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Appliances
Kinds of Appliances Selected AbstractsApproximal caries development in surfaces in contact with fluoride-releasing and non-fluoride-releasing restorative materials: an in situ studyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 6 2007Áine M. Lennon This study investigated the effect of compomer on initial interproximal caries development. One-hundred and sixty cylindrical, and 40 semispherical, bovine enamel samples (control) were prepared, polished, and sterilized. Sixty semicircular samples were prepared from each of the compomer Dyract eXtra and the fluoride-free composite Spectrum TPH. Samples were stored in water and fluoridated twice daily for 28 d. A baseline quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) image was made of each cylindrical sample. Twenty volunteers received intra-oral appliances with eight sample chambers. Each wing contained 1 control sample and either 3 Dyract eXtra or 3 Spectrum TPH samples in contact with the enamel surface of a cylindrical enamel sample. Appliances were worn for 24 h a day for 28 d except during toothbrushing (twice daily) and placement in 10% sucrose solution (five times daily). A final QLF image was made after 28 d. Caries development was analyzed as the lesion area × mean fluorescence loss (,Q % mm2) between these and the baseline images using QLF subtract software. The median ,Q was significantly lower in the Dyract eXtra group (,6.1% mm2) than in the Spectrum TPH (,13.9% mm2, P , 0.001) or control (,11.4% mm2, P = 0.03) groups. Teeth in contact with the compomer developed less caries compared with controls. [source] Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in Electrical Machinery and Appliances in the United States: A Combined Industrial Organization and Location Theory ApproachASIAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 3 2000Jong-Il Choe We analyse the effects of both ownership and location advantages on the size of foreign direct investment, by combining industrial organization and location theory approaches. The estimated results employing a truncated distribution model show that the parent company's managerial resources and the external economies in a located region between them determine the FDI size of Japanese electrical machinery and appliances firms. This result suggests that empirical studies, applying only the industrial organization theory approach, need to be complemented by the location theory approach. [source] MONITORING BEHAVIOR WITH AN ARRAY OF SENSORSCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 4 2007Dorothy N. Monekosso The objective is to detect activities taking place in a home and to create a model of behavior for the occupant. A behavior is a pattern in the sequence of activities. An array of sensors captures the status of appliances. Models for the occupant's activities are built from the captured data using supervised and unsupervised learning techniques. The models of behavior are built using the hidden Markov model (HMM) technique. Predictive models can be used in a number of ways: to enhance user experience, to maximize resource usage efficiency, for safety and security. This work focuses on supporting independent living and enhancing quality of life of older persons. The ultimate goal is for the system to distinguish between normal and anomalous behavior. In this paper, we present the results of comparing supervised and unsupervised classification techniques applied to the problem of modeling activity for the purpose of modeling behavior in a home. [source] Evaluation of sixth grade primary schoolchildren's knowledge about avulsion and dental reimplantationDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Lithiene Ribeiro Castilho The avulsed tooth should be immediately reimplanted in its alveolus. This procedure can be performed by anyone at the accident site and not only by dental surgeons. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge of sixth graders of the city of Araçatuba, SP, about dental avulsion and tooth reimplantation through a structured and standardized survey. Our sample consisted of 778 students. The data collected was processed using the program epiinfo 2000. Most students were around 12 years of age and 94.5% related to practice some kind of sports. Results demonstrated that the possibility of tooth reimplantation after dental avulsion is not acknowledged among these students and dental traumatism was associated to caries, toothache, and use of orthodontic appliances. Only 18.9% of the students associated dental traumatism to an impact trauma; 3.6% would store the tooth in milk, and 3.1% believed the tooth could be reimplanted by anyone present at the accident site. In summary, the results show an overall the lack of knowledge about dental traumatism and highlight the need of special programs designed to educate school-aged students about emergency procedures to handle cases of dental traumatisms. [source] The esthetic outcome of autotransplanted premolars replacing maxillary incisorsDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2002Ewa Monika Czochrowska Abstract ,,,Autotransplantation of developing premolars to replace maxillary incisors has been documented to provide physiologically sound results, but comprehensive studies of the esthetic outcome have not been made previously. In order to assess the applicability of this approach and to identify factors important for planning of treatment, 22 autotransplanted premolars reshaped to incisor morphology were compared to their natural, contralateral maxillary incisors by scoring of features considered important for esthetics (color, soft tissue appearance, tooth morphology, and position). The sum of scores for each feature was used to place the reshaped transplant in one of three categories , Match, Deviate, Mismatch. The 22 patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire which addressed the same features that were examined professionally, and the responses were categorized as either Satisfied, Acceptable, or