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Application Possibilities (application + possibility)
Selected AbstractsThe biology of lantibiotics from the lacticin 481 group is coming of ageFEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 2 2007Alain Dufour Abstract Lantibiotics are antimicrobial peptides from the bacteriocin family, secreted by Gram-positive bacteria. These peptides differ from other bacteriocins by the presence of (methyl)lanthionine residues, which result from enzymatic modification of precursor peptides encoded by structural genes. Several groups of lantibiotics have been distinguished, the largest of which is the lacticin 481 group. This group consists of at least 16 members, including lacticin 481, streptococcin A-FF22, mutacin II, nukacin ISK-1, and salivaricins. We present the first review devoted to this lantibiotic group, knowledge of which has increased significantly within the last few years. After updating the group composition and defining the common properties of these lantibiotics, we highlight the most recent developments. The latter concern: transcriptional regulation of the lantibiotic genes; understanding the biosynthetic machinery, in particular the ability to perform in vitro prepeptide maturation; characterization of a novel type of immunity protein; and broad application possibilities. This group differs in many aspects from the best known lantibiotic group (nisin group), but shares properties with less-studied groups such as the mersacidin, cytolysin and lactocin S groups. [source] Hydrophobins: the protein-amphiphiles of filamentous fungiFEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Issue 5 2005Markus B. Linder Abstract Hydrophobins are surface active proteins produced by filamentous fungi. They have a role in fungal growth as structural components and in the interaction of fungi with their environment. They have, for example, been found to be important for aerial growth, and for the attachment of fungi to solid supports. Hydrophobins also render fungal structures, such as spores, hydrophobic. The biophysical properties of the isolated proteins are remarkable, such as strong adhesion, high surface activity and the formation of various self-assembled structures. The first high resolution three dimensional structure of a hydrophobin, HFBII from Trichoderma reesei, was recently solved. In this review, the properties of hydrophobins are analyzed in light of these new data. Various application possibilities are also discussed. [source] Ultrathin Silicon Circuits With Strain-Isolation Layers and Mesh Layouts for High-Performance Electronics on Fabric, Vinyl, Leather, and PaperADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 36 2009Dae-Hyeong Kim We present various stretchable high-performance CMOS circuit demonstrations on unconventional substrates, such as fabric, vinyl, leather, and paper. Electronics on such substrates, especially paper, open up new and important application possibilities for electronics. Theoretical analysis reveals the underlying mechanics of these systems; electrical tests under mechanical cycling demonstrate the robustness of the designs. [source] Organizing learning materials through hierarchical topic maps: an illustration through Chinese herb medicationJOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING, Issue 6 2007B.-J. Shih Abstract This research aims to use hierarchical topic maps to compile digital learning material and to discuss its design and application possibilities. The system renders tremendous original assets and then embeds a self-organizing map (SOM) in the material database to produce topical learning materials, as in this case, an illustration through Chinese herb medication. It helps to demonstrate robust professional information as well as knowledge structures, and provides a customized and interactive learning dynamic to support both progressive and constructive learning styles. The paper first gives a detailed procedural description of the material construction, explains how topic map techniques were applied, and observes the implications and potentials of the technology to education. Both the technical and educational evaluations of using SOM topic maps in compilation of learning materials have resulted in positive feedback. SOM allows users to review the complete databank in structural hierarchical order, which provides comprehensive understanding of the entire set of learning materials, and also brings opportunities to users to discover knowledge related to their study area. [source] Synthesis and properties of nitrogen-linked poly(2,7-carbazole)s as hole-transport material for organic light emitting diodesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 15 2009Tsuyoshi Michinobu Abstract A novel class of carbazole polymers, nitrogen-linked poly(2,7-carbazole)s, was synthesized by polycondensation between two bifunctional monomers using the palladium-catalyzed amination reaction. The polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, Infrared, Gel permeation chromatography, and MALDI-TOF MS and it was revealed that the combination of the monomer structures is important for producing high molecular weight polymers. Thermal analysis indicated a good thermal stability with high glass transition temperatures, e.g., 138 °C for the higher molecular weight polymer P2. To pursue the application possibilities of these polymers, their optical properties and energy levels were investigated by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as their electrochemical characteristics. Although the blue light emission was indeed observed for all polymers in solution, the quantum yields were very low and the solid films were not fluorescent. On the other hand, the HOMO levels of the polymers estimated from the onset potentials for the first oxidation in the solid thin films were relatively high in the range of ,5.12 to ,5.20 eV. Therefore, light emitting diodes employing these polymers as a hole-transport layer and iridium(III) complex as a triplet emitter were fabricated. The device of the nitrogen-linked poly(2,7-carbazole) P3 with p,p,-biphenyl spacer, which has a higher HOMO level and a higher molecular weight, showed a much better performance than the device of P2 with m -phenylene spacer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3880,3891, 2009 [source] A New Class of Low-Molecular-Weight Amphiphilic GelatorsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005Nils Mohmeyer Abstract A new powerful class of low-molecular-weight amphiphilic compounds has been synthesized and their structure,property relationships with respect to their gelation ability of organic solvents have been investigated. These compounds are able to gel organic solvents over a broad range of polarity. Especially polar solvents such as valeronitrile and ,-butyrolactone can be gelled even at concentrations far below 1 wt,%. It was found that the gelation ability of these asymmetrically substituted p -phenylendiamines depends on a well-balanced relation of the terminal head group, the units involved in hydrogen bonding (amide or urea groups), and on the length of the alkyl chain. With this class of new gelators it is possible to tailor thermal and mechanical properties in different organic solvents and open various application possibilities. [source] | ||||||||||