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Median Income (median + income)
Selected AbstractsSTRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND HOMICIDE: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE BLACK-WHITE GAP IN KILLINGS,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2003MARÍA B. VÉLEZ This paper examines the relationship between race and violent crime by directly modeling the racial gap in homicide offending for large central cities for 1990. We evaluate the role of black-white differences in aspects of both disadvantage and resources in explaining which places have wider racial disparities in lethal violence. The results show that where residential segregation is higher, and where whites' levels of homeownership, median income, college graduation, and professional workers exceed those for blacks to a greater degree, African Americans have much higher levels of homicide offending than whites. Based on these results, we conclude that the racial homicide gap is better explained by the greater resources that exist among whites than by the higher levels of disadvantage among blacks. [source] Stuart London's standard of living: re-examining the Settlement of Tithes of 1638 for rents, income, and povertyECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2010WILLIAM C. BAER The Settlement of Tithes of 1638 can be tested for biases in its London rents. Even so, it proves to be a relatively good source for seventeenth-century London, and for calculating associated median and mean rents, as well as a Gini coefficient of inequality for the distribution of resources. Through other evidence in the Settlement, rent/income ratios for London can be approximated, and from them estimates made of London's median income. Median rents and income also allow estimates of the percentage of Londoners in poverty. Though the last is inevitably disputable, the estimate holds up well to testing by other evidence. [source] Distribution, Inequality and Concentration of Incomeamong Older Immigrants in CanadaINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 1 2000K.G. Basavarajappa While there are many studies on differences in earnings between immigrants and the native-born or among immigrant groups, they do not consider distribution and concentration of income among immigrants explicitly. These aspects are important for understanding the distribution of economic welfare and consumer behaviour among members and hence are policy relevant. Using the 1991 Census data, the distribution and concentration of incomehave been examined among 15 broad birthplace groups for population aged55 years and over. About 19 per cent of males and 15 per cent of femalesreceive less than half the median income and obtain 5 per cent and 3 per centof the aggregate income respectively. About 30 per cent of males and29 per cent of females receive more than one and half times the medianincome and obtain 61 per cent and 59 per cent of aggregate incomerespectively. About 51 per cent of males and 56 per cent of females whoreceive incomes between half and one and half times the median income aretermed middle-class and their shares of aggregate income amount to 34 and38 per cent respectively. Although older immigrants aged 55 years and over, as a group, have roughlythe same quartile distribution and concentration of income as theirCanadian-born counterparts, the birthplace groups differ considerably. Those from the developing regions, that is, the groups that have loweraverage annual incomes, also have more inequitable distribution of incomethan the Canadian-born or their counterparts from the developed regions. Thus, income distribution is more polarized in populations from developingregions than in populations from developed regions or in the Canadian-bornpopulation. On average, females receive 45 per cent less income than males, and thereis less polarization of income among them than among males regardless ofthe place of birth. A part of the explanation lies in the receipt of government transfers, whichtend to equalize rather than polarize incomes, and older women derive ahigher proportion of their income from government transfers than older men. [source] Epidemiology of Medicare Abuse: The Example of Power WheelchairsJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 2 2007James S. Goodwin MD OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of neighborhood ethnic composition on power wheelchair prescriptions. DESIGN: The 5% noncancer sample of Medicare recipients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database, from 1994 to 2001. SETTING: SEER regions. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals covered by Medicare living in SEER regions without a cancer diagnosis. MEASUREMENTS: Individual characteristics (age, sex, ethnicity, justifying diagnosis, and comorbidity), primary diagnoses, neighborhood characteristics (percentage black, percentage Hispanic, percentage with <12 years education, and median income), and SEER region. RESULTS: The rate of power wheelchair prescriptions was 33 times greater in 2001 than in 1994, with a shift over time from justifying diagnoses more closely tied to mobility impairment, such as strokes, to less-specific medical diagnoses, such as osteoarthritis. In multilevel, multivariate analyses, individuals living in neighborhoods with higher percentages of blacks or Hispanics were more likely to receive power wheelchairs (odds ratios=1.09 for each 10% increase in black residents and 1.23 for each 10% increase in Hispanic residents) after controlling for ethnicity and other characteristics at the individual level. CONCLUSION: These results support allegations that marketers promoting power wheelchairs have specifically targeted minority neighborhoods. [source] Tobacco sales in community pharmacies: remote decisions and demographic targetsJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Cory M. Morton This study applied multilevel modeling procedures with data from 678 community pharmacies and 382 residential census tracts in a Midwestern U.S. state to determine if two sets of variables: retail type (e.g., remotely owned, independently owned) and population demographics of the tracts in which outlets were located were associated with retail tobacco availability in community pharmacies. Data were derived from three archival sources: listings of all retailers in Iowa who obtained tobacco licenses in year 2003; all pharmacies registered with the Iowa Board of Pharmacy in 2003; and year 2000 census data. Refuting previous research, multilevel logistic regression results of this study demonstrate that population demographics, as well as retail type, significantly predict whether a community pharmacy sold tobacco. Pharmacies selling tobacco were more likely to be remotely owned outlets and