Dissatisfied. Eleven of the 22 patients had received orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances following the transplantation. Most of the transplanted premolars matched the contralateral incisor, and the majority of patients were satisfied with the appearance of the transplant. Fourteen percentage of the transplants were categorized as Mismatch and 18% of patients reported dissatisfaction. The distribution in categories assessed professionally and by the patients was not significantly different. The color and gingival width of the transplanted tooth were scored as different from the natural incisor in about half of the bilateral comparisons. For those teeth categorized professionally as Mismatch and by patients as Dissatisfied, a potential for esthetic improvement could be identified, as allocation to these categories was primarily due to suboptimal positioning and restorative build-up of the transplant. Inter-disciplinary planning is important for successful esthetic results. [source] Resource consumption and costs in Dutch patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 3 2002Results from 29 general practices Abstract Aims The aims of this study were to estimate the costs incurred by Dutch patients with Type 2 diabetes, examine which patient and/or treatment characteristics are associated with costs, and estimate the medical and non-medical costs of patients with Type 2 diabetes in The Netherlands. Methods Twenty-nine Dutch general practitioners provided information on all Type 2 diabetes patients in their practice (n = 1371), information on demography, clinical characteristics, treatment type, the presence of complications and the type and amount of medical consumption during the previous 6 months. Medical costs were analysed using multivariate linear regression. Estimates of costs seen in The Netherlands were based on these results plus information from other sources regarding costs of end-stage renal disease, appliances, travel and productivity loss. Results Although only 9% of patients were hospitalized within the previous 6 months, hospitalization costs represented one-third of the medical costs, drug costs 40% and ambulatory costs 26%. Patients using insulin, patients with macrovascular complications only or in combination with microvascular complications incurred higher medical costs than other patients. Age and hyperlipidaemia were also positively related to medical costs. When these results were combined with other data sources, we estimated that patients with Type 2 diabetes are responsible for £365 500 000 (1 271 000 000 guilders) or 3.4% of the relevant parts of health care costs in 1998. The non-medical costs (travel costs, productivity costs) are limited: 52 500 000 (183 000 000 guilders). Conclusions Independent determinants of the medical costs of Type 2 diabetes in The Netherlands include age, complications, insulin use and hyperlipidaemia. Diabet. Med. 19, 246,253 (2002) [source] Learner-control vs. program-control instructional multimedia: a comparison of two interactions when teaching principles of orthodontic appliancesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 4 2005M. Aly Abstract Background:, Many studies have compared computer assisted learning (CAL) to more traditional learning formats and have shown CAL to be as effective as or superior to the alternative resources. However, there are only scarce attempts to show which style of CAL leads to the best learning outcomes in orthodontics. Aim:, To compare the effectiveness of a learner-control (group A) vs. program-control (group B) multimedia learning environment courseware packages regarding knowledge, understanding and transfer of content when applied to teaching principles of orthodontic appliances to undergraduate students. Methods:, Pre- and post-test assessments of undergraduate dental students (n = 30) who either studied a learner-control multimedia learning environment courseware package (n = 15) or a program-control version (n = 15) on equivalent material of the orthodontic appliances curriculum. Both groups were evaluated by means of multiple-choice questions covering knowledge, understanding and application. A one-way ANOVA was carried out in order to check for statistical difference between the two groups. The P -value was set at 0.05. Results:, There was no difference in prior knowledge between both groups at baseline. Although, both groups significantly improved their scores after having studied the course, no significant difference was found between both groups in relation to answers to questions about knowledge, understanding and application. Conclusions:, In this study, the learner-control instructional multimedia program was found to be as effective as the program-control version when teaching principles of the orthodontic appliances to undergraduate students. The focus needs to be on improving the value of CAL. Comparative evaluations of how different CAL approaches compare with or complement one another are certainly needed. [source] Caries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2010M. H. Van Der Veen van der Veen MH, Attin R, Schwestka-Polly R, Wiechmann D. Caries outcomes after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: do lingual brackets make a difference? Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 298,303.©2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is considered a risk factor for the development of white spot caries lesions (WSL). Traditionally, brackets are bonded to the buccal surfaces. Lingual brackets are developing rapidly and have become more readily available. Buccal surfaces are considered to be more caries prone than lingual surfaces. Furthermore, lingual brackets are shaped to fit the morphology of the teeth and seal almost the entire surface. