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Mean Survival Time (mean + survival_time)
Selected AbstractsNonparametric Modeling of the Mean Survival Time in a Multi-factor Design Based on Randomly Right-Censored DataBIOMETRICAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2004M. H. Rahbar Abstract Statistical procedures and methodology for assessment of interventions or treatments based on medical data often involves complexities due to incompleteness of the available data as a result of drop out or the inability of complete follow up until the endpoint of interest. In this article we propose a nonparametric regression model based on censored data when we are concerned with investigation of the simultaneous effects of the two or more factors. Specifically, we will assess the effect of a treatment (dose) and a covariate (e.g., age categories) on the mean survival time of subjects assigned to combinations of the levels of these factors. The proposed method allows for varying levels of censorship in the outcome among different groups of subjects at different levels of the independent variables (factors). We derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimators of the parameters in our model, which then allows for statistical inference. Finally, through a simulation study we assess the effect of the censoring rates on the standard error of these types of estimators. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Spontaneous Feline Hypertension: Clinical and Echocardiographic Abnormalities, and Survival RateJOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2003Valerie Chetboul Systemic hypertension was diagnosed in 58 of 188 untreated cats referred for evaluation of suspected hypertension-associated ocular, neurologic, cardiorespiratory, and urinary disease, or diseases frequently associated with hypertension (hyperthyroidism and chronic renal failure). Hypertensive cats were significantly older than normotensive subjects (13.0 ± 3.5 years versus 9.6 ± 5.0 years; P < .01), and had a greater prevalence of retinal lesions (48 versus 3%; P < .001), gallop rhythm (16 versus 0%; P < .001), and polyuria-polydipsia (53 versus 29%; P < .01). Blood pressure was significantly higher (P < .001) in cats with retinopathies (262 ± 34 mm Hg) than in other hypertensive animals (221 ± 34 mm Hg). Hypertensive cats had a thicker interventricular septum (5.8 ± 1.7 versus 3.7 ± 0.64 mm; P < .001) and left ventricular free wall (6.2 ± 1.6 versus 4.1 ± 0.51 mm; P < .001) and a reduced diastolic left ventricular internal diameter (13.5 ± 3.2 versus 15.8 ± 0.72 mm; P < .001) than control cats. Left ventricular geometry was abnormal in 33 of 39 hypertensive subjects. No significant difference was found in age or blood pressure at the initial visit between cats that died or survived over a 9-month period after initial diagnosis of hypertension. Mean survival times were not significantly different between hypertensive cats with normal and abnormal left ventricular patterns. Further prospective studies are needed to clearly identify the factors involved in survival time in hypertensive cats. [source] Simultaneous administration of a low-dose mixture of donor bone marrow cells and splenocytes plus adenovirus containing the CTLA4Ig gene result in stable mixed chimerism and long-term survival of cardiac allograft in ratsIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Yongzhu Jin Summary T-cell costimulatory blockade combined with donor bone marrow transfusion may induce mixed chimerism, rendering robust tolerance in transplanted organs and cells. However, most protocols entail high doses of donor bone marrow cells (BMCs) or repeated administration of costly agents that block costimulatory pathways, thus delaying clinical development. To circumvent these shortcomings, we developed a strategy in which the dosage of donor BMCs was reduced but compensated by donor splenocytes (SPLCs). Furthermore, repeated administration of costly agents was replaced with a single injection of adenovirus expressing a gene of interest. In rat cardiac transplantation models, cardiac allografts from DA (RT-1a) rats were transplanted heterotopically into the abdomen of LEW (RT-11) recipient rats. Immediately after cardiac transplantation, an adenovirus vector (AdCTLA4Ig; 5 × 109 plaque-forming units) containing the gene for CTLA4Ig was administered to recipients (n = 6) simultaneously with a low dose of donor BMCs (1 × 108/rat) and SPLCs (5 × 107/rat) via the portal vein. The treated LEW recipient rats developed long-lasting mixed chimerism (>10% at >100 days) and exhibited long-term cardiac allografts (mean survival time of > 200 days) compared with control recipients. Moreover, recipients displaying