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Memory Errors (memory + error)
Selected AbstractsEffects of transdermal nicotine on lateralized identification and memory interferenceHUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, Issue 5 2003F. Joseph McClernon Abstract It has been proposed that nicotine may enhance performance on tasks requiring primarily left hemisphere (LH) resources while impairing right hemisphere (RH)-based performance. However, this hypothesis has not been directly tested using a lateralized cognitive task. The effects of transdermal nicotine administration on lateralized consonant identification and memory interference were examined in dependent smokers and never-smokers. In a double-blind placebo-controlled design, smokers (n,=,24) and never-smokers (n,=,24) were assigned to receive a nicotine or placebo patch. Subjects completed a lateralized letter identification task that required them to identify strings of three consonants presented in the left or right visual field while keeping a word in memory. A distinct right-visual-field (RVF) advantage was observed for consonant identification, but this effect was unaltered by nicotine or smoking status. However, nicotine decreased word memory errors on trials where consonants were presented in the RVF and increased errors on LVF trials. Nicotine may enhance LH-based cognitive performance by increasing LH cognitive resources or by reducing the influence of RVF distracting stimuli. These findings are consistent with a model of the lateralized effects of nicotine on cognitive performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Preference Conditioning in Healthy Individuals: Correlates With Hazardous DrinkingALCOHOLISM, Issue 6 2010Iris M. Balodis Background:, Conditioned reward is a classic measure of drug-induced brain changes in animal models of addiction. The process can be examined in humans using the Conditioned Pattern Preference (CPP) task, in which participants associate nonverbal cues with reward but demonstrate low awareness of this conditioning. Previously, we reported that alcohol intoxication does not affect CPP acquisition in humans, but our data indicated that prior drug use may impact conditioning scores. Methods:, To test this possibility, the current study examined the relationship between self-reported alcohol use and preference conditioning in the CPP task. Working memory was assessed during conditioning by asking participants to count the cues that appeared at each location on a computer screen. Participants (69 female and 23 male undergraduate students) completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) as measures of hazardous drinking. Results:, Self-reported hazardous drinking was significantly correlated with preference conditioning in that individuals who scored higher on these scales exhibited an increased preference for the reward-paired cues. In contrast, hazardous drinking did not affect working memory errors on the CPP task. Conclusions:, These findings support evidence that repeated drug use sensitizes neural pathways mediating conditioned reward and point to a neurocognitive disposition linking substance misuse and responses to reward-paired stimuli. The relationship between hazardous drinking and conditioned reward is independent of changes in cognitive function, such as working memory. [source] Wavelet change-point estimation for long memory non-parametric random design modelsJOURNAL OF TIME SERIES ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2010Lihong Wang 62G08; 62G05; 62G20 For a random design regression model with long memory design and long memory errors, we consider the problem of detecting a change point for sharp cusp or jump discontinuity in the regression function. Using the wavelet methods, we obtain estimators for the change point, the jump size and the regression function. The strong consistencies of these estimators are given in terms of convergence rates. [source] False memories: What the hell are they for?APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Eryn J. Newman Recollecting the past is often accompanied by a sense of veracity,a subjective feeling that we are reencountering fragments of an episode as it occurred. Yet years of research suggest that we can be surprisingly inaccurate in what we recall. People can make relatively minor memory errors such as misremembering attributes of past selves and misremembering details of shocking public events. But sometimes these errors are more extreme, such as experiencing illusory recollections of entire childhood events that did not really happen. Why would the memory system fail us, sometimes very dramatically? We examine various false memory phenomena by first considering them to be a by-product of a powerful and flexible memory system. We then explore the idea that a system that is capable of mentally revising the past serves a predictive function for the future. Finally, we consider the possibility that false memories meet self-image and social needs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The tooth, the whole tooth and nothing but the tooth: how belief in the Tooth Fairy can engender false memories,APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Gabrielle F. Principe To examine how children's fantasy beliefs can affect memory for their experiences, 5- and 6-year-olds with differing levels of belief in the reality of the Tooth Fairy were prompted to recall their most recent primary tooth loss in either a truthful or fun manner. Many of the children who fully believed in the existence of the Tooth Fairy reported supernatural experiences consistent with the myth under both sets of recall instructions, whereas those who realized the fictionality of the myth recalled mainly realistic experiences. However, those children with equivocal beliefs evidenced a different pattern under each set of instructions, recalling mainly realistic experiences when asked to be truthful and reporting many fantastical experiences when prompted to relate the tooth loss in a fun manner. These findings suggest that children's beliefs in the reality of fantastic phenomena can give rise to genuine constructive memory errors in line with their fantasies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of pre-trial publicity and jury deliberation on juror bias and source memory errorsAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Christine Ruva We examined the effects of exposure to pre-trial publicity (PTP) and jury deliberation on juror memory and decision making. Mock jurors either read news articles containing negative PTP or articles unrelated to the trial. They later viewed a videotaped murder trial, after which they either made collaborative group decisions about guilt or individual decisions. Finally, all participants independently attributed specific information as having been presented during the trial or in the news articles. Exposure to PTP significantly affected guilty verdicts, sentence length, perceptions of defendant credibility, and misattributions of PTP as having been presented as trial evidence. Jury deliberation had significant effects on jury verdicts, perceptions of defendant credibility, source memory for trial items, and confidence in source memory judgements, but did not affect sentences or critical source memory errors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Going shopping and identifying landmarks: does collaboration improve older people's memory?APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Michael Ross Older participants (mean age,=,72.82 years) attempted to recall items from shopping lists while shopping in a supermarket and subsequently in their homes on recognition tests. They also attempted to identify local landmarks on a map. The recall occurred either together with their spouses or independently. Collaborative recall was compared to the pooled, nonredundant recall of spouses who completed the memory tasks alone (nominal groups). Nominal groups produced more hits on most measures and never fewer hits than did collaborative groups. However, collaborative groups consistently generated fewer memory errors than did nominal groups. In many everyday contexts, a tendency for collaboration to reduce false recall could be advantageous to older people. Signal detection analyses revealed that collaboration leads couples to require a higher level of certainty before they are willing to claim that they recognize an item. Finally, we examined the relation between expertise and recall in the shopping and landmark tasks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] One-way analysis of variance with long memory errors and its application to stock return dataAPPLIED STOCHASTIC MODELS IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY, Issue 6 2007Jaechoul Lee Abstract Recent empirical results indicate that many financial time series, including stock volatilities, often have long-range dependencies. Comparing volatilities in stock returns is a crucial part of the risk management of stock investing. This paper proposes two test statistics for testing the equality of mean volatilities of stock returns using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) model with long memory errors. They are modified versions of the ordinary F statistic used in the ANOVA models with independently and identically distributed errors. One has a form of the ordinary F statistic multiplied by a correction factor, which reflects slowly decaying autocorrelations, that is, long-range dependence. The other is a test statistic such that the degrees of freedom of the denominator in the ordinary F test statistic is calibrated by the so-called effective sample size. Empirical sizes and powers of the proposed test statistics are examined via Monte Carlo simulation. An application to German stock returns is presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||