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Mean Analysis (mean + analysis)
Selected AbstractsProviding Nutrition Supplements to Institutionalized Seniors with Probable Alzheimer's Disease Is Least Beneficial to Those with Low Body Weight StatusJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 8 2004Karen W. H. Young MSc Objectives: To examine whether providing a midmorning nutrition supplement increases habitual energy intake in seniors with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to investigate the effects of body weight status and cognitive and behavioral function on the response to the intervention. Design: Randomized, crossover, nonblinded clinical trial. Setting: A fully accredited geriatric teaching facility affiliated with the University of Toronto's Medical School with a home for the aged. Participants: Thirty-four institutionalized seniors with probable AD who ate independently. Intervention: Nutrition supplements were provided between breakfast and lunch for 21 consecutive days and compared with 21 consecutive days of habitual intake. Measurements: Investigator-weighed food intake, body weight, cognitive function (Severe Impairment Battery and Global Deterioration Scale), behavioral disturbances (Neuropsychiatric Inventory,Nursing Home Version), and behavioral function (London Psychogeriatric Rating Scale). Results: Relative to habitual intake, group mean analyses showed increased 24-hour energy, protein, and carbohydrate intake during the supplement phase, but five of 31 subjects who finished all study phases completely compensated for the energy provided by the supplement by reducing lunch intake, and 24-hour energy intake was enhanced in only 21 of 31 subjects. Compensation at lunch was more likely in subjects with lower body mass indices, increased aberrant motor behavior, poorer attention, and increased mental disorganization/confusion. Conclusion: Nutrition supplements were least likely to enhance habitual energy intake in subjects who would normally be targeted for nutrition intervention,those with low body weight status. Those likely to benefit include those with higher body mass indices, less aberrant motor problems, less mental disorganization, and increased attention. [source] Is coronally positioned flap procedure adjunct with enamel matrix derivative or root conditioning a relevant predictor for achieving root coverage?JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2007A systemic review Background and Objective:, This study is a systemic review of coronally positioned flap, coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning, or coronally positioned flap + enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for the treatment of Miller class I and II gingival recession. Material and Methods:, All studies available through the Medline database by the end of October 2005 were used. Each study provided mean clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue, probing pocket depth, gingival recession depth and root coverage percentage before and after treatment with coronally positioned flap alone, coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning , or coronally positioned flap + EMD. Effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the weighted mean average in gingival recession depth, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue and root coverage percentage achieved with the three treatments. Results:, Seven studies for the coronally positioned flap + EMD group, four studies for the coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning group, and seven studies for the coronally positioned flap group were retrieved for this weighted mean analysis. The results of clinical attachment level, gingival recession depth, and root coverage percentage in the coronally positioned flap + EMD group were statistically significantly better than the changes in the coronally positioned flap and coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning group at 6 and 12 mo (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference at the 6-mo comparison among clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue, probing pocket depth, and gingival recession depth, except in the root coverage percentage for coronally positioned flap and coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning groups. Conclusion:, The results suggest that root coverage by the coronally positioned flap and coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning procedures were unpredictable but became more predictable when the coronally positioned flap procedure was improved by the modification of adding EMD. [source] Genetic effects of the soft starch (h) and background loci on volume of starch granules in five inbreds of maizePLANT BREEDING, Issue 2 2000J. A. Wilson Abstract Larger particle volume is beneficial for many aspects of maize starch processing, and may improve the performance of some starch attributes. This study focused on the soft starch (h) locus to identify its potentially influential role in starch particle volume distribution. The objectives were to study the genetic expression of starch particle volume of the h locus in different genetic backgrounds and the gene action conditioning starch particle volume of other loci in both normal-starch and h -starch backgrounds. Forty-five populations (five intra-inbred F1s, 10 hybrid F1s 10 F2s, 10 BC1F1s to h/h parent, and 10 BC1 to h:h conversion of normal parent) were planted in 1993 at two locations and in 1995 at one location. Selfed heterozygotes (±/h) in all generations provided intra-ear comparisons of normal and h starch, and F3 and BC1F2 generations provided inter-ear comparisons. Significant differences were found between normal and h:h genotypes in all intra-ear and inter-ear comparisons. In all cases, general combining ability effects were highly significant, suggesting the presence of additive gene effects. Generation mean analysis of normal and h:h starch materials yielded similar results, indicating the predominance of additive and some dominance effects for other loci on starch particle volume. These results indicate the usefulness of the soft starch gene and additional genetic variation among inbreds in the improvement of starch particle volume for increased starch recovery in wet milling. [source] Modulation and function of the autaptic connections of layer V fast spiking interneurons in the rat neocortexTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 12 2010William M. Connelly Neocortical fast-spiking (FS) basket cells form dense autaptic connections that provide inhibitory GABAergic feedback after each action potential. It has been suggested that these autaptic connections are used because synaptic communication is sensitive to neuromodulation, unlike the voltage-sensitive potassium channels in FS cells. Here we show that layer V FS interneurons form autaptic connections that are largely perisomatic, and without perturbing intracellular Cl, homeostasis, that perisomatic GABAergic currents have a reversal potential of ,78 ± 4 mV. Using variance,mean analysis, we demonstrate that autaptic connections have a mean of 14 release sites (range 4,26) with a quantal amplitude of 101 ± 16 pA and a probability of release of 0.64 (Vcommand=,70 mV, [Ca2+]o= 2 mm, [Mg2+]o= 1 mm). We found that autaptic GABA release is sensitive to GABAB and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, but not a range of other classical neuromodulators. Our results indicate that GABA transporters do not regulate FS interneuron autapses, yet autaptically released GABA does not act at GABAB or extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. This research confirms that the autaptic connections of FS cells are indeed susceptible to modulation, though only via specific GABAergic and cholinergic mechanisms. [source] | |||||||||||||