long-lasting mixed chimerism accepted subsequent donor skin allografts while promptly rejecting third-party skin allografts. These results suggest that blockade of the CD28-B7 pathway, using adenovirus-mediated CTLA4Ig gene transfer, in concert with a low dosage of donor BMCs and SPLCs, may represent a feasible strategy to induce stable mixed chimerism and permit long-term survival of cardiac allografts. [source] Conspecific plant,soil feedbacks reduce survivorship and growth of tropical tree seedlingsJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Sarah McCarthy-Neumann Summary 1.,The Janzen,Connell (J,C) Model proposes that host-specific enemies maintain high tree species diversity by reducing seedling performance near conspecific adults and promoting replacement by heterospecific seedlings. Support for this model often comes from decreased performance for a species at near versus far distances from conspecific adults. However, the relative success of conspecific versus heterospecific seedlings recruiting under a given tree species is a critical, but untested, component of the J,C Model. 2.,In a shade-house experiment, we tested plant,soil feedbacks as a J,C mechanism in six tropical tree species. We assessed effects of conspecific versus heterospecific cultured soil extracts on seedling performance for each species, and we compared performance of conspecific versus heterospecific seedlings grown with soil extract cultured by a particular tree species. Additionally, we tested whether soil microbes were creating these plant,soil feedbacks and whether low light increased species vulnerability to pathogens. 3.,Among 30 potential comparisons of survival and mass for seedlings grown in conspecific versus heterospecific soil extracts, survival decreased in seven and increased in two, whereas mass decreased in 13 and increased in 1. To integrate survival and growth, we also examined seedling performance [(mean total mass × mean survival time)/(days of experiment)], which was lower in 16 and higher in 2 of 30 comparisons between seedlings grown with soil extract cultured by conspecific versus heterospecific individuals. Based on performance within a soil extract, conspecific seedlings were disadvantaged in 15 and favoured in 7 of 30 cases relative to heterospecific seedlings. 4.,Species pairwise interactions of soil modification and seedling performance occurred regardless of sterilization, suggesting chemical mediation. Microbes lacked host-specificity and reduced performance regardless of extract source and irradiance. 5.,Synthesis. These results, along with parallel research in temperate forests, suggest that plant,soil feedbacks are an important component of seedling dynamics in both ecosystems. However, negative conspecific feedbacks were more prevalent in tropical than temperate species. Thus, negative plant,soil feedbacks appear to facilitate species coexistence via negative distance-dependent processes in tropical but not temperate forests, but the feedbacks were mediated through chemical effects rather than through natural enemies as expected under the J,C Model. [source] The functional status and perceived quality of life in long-term survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrestACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2007H. Harve Background:, Limited data exist on how long-term survivors after pre-hospital cardiac arrest lead their lives. This study assessed functional status and perceived quality of life in patients surviving for 15 years after successful resuscitation from witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest as a result of ventricular fibrillation. Methods:, A 15-year follow-up study of 59 1-year survivors after successful pre-hospital resuscitation who were thoroughly evaluated at 3 and 12 months after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eleven patients were still alive 15 years later. Ten of them were reached and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological and neurological examination. Cognitive performance was evaluated and compared with individual results 15 years earlier and with an age-matched control group. The cause and time of death of the non-survivors were established. Results:, All 10 evaluated long-term survivors lived at home and were independent in their activities of daily living. Their mean age was 72 years. In nine patients there was no change in the present neurological status compared with the status at 1 year after resuscitation, and in one patient it had improved. Five patients were cognitively intact. In four patients mild cognitive problems had emerged or slightly progressed. All but one were satisfied with their perceived quality of life. By the time of