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that lingual brackets result in a lower caries incidence than buccal brackets. We tested this hypothesis using a split-mouth design where subjects were allocated randomly to a group receiving either buccal or lingual brackets on the maxillary teeth and the alternative bracket type in the mandible. The results indicate that buccal surfaces are more prone to WSL development, especially when WSL existed before treatment. The number of WSL that developed or progressed on buccal surfaces was 4.8 times higher than the number of WSL that developed or progressed on lingual surfaces. When measured using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), the increase in integrated fluorescence loss was 10.6 times higher buccally than lingually. We conclude that lingual brackets make a difference when caries lesion incidence is concerned. [source] Ability of different restorative materials to prevent in situ secondary caries: analysis by polarized light-microscopy and energy-dispersive X-rayEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2008Thaís Cachuté Paradella Secondary caries is the main cause of direct restoration replacement. The purpose of this study was to analyze enamel adjacent to different restorative materials after in situ cariogenic challenge using polarized-light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). Twelve volunteers, with a low level of dental plaque, a low level of mutans streptococci, and normal salivary flow, wore removable palatal acrylic appliances containing enamel specimens restored with Z250 composite, Freedom composite, Fuji IX glass-ionomer cement, or Vitremer resin-modified glass-ionomer for 14 days. Volunteers dripped one drop of 20% sucrose solution (n = 10) or distilled water (control group) onto each specimen 8 times per day. Specimens were removed from the appliances and submitted to PLM for examination of the lesion area (in mm2), followed by dehydration, gold-sputtering, and submission to SEM and EDS. The calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents were evaluated in weight per cent (%wt). Differences were found between Z250 and Vitremer, and between Z250 and FujiIX, when analyzed using PLM. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis results showed differences between the studied materials regarding Ca %wt. In conclusion, enamel adjacent to glass-ionomer cement presented a higher Ca %wt, but this material did not completely prevent enamel secondary caries under in situ cariogenic challenge. [source] Approximal caries development in surfaces in contact with fluoride-releasing and non-fluoride-releasing restorative materials: an in situ studyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 6 2007Áine M. Lennon This study investigated the effect of compomer on initial interproximal caries development. One-hundred and sixty cylindrical, and 40 semispherical, bovine enamel samples (control) were prepared, polished, and sterilized. Sixty semicircular samples were prepared from each of the compomer Dyract eXtra and the fluoride-free composite Spectrum TPH. Samples were stored in water and fluoridated twice daily for 28 d. A baseline quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) image was made of each cylindrical sample. Twenty volunteers received intra-oral appliances with eight sample chambers. Each wing contained 1 control sample and either 3 Dyract eXtra or 3 Spectrum TPH samples in contact with the enamel surface of a cylindrical enamel sample. Appliances were worn for 24 h a day for 28 d except during toothbrushing (twice daily) and placement in 10% sucrose solution (five times daily). A final QLF image was made after 28 d. Caries development was analyzed as the lesion area × mean fluorescence loss (,Q % mm2) between these and the baseline images using QLF subtract software. The median ,Q was significantly lower in the Dyract eXtra group (,6.1% mm2) than in the Spectrum TPH (,13.9% mm2, P , 0.001) or control (,11.4% mm2, P = 0.03) groups. Teeth in contact with the compomer developed less caries compared with controls. [source] Adaptation of normal and hypofunctional masseter muscle after bite-raising in growing ratsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 6 2000Andrea Bresin The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of prolonged muscular elongation induced by bite-raising on the length of the muscle belly, sarcomeres and aponeurosis of the anterior deep masseter in the growing rat. Another aim was to determine the role of different functional conditions of this muscle in the adaptation process. Ninety-six young male rats were split into two groups: one was fed a hard diet and the other a soft diet to develop different functional capacities in the masticatory muscles. After 2 wk, half of the rats in both groups were fitted with an appliance that raised the bite by 2 mm. The measurements on the muscles were performed in situ. The insertion of the appliance stretched the anterior masseter muscle. After 4 wk, the vertical dentoskeletal dimension, the muscle belly, and the sarcomeres showed no difference in length among the groups. However, the aponeurosis was longer in the rats wearing the appliance compared to the controls, and among the bite block groups it was longer in the rats fed a hard diet. Length adaptation occurred in the aponeurosis. Clinically this may imply a need for reactivation of functional appliances to increase their efficiency, at a rate possibly depending on masseter muscles functional condition. [source] Residential Energy Consumption: 1987 to 1997FAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 3 2002Becky L. Yust The purpose of this study was to examine energy-conserving practices and consumption from 1987 to 1997 using a human ecosystem framework. Research on energy consumption and practices at the household level has been minimal in recent years. Factors that influence household energy consumption were examined, including climate, demographic characteristics of the households, housing characteristics including weatherization features and appliances, and occupant behaviors. This study was a secondary analysis of data compiled by the Energy Information Administration from the 1987, 1990, 1993, and 1997 Residential Energy Consumption Surveys and included only owner-occupied, single-family