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Method Combining (method + combining)
Selected AbstractsOn-line sample stacking and short-end injection CE for the determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in plasma: Method development and validation using experimental designsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 18 2007Chia-Chia Lu Abstract A short-end injection CE method combining field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) is presented for the analysis of fluoxetine (FL) and norfluoxetine in plasma. In this study, FASS enhanced the sensitivity about 1100-fold, while short-end injection reduced the analysis time to less than 4,min. Parameters involved in the separations were investigated using a central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology to optimize the separation conditions in a total of only 32 runs. Samples injected into the capillary for 99.9,s at a voltage of ,5,kV were stacked in a water plug (0.5,psi, 9,s). Baseline resolution of FL and its major metabolite was achieved using a BGE formulation consisting of phosphate,triethanolamine at low pH, and a separation voltage of ,10,kV. Five percent methanol was added as organic modifier to enhance selectivity and resolution. The linear range was between 10 and 500,ng/mL (r >0.9946), covering the expected plasma therapeutic ranges. The LOD in plasma were 4,ng/mL (S/N,=,3), a value comparable to that obtained using LC-MS, showing the success of the on-line stacking technique. Our method was also successfully validated in quantification and pharmacokinetic studies with three volunteer plasma samples and could be applied to pharmacogenetic studies. [source] Highly Enantio- and Diastereoselective One-Pot Reactions in Aqueous Media: Combined Asymmetric Rh-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition/Metal-Mediated AllylationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 17 2006Sara Källström Abstract 1,3-Disubstituted, enantiopure cyclohexanols have been prepared in very high diastereoselectivities and good yields by a concise one-pot method combining the enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed conjugate addition of arylboronic acids with indium-mediated allylation into a highly efficient one-pot reaction in aqueous media. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Ammonium fluoride extraction for determining inorganic sulphur in acid forest soilsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2000J. Prietzel Summary Current methods for determining inorganic sulphur (S) in aerated mineral soil horizons often result in underestimates. To overcome this defect we developed a new method combining a batch extraction with 0.5 m NH4F solution at a soil:solution ratio of 1:5 with a subsequent analysis of the mobilized SO42, by ion chromatography. The ammonium fluoride extraction enables us to characterize inorganic sulphate in non-calcareous forest soils. It is more efficient than conventional procedures in which inorganic S is extracted with phosphate or bicarbonate solution. In contrast to the extraction with strongly alkaline reagents (NaOH, KOH, LiOH), the NH4+,NH3 buffer system in NH4F prevents the pH of the suspension from exceeding 9.0 and thus the undesired conversion of organic S into SO42, by auto-oxidation and hydrolysis of ester sulphate. In a comparison we demonstrated that the inorganic S in six German forest soils is underestimated by up to 50% or 200 kg S ha,1 in the uppermost 60 cm, if it is assessed by extraction with 0.016 m KH2PO4 or 0.5 m NaHCO3 instead of 0.5 m NH4F. Conversely, the pool of ester sulphate is overestimated almost threefold. [source] The identification of a Robin coefficient by a conjugate gradient methodINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2009Fenglian Yang Abstract This paper investigates a non-linear inverse problem associated with the heat conduction problem of identifying a Robin coefficient from boundary temperature measurement. The variational formulation of the problem is given. The conjugate gradient method combining with the discrepancy principle for choosing the suitable stop step are proposed for solving the optimization problem, in which the finite difference method is used to solve the direct problems. The performance of the method is verified by simulating four examples. The convergence with respect to the grid refinement and the amount of noise in the data is also investigated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A simple finite element model for vibration analyses induced by moving vehiclesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 12 2006Shen-Haw Ju Abstract This study developed a simple finite element method combining the moving wheel element, spring,damper element, lumped mass and rigid link effect to simulate complicated vehicles. The advantages of this vehicle model are (1) the dynamic matrix equation is symmetric, (2) the theory and formulations are very simple and can be added to a standard dynamic finite element codes easily and (3) very complicated vehicle models can be assembled using the proposed elements as simple as the traditional finite element method. The Fryba's solution of a simply supported beam subjected to a moving two-axle system was analysed to validate this finite element model. For a number of numerical simulations, the two solutions are almost identical, which means that the proposed finite element model of moving vehicles is considerably accurate. Field measurements were also used to validate this vehicle model through a very complicated finite element analysis, which indicates that the current moving vehicle model can be used to simulate complex problem with acceptable accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A hybrid search combining interior point methods and metaheuristics for 0,1 programmingINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2002Agnès Plateau Our search deals with methods hybridizing interior point processes and metaheuristics for solving 0,1 linear programs. This paper shows how metaheuristics can take advantage of a sequence of interior points generated by an interior point method. After introducing our work field, we present our hybrid search which generates a diversified population. Next, we explain the whole method combining the solutions encountered in the previous phase through a path relinking template. Computational experiments are reported on 0,1 multiconstraint knapsack problems. [source] Effect of metal-support interface on hydrogen permeation through palladium membranesAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009Ke Zhang Abstract Thin palladium membranes of different thicknesses were prepared on sol-gel derived mesoporous ,-alumina/,-alumina and yttria-stabilized zirconia/,-alumina supports by a method combining sputter deposition and electroless plating. The effect of metal-support interface on hydrogen transport permeation properties was investigated by comparing hydrogen permeation data for these membranes measured under different conditions. Hydrogen permeation fluxes for the Pd/,-Al2O3/,-Al2O3 membranes are significantly smaller than those for the Pd/YSZ/,-Al2O3 membranes under similar conditions. As the palladium membrane thickness increases, the difference in permeation fluxes between these two groups of membranes decreases and the pressure exponent for permeation flux approaches 0.5 from 1. Analysis of the permeation data with a permeation model shows that both groups of membranes have similar hydrogen permeability for bulk diffusion, but the Pd/,-Al2O3/,-Al2O3 membranes exhibit a much lower surface reaction rate constant with higher activation energy, due possibly to the formation of Pd-Al alloy, than the Pd/YSZ/,-Al2O3 membranes. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source] | ||||||||||