examination, the mean survival time for the 1-year survivors was 7 years, and the mean age at the time of death was 70 years. Conclusion:, Once good outcome after cardiac arrest is achieved, it can be maintained for more than 10 years. [source] Baseline and time-averaged fluid removal affect technique survival in peritoneal dialysis in a non-linear fashionNEPHROLOGY, Issue 3 2007KATHRYN J WIGGINS SUMMARY: Aim: The longevity of peritoneal dialysis (PD) is limited by technique failure and patient mortality. The authors assessed the influence of baseline and time-averaged fluid removal on patient, technique and death-censored technique survival. Methods: Peritoneal and total fluid removal was measured 1 month after commencing PD, then 6 monthly, in 225 incident patients (mean age 55.3 ± 15.8 years, 52% male). A Cox proportional hazards model regression analysis was performed to identify variables independently predictive of technique and patient survival. Results: Seventy (31.9%) patients were transferred to haemodialysis and 39 (17.63%) died. Technique survival was greatest in the middle tertile of baseline total fluid removal (mean survival time 3.5 vs 2.5 and 2.2 years for the lower and upper tertiles, respectively, log rank 6.5, P = 0.039). The middle tertile of both baseline and time-averaged total fluid removal were significant predictors of PD survival (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.476, 95% CI 0.286,0.795, P = 0.005 relative to the upper tertile and HR 0.573, 95% CI 0.350,0.939, P = 0.027 for baseline and time-averaged, respectively). Other significant variables on multivariate analysis were body mass index (HR 1.044 per kg/m2, 95% CI 1.005,1.084, P = 0.028), creatinine (HR 0.999 per ,mol, 95% CI 0.998,1.000, P = 0.048) and residual Kt/V (HR 0.418, 95% CI 0.233,0.747, P = 0.003). Patient survival was not affected by fluid removal. Conclusion: Patients with moderate total fluid removal both at baseline and throughout their PD career have improved technique survival. Attention should be paid to optimizing total fluid removal. [source] Prognostic value of bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma: Use of light microscopy as well as computerized image analyzer in the assessment of microvessel density and total vascular area in multiple myeloma and its correlation with various clinical, histological, and laboratory parametersAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2006Sahibinder Singh Bhatti Abstract We studied the prognostic value of parameters of angiogenesis on bone marrow biopsies in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Angiogenesis parameters studied were the microvessel count done manually on light microscopy (MVD-A), microvessel count done by using computerized image analyzer (MVD-B), and total vascular area (TVA) measured by computerized image analyzer. One hundred ten newly diagnosed cases of MM treated at Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, were analyzed with respect to clinical features, laboratory findings, histological features, angiogenesis parameters, and responses to the treatment on follow-up. Twenty age- and sex-matched controls were studied for comparing with angiogenesis of the test cases. Bone marrow microvessels were examined using immunohistochemical staining for CD34. MVD-A (range 4.9,85.2; mean 28.2; SD 19.4), MVD-B (range 2.0,26.9; mean 11.7; SD 5.9), and TVA measured in percentage (range 0.1,17.1; mean 2.4; SD 2.5) were measured for test cases (n = 110). Grading of angiogenesis parameters of the test cases were done; such that angiogenesis parameters of controls (taken as baseline) were grade I. There was a statistically highly significant correlation between (MVD-A vs MVD-B, pcc = 0.92; MVD-A vs TVA, pcc = 0.78; MVD-B vs TVA, pcc = 0.76). The myeloma cases had significantly higher angiogenesis parameters when compared with controls (Kruskall-Wallis test, P < 0.001). "Complete responders" (n = 38/110) had significant lower angiogenesis (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) than "nonresponders" (n = 72/110). On treatment follow-up "rapid disease progressors" had the highest levels of angiogenesis (mean rank for MVD-A = 84.7, MVD-B = 82.1, and TVA = 81.1). On multivariate (logistic regression) analysis, factors found to have independent prognostic significance in complete responders (adjusted odd ratio (95% CI, P value)] were: (a) MVD-B grade I [0.134 (0.10,0.16, P < 0.001)], (b) clinical substage A [0.163 (0.12,0.19, P = 0.008)], (c) Bartl's histological stage II & I [0.262 (0.2,0.32, P = 0.021)], (d) MVD-A grade I [0.28 (0.22,0.36, P = 0.03)], (e) ,2 microglobulin levels less than 3,400 ng/dl [0.31 (0.23,0.42, P = 0.04)]. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for myeloma-related death (n = 16) shows a mean survival time (in months) of 24.75; SE = 3; 95% CI = 21,28. We conclude that MVD (particularly MVD-B) is a very good predictor for the complete response in patients of MM and should be done routinely on bone marrow biopsies. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Protective effect of Astragalus corniculatus saponins against myeloid graf, tumour in hamstersPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2004I. N. Krasteva Abstract A puri,ed mixture containing mostly saponins (PMS) from Astragalus corniculatus Bieb. was used in an in vivo model to demonstrate its protective effect against myeloid Graf, tumour in hamsters. Survivability, tumour growth and tumour transplantability were followed. Comparative studies revealed that the intraperitoneal administration of PMS: (i) decreased the tumour transplantability; (ii) inhibited tumour growth in the early stages of tumour progression; (iii) increased the mean survival time; (iv) reduced the percentage mortality. These results suggest that appropriate use of PMS could outline a promising strategy for the treatment of myeloid Graf, tumour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Antitumor activity of total alkaloid fraction of solanum pseudocapsicum leavesPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2003Shrishailappa Badami Abstract The total alkaloid fraction of the methanolic extract of Solanum pseudocapsicum leaves was tested for its in-vivo antitumor activity against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites model in mice. The total alkaloid fraction at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight doses exhibited antitumor activity as revealed by the signi,cant increase in the mean survival time and the percentage increase in life span of tumor bearing mice. The antitumor activity observed may be due to its cytotoxic properties. However the treatment caused a signi,cant decrease in the body weight below the normal indicating the toxicity of the treatment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Infusion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Rapamycin Synergize to Attenuate Alloimmune Responses and Promote Cardiac Allograft ToleranceAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 8 2009W. Ge The inherent immunosuppressive properties and low immunogenicity of mesenchymal stems cells (MSCs) suggested their therapeutic potential in transplantation. We investigated whether MSCs could prolong allograft survival. Treatment involving infusion of MSCs into BALB/c recipients 24 hours after receiving a heart allograft from a C57BL/6 donor significantly abated rejection and doubled graft mean survival time compared to untreated recipients. Furthermore, combination therapy of MSCs and low-dose Rapamycin (Rapa) achieved long-term heart graft survival (>100 days) with normal histology. The treated recipients readily accepted donor skin grafts but rejected third-party skin grafts, indicating the establishment of tolerance. Tolerant recipients exhibited neither intragraft nor circulating antidonor antibodies, but demonstrated significantly high frequencies of both tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol-DCs) and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells in the spleens. Infusion of GFP+C57BL/6-MSCs in combination with Rapa revealed that the GFP-MSCs accumulated in the lymphoid organs and grafts of tolerant recipients. Thus, engraftment of infused MSCs within the recipient's lymphoid organs and allograft appeared to be instrumental in the induction of allograft-specific tolerance when administered in combination with a subtherapeutic dose of Rapamycin. This study supports the clinical applicability of MSCs in transplantation. [source] Lack of a co-promotion effect of 60,Hz circularly polarized magnetic fields on spontaneous development of lymphoma in AKR miceBIOELECTROMAGNETICS, Issue 2 2010Moon-Koo Chung Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the possible effect of 60,Hz circularly polarized magnetic fields (MFs) as promoters of genetically initiated lymphoma in AKR mice. One hundred sixty female animals were divided into four different groups. They were exposed to four different intensities of circularly polarized MFs. Animals received exposure to 60,Hz circularly polarized MF at field strengths (rms-value) of 0,µT (sham control, T1, Group I), 5,µT(T2, Group II), 83.3,µT (T3, Group III), or 500,µT(T4, Group IV), for 21,h/day from the age of 4,6 weeks to the age of 44,46 weeks. There were no exposure-related changes in mean survival time, clinical signs, body weights, hematological values, micronucleus assay, gene expression arrays, analysis of