. After the diagnosis of EMS, 10 laminitic horses residing at the same farm/stable were also studied. Methods: Prospective study of healthy and laminitic horses. Plasma/serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of hormones and glucose. Results: ACTH was the only analyte to show a discrete seasonal pattern, with concentrations in healthy and EMS horses frequently outside of the reference range (9,35 pg/mL) in August through October. Insulin was elevated (>40 ,IU/mL) in EMS horses during most months and median serum glucose was generally higher in EMS horses (100 mg/dL, range, 76,163 mg/ dL) than in controls (94 mg/dL, range, 56,110 mg/dL), but no seasonal patterns for insulin or glucose were found. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An increased ACTH concentration in horses in late summer or autumn should be interpreted with caution. In contrast, insulin concentration is maintained within the reference range throughout the year in healthy horses, thus an increased insulin concentration at any time of year should raise suspicions of EMS, ECD, or both. [source] Fasting modulates metabolic responses to cortisol, GH and IGF-I in Arctic charr hepatocytesJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Ø. Aas-Hansen Hepatocytes in primary culture from fed and 2 month fasted Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus were exposed to physiological doses of either cortisol, salmon growth hormone (GH), salmon insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or a combination of salmon GH and salmon IGF-I. Fasting significantly lowered medium glucose levels compared to the fed fish, but had no significant effects on hepatocyte glycogen content or on the activities of enzymes involved in the intermediary metabolism. Cortisol treatment had no effect on hepatocyte glycogen content or on the enzyme activities investigated, but resulted in a significant increase in medium glucose concentration in hepatocytes isolated from fasted, but not fed fish. GH and IGF-I treatments, both singly and in combination, significantly increased the glycogen content of hepatocytes isolated from fed fish, with less pronounced effects on hepatocytes isolated from fasted fish. The combination of GH and IGF-I significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase activity regardless of the feeding state and significantly reduced the phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity and medium glucose concentration in hepatocytes isolated from fed fish. Further, GH and IGF-I significantly increased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in hepatocytes isolated from fasted fish, but not fed fish. There were no effects of GH, IGF-I, or their combination, on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities. The results demonstrated that nutritional status of the animal modulates hepatocyte responsiveness to metabolic hormones, and suggested a role for GH and IGF-I in hepatic glycogen conservation. [source] Abnormalities of whole body protein turnover, muscle metabolism and levels of metabolic hormones in patients with chronic heart failureJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2006H. NØRRELUND Abstract. Objective., It is well known that chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with insulin resistance and cachexia, but little is known about the underlying substrate metabolism. The present study was undertaken to identify disturbances of basal glucose, lipid and protein metabolism. Design., We studied eight nondiabetic patients with CHF (ejection fraction 30 ± 4%) and eight healthy controls. Protein metabolism (whole body and regional muscle fluxes) and total glucose turnover were isotopically assayed. Substrate oxidation were obtained by indirect calorimetry. The metabolic response to exercise was studied by bicycle ergometry exercise. Results., Our data confirm that CHF patients have a decreased lean body mass. CHF patients are characterised by (i) decreased glucose oxidation [glucose oxidation (mg kg,1 min,1): 1.25 ± 0.09 (patients) vs. 1.55 ± 0.09 (controls), P < 0.01] and muscle glucose uptake [a , v diffglucose (,mol L,1): ,10 ± 25 (patients) vs. 70 ± 22 (controls), P < 0.01], (ii) elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) [FFA (mmol L,1): 0.72 ± 0.05 (patients) vs. 0.48 ± 0.03 (controls), P < 0.01] and 3-hydroxybutyrate and signs of elevated fat oxidation and muscle fat utilization [a , v diffFFA (mmol L,1): 0.12 ± 0.02 (patients) vs. 0.05 ± 0.01 (controls), P < 0.05] and (iii) elevated protein turnover and protein breakdown [phenylalanine flux (,mol kg,1 h,1): 36.4 ± 1.5 (patients) vs. 29.6 ± 1.3 (controls), P < 0.01]. Patients had high circulating levels of noradrenaline, glucagon, and adiponectin, and low levels of ghrelin. We failed to observe any differences in metabolic responses between controls and patients during short-term exercise. Conclusions., In the basal fasting state patients with CHF are characterized by several metabolic abnormalities which may contribute to CHF pathophysiology and may provide a basis for targeted intervention. [source] Histological and immunocytochemical localization of serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the brain and optic ganglia of the Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicusMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 3 2008S. Santhoshi Abstract Serotonin is one of the important neurotransmitter and neuromodulator so far studied in crustacean models. With its secretory sites well-studied in higher crustaceans, its function in controlling the release of metabolic hormones from their storage and release sites has been well proved. The present study attempts to localize serotonin-like immunoreactivity in Fenneropenaeus indicus, a commercially important shrimp species and a natural inhabitant of the Indian oceans. Histological studies were employed to visualize the different types of neurosecretory cells and their regions of occurrence in brain and optic ganglia on the basis of their size, shape, and tinctorial properties. Immunocytochemical studies were performed in the brain and optic ganglia with specific antisera against serotonin in combination with peroxidase anti-peroxidase to map the serotonin-like immunoreactive cells. Variations in the immunoreactivity were observed on comparing the cells of brain and optic ganglia. Medulla terminalis region had intense serotonin immunoreactivity suggesting it to be the primary source of the neurotransmitter. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Effects of Body Condition and Protein Supplementation on LH Secretion and Luteal Function in SheepREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 5 2007CA Meza-Herrera Contents In ruminants, nutrition is one of the exogenous inputs affecting reproductive function at different levels of the hypothalamic,hypophyseal,gonadal axis. However, the exact mechanisms or even the identification of the signalling metabolic compounds by which nutrition affects reproductive function still need further clarification. The role of static body condition (BC) and its interaction with a short-term protein supplementation (PL), on secretion of metabolic hormones [growth hormone (GH), insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)], as well as on secretion of LH and progesterone (P4) was evaluated in sheep. Twenty-four Rambouillet ewes divided into two groups, with lower (LBC) and higher body condition (HBC), were randomly assigned within BC to one of two PL levels: low (LPL, 24% of crude protein; 14 g/animal/day), and high (HPL, 44% of crude protein; 30 g/animal/day). The secretion of GH, insulin, IGF-1 and LH was evaluated on day 10 of the oestrous cycle; appearance and timing of oestrous behaviour were previously detected using rams. Progesterone secretion was evaluated on day 13 of the same cycle. No differences were found (p > 0.05) between PL groups on serum GH concentrations during the sampling period (overall mean of 4.0 ± 0.3 ng/ml), but a trend for lower values in HBC sheep was found (3.6 ± 0.4 vs 4.4 ± 0.4 ng/ml, p = 0.06). A BC effect was observed (p < 0.05) on serum IGF-1 level, with higher values in HBC sheep (p < 0.05). Neither BC nor PL affected (p > 0.05) secretion of LH and the number of corpora lutea, nor serum P4 and insulin concentrations. Results indicate a predominance of the static component of nutrition on sheep metabolic hormone responses, GH and IGF-1, with no effect of short-term PL on secretion of pituitary and ovarian hormones as well as luteal number and activity. [source] Litter Size and Vagina,cervix Catheter Penetration Length in GiltsREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 6 2001S Martín Rillo As in other species, the reproductive tract in pigs increases in size with age and body weight, and the development of the reproductive tract depends on a balance between development of the pituitary,ovarian axis and the influence of metabolic hormones. Two experiments were conducted in prepubertal Duroc gilts, 150,180 days of age, to determine whether litter size is related to vaginal,cervix catheter penetration length during insemination. In experiment 1, oestrus was induced in 452 gilts with a combined dose of 400 IU Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophine (PMSG) + 200 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The gilts were classified into three catheter penetration length groups: Ih, , 21 cm; IIh, > 21 and < 28 cm; IIIh, > 28 cm. The litter size was lowest in group Ih (7.35 ± 0.15) compared with groups IIh (7.81 ± 0.12; p < 0.05) and IIIh (10.0 ± 0.36; p < 0.001). In experiment 2, first oestrus was induced in 162 gilts by boar exposure. The gilts were classified into three catheter penetration length groups at insemination during their second oestrus: In, , 24 cm; IIn, > 24 and < 26 cm; IIIn, > 26 cm. As in experiment 1, the litter size was lowest in the group with the shortest catheter penetration length (8.32 ± 0.19). The litter size was not different among gilts of groups IIn and IIIn (8.84 ± 0.35 and 9.56 ± 0.46, respectively), but litter size was lower (p < 0.05) in group In than in group IIn. Based on the combined data from both experiments, the correlation between the catheter penetration length and total number of piglets born was expressed as: y=5.346 ± 0.104x; r=0.361 (p < 0.05). Fertility rate was not different among the groups of gilts induced into oestrus by hormone treatment or inseminated in the second oestrus; however, the total fertility rate of boar-exposed gilts was higher (p < 0.0001) than PMSG/hCG treated animals. Thus, it is possible to conclude that litter size at first farrowing is associated with vaginal,cervix catheter penetration length during insemination of the gilt. [source] Effects of 5,-uridylic acid feeding on postprandial plasma concentrations of metabolites and metabolic hormones in pre-weaning goatsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Yoshihisa OHTANI ABSTRACT 5,-Uridylic acid (UMP), which is present at high concentrations in cow's colostrum, has been shown to cause a reduction in increased plasma levels of insulin and glucose after ingestion of milk replacer in pre-weaning calves. However, the precise mechanisms of UMP action have not been investigated, and its action has not been investigated in other pre-weaning ruminants. In order to demonstrate whether UMP causes changes in postprandial metabolic and hormonal parameters in pre-weaning goats, 11 Saanen kids were given milk replacer (twice a day) without (n = 5) or with (n = 6) UMP (1 g for each meal, 2 g/day for each head) for 14 days. Analysis of blood samples taken in the morning of day 14 demonstrated that the feeding of milk replacer with UMP abolished the significant changes in postprandial plasma glucose, NEFA, GH and insulin concentrations induced by feeding of milk replacer alone, and demonstrated a tendency to increase IGF-I levels. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups at any sampling time. We conclude that UMP feeding with milk replacer showed a tendency to blunt the postprandial changes in levels of some plasma metabolites and hormones that are induced by replacer alone in pre-weaning goats. [source] | ||||||||||