detached residences. Based on multiple regression analyses, more than 30% of the household energy consumption was accounted for by the variables representing the environments of the human ecosystem. [source] Technical evolution of permanent magnet synchronous motors for home appliancesIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2007Yukio Honda Member No abstract is available for this article. [source] Measured concentrations of combustion gases from the use of unvented gas fireplacesINDOOR AIR, Issue 5 2010P. W. Francisco Abstract, Measurements of combustion product concentrations were taken in 30 homes where unvented gas fireplaces were used. Measurements of CO, CO2, NOx, NO2, O2 (depletion), and water vapor were taken at 1-min interval. The analyzers were calibrated with certified calibration gases for each placement and were in operation for 3,4 days at each home. Measured concentrations were compared to published health-based standards and guidelines. The two combustion gases that exceeded published values were NO2 and CO. For NO2, the Health Canada guideline of 250 ppb (1-h average) was exceeded in about 43% of the sample and the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 110 ppb (1-h average) was exceeded in 80% of the sample. Carbon monoxide levels exceeded the U.S. EPA 8-h average standard of 9 ppm in 20% of the sample. Moisture problems were not evident in the test homes. An analysis of the distribution of CO showed that the CO is dispersed throughout the home almost immediately upon operation of the fireplace and that the concentrations throughout the home away from the immediate vicinity of the fireplace are 70,80% of the level near the fireplace. Decay analysis of the combustion gases showed that NO was similarly stable to CO and CO2 in the indoor environment but that both NO2 and water vapor were removed from the air at much greater rates. Practical Implications Previous studies on unvented gas fireplaces have made assumptions of how they are operated by users. This article presents the results of field monitoring of 30 unvented gas fireplaces under normal operation, regardless of whether users follow industry recommendations regarding installation, usage patterns, and maintenance. The monitoring found that health-based standards and guidelines were exceeded for CO in 20% of homes and for NO2 in most homes. There were no identified moisture problems in these homes. Nearly, half of the fireplaces were used at least once for longer than 2 h, counter to manufacturers' intended usage as supplemental heating. This demonstrates that given actual usage patterns and compared to current health-based thresholds, these appliances can produce indoor air concentrations considered to be unhealthy to at least sensitive or at-risk individuals. [source] Broadband consumer electronics networking and automationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 1 2004Th. Zahariadis Abstract Although a critical mass of households worldwide have access to the information superhighway, the broadband consumer networking and automation market is still evolving very slowly. Two reasons may be identified for this delay. The first one is related to the lack of broadband home data networks. Consumer electronics networks either do not exist at all or they are not able to support multimedia communications. The second reason is the large variety of ad hoc consortia or (un-)authorized standardization bodies that have been defining independent, in many cases non-interoperable specifications for residential networks. In this paper, we analyse and compare some of the most widely accepted, foreseen or advanced current and future broadband consumer electronics networking technologies able to support home automation and multimedia in-home appliances. Technologies and standards are categorized in three groups based on their physical medium requirements. Moreover, we discuss technologies that are independent of the lower layers, and aim to provide convergence between multiple in-home and access networks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Orthodontic considerations for gingival health during pregnancy: a reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 1 2010PM Mukherjee Abstract:, Gingivitis is caused by several known systemic and local factors. Among systemic factors, the role of hormonal changes during pregnancy is well established. While presence of fixed orthodontic appliances alone may not cause gingivitis, factors such as pregnancy and poor oral hygiene combined together could precipitate acute gingival inflammation that may progress to a periodontal condition in a patient receiving orthodontic therapy. There has been an increase in the number of adult patients who are receiving orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic appliances could act as a potential plaque retentive source and aggravate inflammatory reactions that are seen during pregnancy. There is a lack of awareness regarding oral healthcare issues among patients who are pregnant and choose to seek orthodontic treatment. In addition, there is a need in the literature to outline management guidelines for patients who want to receive orthodontic treatment during pregnancy, with or without pre-existing gingival conditions. This review focuses on the aetiology of pregnancy gingivitis and the management of orthodontic patients during pregnancy. Our emphasis is on patient education, oral hygiene maintenance, preventive and treatment strategies for the management of gingival health in orthodontic patients during pregnancy. We also highlight some of the possible complications of initiating orthodontic treatment during pregnancy. [source] Characterization of the electrical energy consumption of a building for the dimensioning of a solar-hydrogen energy systemINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 11 2010S. Véjar Abstract The photovoltaic (PV) applications where the dimensioning is effected through the daily energy balance criteria obtained by the estimation of the energy consumption depending on