apoptosis, and necropsy findings. At histopathological examination, lymphoma was seen in all the groups. The tumor incidence was 31/40(78%), 30/40(75%), 32/40(80%), and 31/40(78%) in sham control, 5, 83.3, and 500,µT groups, respectively. However, there were no differences in the tumor incidence between the sham control (T1) and circularly polarized MF exposure groups (T2,T4). In conclusion, there was no evidence that exposure to 60,Hz circularly polarized MF strengths up to 500,µT promoted lymphoma in AKR mice. Bioelectromagnetics 31:130,139, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Nonparametric Modeling of the Mean Survival Time in a Multi-factor Design Based on Randomly Right-Censored DataBIOMETRICAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2004M. H. Rahbar Abstract Statistical procedures and methodology for assessment of interventions or treatments based on medical data often involves complexities due to incompleteness of the available data as a result of drop out or the inability of complete follow up until the endpoint of interest. In this article we propose a nonparametric regression model based on censored data when we are concerned with investigation of the simultaneous effects of the two or more factors. Specifically, we will assess the effect of a treatment (dose) and a covariate (e.g., age categories) on the mean survival time of subjects assigned to combinations of the levels of these factors. The proposed method allows for varying levels of censorship in the outcome among different groups of subjects at different levels of the independent variables (factors). We derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimators of the parameters in our model, which then allows for statistical inference. Finally, through a simulation study we assess the effect of the censoring rates on the standard error of these types of estimators. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Recurrence following curative resection for gastric carcinomaBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 2 2000C. H. Yoo Background: The diagnosis and treatment of recurrent gastric cancer remains difficult. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for recurrence of gastric cancer and the prognosis for these patients. Methods: Of 2328 patients who underwent curative resection for gastric cancer from 1987 to 1995, 508 whose recurrence was confirmed by clinical examination or reoperation were studied retrospectively. The risk factors that determined the recurrence patterns and timing were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The mean time to recurrence was 21·8 months and peritoneal recurrence was the most frequent (45·9 per cent). Logistic regression analysis showed that serosal invasion and lymph node metastasis were risk factors for all recurrence patterns and early recurrence (at 24 months or less). In addition, independent risk factors involved in each recurrence pattern included younger age, infiltrative or diffuse type, undifferentiated tumour and total gastrectomy for peritoneal recurrence; older age and larger tumour size for disseminated, haematogenous recurrence; and older age, larger tumour size, infiltrative or diffuse type, proximally located tumour and subtotal gastrectomy for locoregional recurrence. Other risk factors for early recurrence were infiltrative or diffuse type and total gastrec-tomy. Reoperation for cure was possible in only 19 patients and the mean survival time after conservative treatment or palliative operation was less than 12 months. Conclusion: The risk factors for each recurrence pattern and timing of gastric cancer can be predicted by the clinicopathological features of the primary tumour. Since the results of treatment remain dismal, studies of perioperative adjuvant therapy in an attempt to reduce recurrence are warranted. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source] ITCH is a putative target for a novel 20q11.22 amplification detected in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by array-based comparative genomic hybridizationCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 10 2008Takaya Ishihara Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most virulent of all human malignancies, with a mean survival time among patients of less than 1 year after diagnosis. To date, however, cytogenetic information on this disease has been very limited. During the course of a program to screen a panel of ATC cell lines for genomic copy-number aberrations using array-based comparative genomic hybridization, we identified a high-level amplification of the ITCH gene, which is mapped to 20q11.22 and belongs to the homologous to the E6-associated protein carboxylterminus ubiquitin ligase