located in areas with higher percentages of African American residents and higher median income. Implications for environmentally focused prevention interventions are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Determinants of economic well-being among U.S. farm operator householdsAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2007Hisham S. El-Osta Farm households; Composite measure of economic well-being; ARMS data Abstract Participation in government programs has a mild impact on the economic well-being of U.S. farm households. Major factors that determine farm household prosperity are the primary operator's education level and ethnicity, education level of the spouse, and other characteristics such as forward purchasing of inputs, use of contract shipping of products, having a succession plan, farm ownership, and location in a metro area. This article uses the 2001 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) as well as relative and an absolute measure to assess U.S. farm households' economic well-being. The relative measure compares the income and wealth position of farm households relative to median income and median wealth of the general population. The absolute measure adds annualized wealth to a farm household's income. [source] Income Growth and Earnings Variations in New Zealand, 1998,2004THE AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2006Dean Hyslop This article analyses changes in the distributions of working-age individuals' earnings and total income in New Zealand over the period 1998,2004. We find that there have been broad gains in income across the distribution, suggesting the spoils of growth have been shared widely. Mean and median earnings increased 15 and 23 per cent respectively, while mean and median income increased 12,13 per cent. Inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was more stable: earnings inequality fell 4 per cent, while income inequality was unchanged. The main drivers of the changes were employment and real wage growth. We estimate that roughly one-half of the growth in average incomes was due to employment growth, and one-quarter each to demographic changes and wage growth. The relative employment and wage contributions varied across the income distribution: employment growth dominated gains at the lower end of the distribution, while wage gains dominated changes at the higher end. [source] What Really Happened to Child Poverty in the UK under Labour's First Term?*THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 488 2003Mike Brewer Child poverty in Britain fell in Labour's first term, though by much less than micro-simulation exercises suggested. Nonetheless, the decline is statistically significant, and is greater if measured just in the last 6 months of 2000/1, rather than the whole year. The decline also proves robust to the choice of poverty line, although that which the Government has emphasised (60% of contemporary income) shows a somewhat bigger drop than any other than any other poverty line that is a fraction of median income. Among those who remain poor, the average shortfall in measured income below the poverty line has increased since 1996/7. Looking ahead, the methodology currently used in official poverty statistics may limit the potential to reduce child poverty significantly further. [source] Impact of Rural Residence on Survival of Male Veterans Affairs Patients After Age 65THE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2010Todd A. MacKenzie PhD Abstract Objectives: More than 1 in 5 Veterans Affairs (VA) users lives in a rural setting. Rural veterans face different barriers to health care than their urban counterparts, but their risk of death relative to their urban counterparts is unknown. The objective of our study was to compare survival between rural and urban VA users. Methods: We linked the Large Health Survey of Veteran Enrollees conducted in 1999 to the Veterans Administration vital status registry. We used time-to-event regression models controlling for patient race, education, ZIP-code median income, and marital and smoking status. Findings: Of the 372,463 male veterans of age 65 or greater, 80,931 lived in rural settings. Age-adjusted mortality was 5.9% higher (95% CI, 4.5%-7.2%) in rural residents compared to urban residents. After adjusting for age, education, and ZIP-code median income, rural residents had 3.0% lower mortality (95% CI, 1.5%-4.4%). Compared to urban and suburban VA users, rural VA users' mortality at age 65 was 12% lower, but this advantage gradually diminished by age 75. Conclusion: Mortality after the age of 65 for male VA users is higher in rural dwellers than in urban dwellers. However, among veterans of the same socioeconomic characteristics, rural-dwelling veterans have up to 15% better mortality than urban-dwelling veterans until the age of 75. [source] High School Census Tract Information Predicts Practice in Rural and Minority CommunitiesTHE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2005Susan Hughes MS ABSTRACT: Purpose: Identify census-derived characteristics of residency graduates' high school communities that predict practice in rural, medically underserved, and high minority-population settings. Methods: Cohort study of 214 graduates of the University of California, San Francisco-Fresno Family Practice Residency Program (UCSF-Fresno) from its establishment in 1970 through 2000. Rural-urban commuting area code; education, racial, and ethnic distribution; median income; population; and federal designation as a medically underserved area were collected for census tracts of each graduate's (1) high school address and (2) practice location. Findings: Twenty-one percent of graduates practice in rural areas, 28% practice in areas with high proportions of minority population (high minority areas), and 35% practice in federally designated medically underserved areas. Graduation from high school in a rural census tract was associated with rural practice (P <.01). Of those practicing in a rural site, 32% graduated from a rural high school, as compared with 11% of nonrural practitioners. Graduation from high school in a census tract with a higher proportion of minorities was associated with practice in a proportionally high minority community (P =.01). For those practicing in a high-minority setting, the median minority percentage of the high school census tract was 31%, compared with 16% for people not practicing in a high minority area. No characteristics of the high school census tract were predictive of practice in a medically underserved area. Conclusion: Census data from the residency graduate's high school predicted rural practice and practice in a proportionally high minority community, but not in a federally designated medically underserved area. [source] | ||||||||||||||||