the power and time of use of the electrical apparatus are limited to autonomous PV systems with well-defined end use. Applications where one would like to electrify complex end use, such as office buildings, schools, hospitals, laboratories, residential units, etc., quantifying the daily energy consumption is difficult mainly due to two aspects. First, there will be great number of a variety of electrical appliances and second the proportionate electrical consumption of each one of them is unpredictable. For this reason it is necessary to establish a methodology that permits one to quantify precisely the daily energy consumption pattern to predict the energetic functioning of the PV system whose size may be determined by this procedure. In this work we describe a methodology for the energetic quantification of the installed equipments by using a Power Quality Analyzer to obtain the historical global energy consumption, daily energy consumption (kWh,day,1, kVAh,day,1) and the energy quality for the dimensioning of the PV system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Impact of energy efficiency upgrade retrofits on the residential energy consumption in CanadaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2001Burak Guler Abstract The impact of various energy efficiency upgrade scenarios on the annual energy consumption of the Canadian housing stock is assessed using the Canadian Residential Energy End-use Model (CREEM). The energy efficiency upgrade scenarios that are considered include major retrofits, such as the improvement of the house envelope by adding insulation, and the replacement of the existing heating system and appliances by higher efficiency units, as well as minor retrofits, such as lighting fixture, thermostat, showerhead and aerator upgrades that reduce energy consumption. The economic feasibility of each upgrade was assessed using the indicator ,energy savings per dollar investment'. The results indicate that the energy savings potential of the retrofits is rather small, resulting in savings of 0,8 per cent of the total energy consumption of the Canadian housing stock. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Metallurgical characterization, galvanic corrosion, and ionic release of orthodontic brackets coupled with Ni-Ti archwiresJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2007Myrsini S. Darabara Abstract In orthodontics, a combination of metallic alloys is placed into the oral cavity during medical treatment and thus the corrosion resistance and ionic release of these appliances is of vital importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the elemental composition, microstructure, hardness, corrosion properties, and ionic release of commercially available orthodontic brackets and Copper Ni-Ti archwires. Following the assessment of the elemental composition of the orthodontic wire (Copper Ni-TiÔ) and the six different brackets (Micro Loc, Equilibrium, OptiMESHXRT, Gemini, Orthos2, and Rematitan), cyclic polarization curves were obtained for each material to estimate the susceptibility of each alloy to pitting corrosion in 1M lactic acid. Galvanic corrosion between the orthodontic wire and each bracket took place in 1M lactic acid for 28 days at 37°C and then the ionic concentration of Nickel and Chromium was studied. The orthodontic wire is made up from a Ni-Ti alloy with copper additions, while the orthodontic brackets are manufactured by different stainless steel grades or titanium alloys. All tested wires and brackets with the exception of Gemini are not susceptible to pitting corrosion. In galvanic corrosion, following exposure for 28 days, the lowest potential difference (,250 mV) appears for the orthodontic wire Copper Ni-Ti and the bracket made up from pure titanium (Rematitan) or from the stainless steel AISI 316 grade (Micro Loc). Following completion of the galvanic corrosion experiments, measurable quantities of chromium and nickel ions were found in the residual lactic acid solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006 [source] Health interventions and satisfaction with services: a comparative study of urinary incontinence sufferers living in two health authorities in EnglandJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 5 2000Brenda Roe PhD, FRSH ,,This comparative study found that significantly more people with severe incontinence had contacted a health professional than had those with slight to moderate incontinence (P=0.00008). There was a significant linear trend towards people with severe incontinence seeing a health professional (P=0.00007). ,,The majority of people who were incontinent had not been asked to complete a bladder chart, which is an essential requirement for assessment and diagnosis of the type of incontinence and the subsequent health interventions that are offered. ,,Significantly more people in the health authority with an established continence advisory service had completed a bladder chart, had received physiotherapy and currently undertook pelvic floor muscle exercises than did those in the health authority without a continence service. ,,The majority of sufferers did not use any aids or appliances. Of those who did use incontinence aids, a majority bought their own. There was a significant linear trend for increased pad usage with increasing severity of incontinence (P=0.0003). ,,Significantly more people in the health authority with the continence service were satisfied with their healthcare and services, while more of those in the health authority without a service were unsatisfied (P=0.005). Significantly more people in the health authority without a service felt that healthcare and services could be improved (P=0.00001). ,,Significantly more people with severe incontinence were dissatisfied with services than were those with slight to moderate incontinence (P=0.01). [source] Orthodontic movement after periodontal regeneration of class II furcation: a pilot study in dogsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Vanessa Camila Da Silva Abstract Purpose: The effect of orthodontic movement on the periodontal tissues of maxillary second pre-molars, after regenerative treatment for class II furcations, was evaluated in four mongrel dogs. Material and Methods: Class II furcation lesions were created. After 75 days they were treated with bovine bone mineral matrix and guided tissue regeneration with absorbable membrane. After 2 months of daily plaque control, each of the dog's furcation pre-molars was randomly assigned to a test or control group. Orthodontic appliances were placed on both sides of the maxilla using third pre-molars and canines as anchorages. In the test group, bodily orthodontic movement of the second pre-molars was performed in the mesial direction for 3 months while control pre-molars remained unmoved. The dogs were sacrificed for histometric and histologic analyses. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in total bone and biomaterial areas or linear extension of periodontal regeneration on the radicular surfaces. In the test group, however, there was a tendency to a greater quantity of bone and a lesser quantity of biomaterial. Conclusion: The orthodontic movement was not pre-judicial to the results obtained with the regenerative periodontal treatment. [source] TOOTH WHITENING IN CHILDRENJOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 6 2005K.J. Donly ABSTRACT Objective: This clinical study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of tooth whitening in children and adolescents, using a marketed, tray- based tooth-whitening system and a disposable polyethylene strip system. Materials and Methods: A study population of 106 children and adolescents, ages 11 to 18 years, participated in this study. There were 61 girls and 45 boys, with a mean age of 14.7 years. Subjects were divided into two experimental treatment groups, the groups being balanced with respect to demographic characteristics and baseline tooth color. All subjects had to have all permanent anterior teeth erupted, a baseline Vita shade (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) score of A2 or darker, and the desire to whiten their teeth. One experimental group included 71 subjects who used a 6.5% hydrogen peroxide strip system (Crest Whitestrips Professional Strength, Procter & Gamble, Mason, OH, USA) for 30 minutes twice daily. The other experimental group included 35 subjects who used a 10% carbamide peroxide tray system (Opalescence, Ultradent Products, South Jordan, UT, USA) overnight. Subjects who had previously vital bleached their teeth, exhibited apparent caries or periodontal problems, had orthodontic appliances or anterior restorations, or reported dentin hypersensitivity were excluded. The study population was treated in two separate cohorts, by two independent investigations, to minimize the effects of examiner bias. Digital images were collected for all subjects at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks, with the maxillary and mandibular arches being treated separately for 4-week intervals. An oral examination was conducted at baseline and at all recall intervals. Subjects reported any adverse events in interviews. Color change was calculated from digital images where L* indicated lightness, a* redness, and b* yellowness. Comparisons between the two experimental groups were made using a two-sided analysis of covariance with a 5% significance level. Results: Both experimental systems exhibited significant (p < .001) tooth-whitening improvement relative to the baseline. Color change was greater in the maxillary teeth than in the mandibular teeth for both systems evaluated. The color change for maxillary teeth was not significantly different between the two systems evaluated; however, the tray system demonstrated significantly (p < .05) greater toothwhitening effectiveness for the mandibular teeth. Both treatment regimens were well tolerated. Minor tooth sensitivity and oral irritation were the most commonly reported adverse events, being reported by 49% of the subjects assigned to the strip group and 43% of the subjects in the tray group. All reported that adverse events were relieved immediately upon discontinuance of product use. Conclusion: The 6.5% hydrogen peroxide gel strips and the 10% carbamide peroxide gel delivered overnight in customized trays effectively whitened teeth, and both treatment regimens were well tolerated. [source] Life Cycle Cost Disclosure, Consumer Behavior, and Business ImplicationsJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Evidence From an Online Field Experiment Summary Comprehensive assessments of final consumption have identified "housing" as a major contributor to total environmental impacts. Within this category, electrical-energy-using products are important. Do consumers opt for more energy-efficient household appliances if they are provided with life cycle cost (LCC),that is, the sum of purchase price and operating cost estimated over the life span of the appliance? And what consequences does LCC disclosure have for business? Physical energy figures shown on appliance labels may be cognitively demanding for consumers, whereas monetary information promises to simplify the decision problem. Despite the rising interest in monetary cost disclosure, its effectiveness relative to physical cost disclosure has not been rigorously evaluated. This research approached the question of effectiveness with an online field experiment for washing machines. Customers of a commercially operating online shop were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group was provided with regular product price information; the treatment group received additional LCC information. A total of 2,065 clicks were recorded and analyzed with multiple regression that controlled for several product characteristics. The evidence suggests that LCC disclosure decreases the mean specific energy use of chosen washing machines by 0.8% (p < 0.01) and their mean specific water use by 0.7% (p < 0.05). As to business implications, LCC disclosure had no effect on the indicator of retail volume, which makes it unattractive