family. The expression of ITCH was increased in 4 of 14 ATC cell lines (28.6%), including 8305C in which there was a copy-number amplification of this gene, and six of seven primary cases (85.7%). Among the primary thyroid tumors, a considerable number of ITCH high expressers was found in ATC (40/45, 88.9%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (25/25, 100%), and papillary microcarcinoma (25/25, 100%). Furthermore, knockdown of ITCH by specific small interfering RNA significantly inhibited the growth of ITCH-overexpressing cells, whereas ectopic overexpression of ITCH promoted growth of ATC cell lines with relatively weak expression. These observations indicate ITCH to be the most likely target for 20q11.22 amplification and to play a crucial role in the progression of thyroid carcinoma. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1940,1949) [source] Effect of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Melanotic and Amelanotic Melanoma Transplanted into Mouse BrainPIGMENT CELL & MELANOMA RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002Masaki Iwakura In order to develop a protocol to treat brain metastatic melanoma using our 10B- p -boronophenylalanine (BPA) boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), we initiated the following studies (i), Comparative analyses of boron biodistribution between melanoma proliferating in the brain and skin among melanotic and amelanotic types, and (ii) Therapeutic evaluation of BPA,BNCT for brain melanoma models of both types, using survival times. Our present data have revealed that boron concentration in melanoma proliferating in the brain, the major prerequisite for successful BNCT, showed a positive correlation to melanin synthesizing activity in the same way as melanoma proliferating in skin. Further, the boron concentration ratio of melanoma to normal surrounding tissue for brain melanoma models was considerably higher than that for subcutaneous (s.c.) ones because of the existence of the blood,brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, from analyses of median and mean survival times following BNCT using low, middle, and high neutron doses, the therapeutic effect of BNCT for the amelanotic A1059 melanoma appeared at first glance to be higher than that for the highly BPA attracting and highly relative biological effect equivalent dose obtaining B15b melanoma. As the survival time was dependent on both regression and regrowth curves, and because the brain melanoma model in small animals made it difficult to evaluate these curves separately, we further examined the in vivo growth curve of both types of melanomas following implantation in s.c. tissue. The melanotic B15b melanoma was indeed found to possess much higher growth rate as compared with that of the amelanotic A1059 melanoma. The significance of boron biodistribution studies and BNCT survival curve analyses in forming an effective clinical protocol for individual human cases of melanoma brain metastasis is discussed. [source] Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Mediated Viral Interleukin-10 Gene Transfer Prolongs Non-Vascularized Cardiac Allograft SurvivalAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2003Shuang Fu Previous experiments demonstrated plasmid-, retroviral-, or adenoviral-mediated vIL-10 gene transfer could prolong allograft survival, but transgene expression was rapidly extinguished. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can integrate into genomic DNA of nondividing cells, resulting in indefinite transgene expression. We hypothesized FIV-mediated gene transfer could provide long-term gene expression, and improved allograft survival. FIV-vIL-10 and FIV-,-gal were produced using the FELIX vector system. With vector transfer to syngeneic cardiac grafts, ,-galactosidase reporter gene expression was noted as early as day 5, was strongly expressed at days 10 and 20, and persisted for 50 days after transplantation. For allografts, FIV-vIL-10 gene transfer more than doubled mean survival from 10 ± 1.6 to 22.3 ± 3 days. When combined with other immunosuppressants, such as anti-CD40L mAb, FTY720, or anti-CD3 mAb, the mean survival times were prolonged to 27 ± 4.6 days, 27.8 ± 4.6 days, and 45.5 ± 4.9 days, respectively. Multiple chemokine and chemokine receptor genes were induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in syngeneic grafts, and in allogeneic grafts more genes were induced and to a greater degree. In allogeneic grafts transduced with FIV-IL-10, a number of the chemokine genes were suppressed. Therefore, FIV virus-mediated vIL-10 gene transfer prolongs allograft survival and, in combination with other agents, produces an additive effect. [source] | |||||||||||||