for retailers to provide LCC on their own initiative. [source] Smart Labels for Waste and Resource ManagementJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2008An Integrated Assessment Summary This article explores the potential of RFID (radio frequency identification device) for improving the current waste and resource management system in Switzerland. It presents the following three possible options for utilizing RFID tags to support waste management processes: "at source automation" (using a "smart" trash can), "end of pipe I" (combination of the current system with an additional separation of recyclables before incineration), and "end of pipe II" (replacement of the current recycling infrastructure by sorting at the incineration plant). These options tackle the waste and resource management chain during different processes (i.e., waste generation, waste separation, and treatment). Based on an MFA (material flow analysis), we performed a multicriteria assessment of these options with experts from the waste management sector. The assessment of ten experts in the waste management field regarding the proposed options for batteries and electrical appliances showed that, from an ecological perspective, the implementation of RFID in waste management would be desirable and would lead to an improvement in the current recycling rate in Switzerland for the goods studied. From an economic perspective, new investments would be required in the range of 1 to 5 times the maintenance costs of the current separate collection system. From a social perspective, the utilization of RFID tags in the waste management process was ambiguous. In particular, the end of pipe II option would, on the one hand, significantly improve convenience for consumers. On the other hand, experts see privacy and, what is more, social responsibility as being under threat. The experts considered the ecological and social aspects to be more relevant than the economic ones, preferring the end of pipe I option over the other options and the status quo. [source] Management of TMD: evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analysesJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 6 2010T. LIST Summary, This systematic review (SR) synthesises recent evidence and assesses the methodological quality of published SRs in the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Bandolier databases for 1987 to September 2009. Two investigators evaluated the methodological quality of each identified SR using two measurement tools: the assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR) and level of research design scoring. Thirty-eight SRs met inclusion criteria and 30 were analysed: 23 qualitative SRs and seven meta-analyses. Ten SRs were related to occlusal appliances, occlusal adjustment or bruxism; eight to physical therapy; seven to pharmacologic treatment; four to TMJ and maxillofacial surgery; and six to behavioural therapy and multimodal treatment. The median AMSTAR score was 6 (range 2,11). Eighteen of the SRs were based on randomised clinical trials (RCTs), three were based on case,control studies, and nine were a mix of RCTs and case series. Most SRs had pain and clinical measures as primary outcome variables, while few SRs reported psychological status, daily activities, or quality of life. There is some evidence that the following can be effective in alleviating TMD pain: occlusal appliances, acupuncture, behavioural therapy, jaw exercises, postural training, and some pharmacological treatments. Evidence for the effect of electrophysical modalities and surgery is insufficient, and occlusal adjustment seems to have no effect. One limitation of most of the reviewed SRs was that the considerable variation in methodology between the primary studies made definitive conclusions impossible. [source] Computerized axiography in TMD patients before and after therapy with ,function generating bites'JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 2 2008M. G. PIANCINO Summary, The study evaluates the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movements of patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) before and after therapy with the functional appliances of the ,function generating bite' (FGB) type. Thirty subjects suffering from TMD were selected and divided into two groups: group A (young patients: four males, nine females, mean age ± standard deviation: 13·3 ± 1·5 years); group B (adults: three males, 14 females, mean age ± standard deviation: 23·2 ± 4·4 years). A control group comprised 13 healthy subjects with perfect normal occlusion, TMD-free, was matched for age and sex with patient groups and was examined at T0 and after 12 months (T1). Computerized axiography was performed before and after therapy (average 13 months) with FGBs to evaluate any difference in condyle border movements. Results showed a statistically significant improvement after treatment, for groups A and B, in length, clicks, tracings with normal morphology, superimposition, deviations, regularity and return to starting position and speed (statistical analysis: chi-squared test) except for the symmetry of tracings which was significantly improved only for the young patient group. No statistically significant differences at time T0/T1 were found in the control group. In conclusion, the study shows that the TMJ tracings of TMD patients before and after therapy with ,FGB' significantly improve especially in young patients. FGB may be a useful appliance to improve TMJ function in young and adult TMD patients requiring orthodontic treatment. [source] Initial biofilm formation of Streptococcus sobrinus on various orthodontics appliancesJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 11 2004D. Steinberg summary, Biofilms accumulate on hard and soft surface in the oral cavity. Accumulation of biofilms on orthodontic appliance bear scientific and clinical interest. The objection of this study was to examine the formation of dental biofilm by Streptococcus sobrinus on different types of orthodontics appliances, using a model consisting of host and bacterial constituents. The adsorption pattern of saliva to the orthodontics appliances was determined by means of gel electrophoresis coupled with computerized densitometry techniques. The amount of salivary proteins adsorbed onto the surfaces was measured using the Bradford method. Sucrose-dependent bacterial adhesion to the saliva-coated orthodontics appliances was tested by radioactive-labelled S. sobrinus. Our results show different adsorption patterns of salivary proteins to the various orthodontic appliances as modules, brackets, springs and intra oral elastics. Modules and brackets demonstrated the most affinity to salivary proteins. A surface dependent adhesion profile was recorded, showing a high affinity of albumin and amylase to modules. Bacterial accumulation was the highest on modules compared with springs which demonstrated the least bacterial adhesion. Our study demonstrates the specificity of biofilm formation on the different orthodontic appliances. Formation of a variety of dental biofilms has a significant impact on the progression of dental diseases associated with orthodontic treatment. [source] Effects of interocclusal appliances on EMG activity during parafunctional tooth contactJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 6 2003A. L. Roark summary, To test the hypothesis that a flat plane interocclusal appliance affects the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the temporalis and masseter muscles in pain-free individuals, maxillary splints were fabricated for 20 individuals who reported no history, signs or symptoms of myofascial pain or arthralgia as determined by two trained, independent examiners. Subjects were instructed to establish light tooth contact, maximum clenching, and moderate clenching with/without the splint in place (as determined by random assignment) while EMG data from the left and right temporalis and masseter muscles were recorded. A 5-min biofeedback training session to relax the masticatory muscles was followed by a repetition of the tooth contact/clenching tasks with/without the splint in place. With the splint in place, the activity of the temporalis muscles decreased for all tasks, significantly for the left and right temporalis under maximal clenching and for the right temporalis under moderate clenching. In contrast, the activity of the masseter muscles increased under light and moderate clenching (significantly for the left masseter under moderate clenching) and decreased slightly under maximal clenching. The effectiveness of interocclusal appliances may be due to mechanisms other than redistribution of adverse loading. [source] Palatal plate of different designs for the suppression of masseter muscle activity during sleep.JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 9 2002A challenge to the concept of placebo splint Several designs of palatal appliance have been reported for the treatment of craniomandibular disorders. However, the effect of these appliances has not yet been fully clarified. This study aimed to reveal the effect of palatal appliances of different design on masseter muscle activity during sleep. Four volunteers (three women and one man, mean age 36·0 years) were used in this study. For each subject, four different types of palatal appliances were used. The palatal appliances were (1) horse shoe type (1 mm thick), (2) thin appliance which covered the whole palate (1 mm thick), (3) thick appliance which filled the palatal concavity and (4) appliance with half the thickness of the third appliance. These appliances were worn for 1 week in a randomized sequence with 1-week interval between each appliance. Right masseter muscle EMG was recorded three nights per week at home. The EMG signal longer than 0·25 s was classified as a burst and a signal shorter than 0·25 s was classified as a brief burst of fragmentary myoclonus (FM). Mean number of burst per hour for four subjects were 7·99 ± 7·32, 3·52 ± 1·95, 5·90 ± 3·99, 2·87 ± 2·87 and 9·96 ± 6·02 for base line, appliance 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Mean number of FM per hour were 136·86 ± 69·88, 90·53 ± 41·19, 99·49 ± 39·29, 71·66 ± 24·66 and 144·39 ± 42·97, respectively. From these results, it was suggested that the thick palatal appliance suppressed the masseter muscle activity during sleep most effectively. Also, the results for appliance 4 questioned the concept of placebo effect for non-occlusal appliances. [source] Variation in masticatory muscle activity during subsequent, submaximal clenching effortsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 6 2002F. Lobbezoo In previous studies to the relative contribution of the jaw closing muscles to the maintenance of submaximal clenching levels, a considerable variation in the electromyography (EMG) activities of these muscles during subsequent efforts was found. In this study, it was examined to what extent this variation could be explained by coincidental variations in mandibular positioning. From seven healthy individuals, a total of 90 EMG sweeps was recorded: three conditions (intercuspal position and two types of stabilization appliances) × three clenching levels (10, 30 and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction level) × 10 repetitions. Mandibular position was monitored with a six degrees of freedom opto-electronic jaw movement recording system. Variations in mandibular positioning during subsequent, submaximal clenching efforts explained up to 25% of the variance in the indices that quantify the relative contribution of the jaw closing muscles to the total clenching effort (P=0·000; ANOVA). Only a weak dependency of positioning upon clenching condition was found whereas during higher clenching levels, the positioning effect tended to be smaller than during lower levels. In conclusion small, coincidental variations in mandibular positioning during subsequent clenching efforts partly explain the variance in EMG activity of jaw closing muscles, especially at lower clenching levels. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||