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Methanolic Extract (methanolic + extract)
Selected AbstractsPHENOLIC COMPOUND CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT AND RADICAL-SCAVENGING PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM THE SEED COAT OF CERTAIN THAI TAMARIND CULTIVARSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2010MANEEWAN SUKSOMTIP Methanolic extracts from the seed coats of five major tamarinds (Srichomphu, Sithong-nak, Sithong-bao, Priao-yak and Khanti) cultivated in Thailand were investigated for their content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidative properties. Antioxidative properties were evaluated by various different methods: scavenging effect on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical, anti-lipid peroxidation and reducing power assay. The phenolic compound contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Extract of Priao-yak with the highest tannin content showed the strongest reducing power, while extract of Khanti with the highest proanthocyanidin content revealed high scavenging ability on both DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. Stronger antioxidative activity measured by most assays was noted for the extract of Sithong-bao with a high content of total phenols, proanthocyanidin and tannins. The results suggest that specific phenolic constituents in the extract could be responsible for the different antioxidant properties observed in different cultivars. Furthermore, seed coat extract of Sithong-bao may be a potential source of natural antioxidant to be developed into nutraceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Components of Tamarindus indica L., a tree indigenous to India and South-East Asia, have long been used as a spice, food component and traditional medicine. According To traditional medicine, the tamarind pulp is used as a digestive, carminative, laxative, expectorant and blood tonic; the seeds are used as an anthelmintic, antidiarrheal and emetic. In addition, the seed coat is used to treat burns and aid wound healing as well as as an antidysenteric. Recent studies have demonstrated polyphenolic constituents with more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of T. indica seed coat extract. Therefore, seed coat extracts of T. indica have economic potential for development into health promotion products as well as natural preservatives to increase the shelf life of food by preventing lipid peroxidation. [source] INFLUENCE OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ROSEMARY ON OXIDATION AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF WHEAT GERM OILJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 6 2009OZLEM YESIL-CELIKTAS ABSTRACT Both supercritical CO2 and methanolic extracts from the leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) harvested from three different locations of Turkey at four different times of the year were added at a concentration of 100 mg/kg to wheat germ oil. Wheat germ oil samples were stored in an incubator for 10 days at 50C in order to promote oxidation and for the efficacy of the extracts for stabilization purposes to be examined. Degree of oxidation was determined by peroxide and p -anisidine values, which were performed every 2 days. Extracts from Mersin and Canakkale regions performed better results. Additionally, June and September harvests had lower peroxide values. According to the descriptive sensory analysis, both locations and extraction methods were found to effect flavor. Some flavor attributes, such as wheatlike/starchy, fishy and rubbery/metallic changed during storage regardless of locations and extraction methods. Supercritical CO2 extracts performed better results in terms of both oxidation and sensory properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS From the perspective of the food industry, wheat germ oil stabilized with a natural antioxidant such as rosemary can be marketed as a functional product that can create a niche. Rosemary extracts containing higher amounts of rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid should be preferred in order to provide a better shelf life of an edible oil such as wheat germ oil. [source] PHENOLIC COMPOUND CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT AND RADICAL-SCAVENGING PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM THE SEED COAT OF CERTAIN THAI TAMARIND CULTIVARSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2010MANEEWAN SUKSOMTIP Methanolic extracts from the seed coats of five major tamarinds (Srichomphu, Sithong-nak, Sithong-bao, Priao-yak and Khanti) cultivated in Thailand were investigated for their content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidative properties. Antioxidative properties were evaluated by various different methods: scavenging effect on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical, anti-lipid peroxidation and reducing power assay. The phenolic compound contents were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Extract of Priao-yak with the highest tannin content showed the strongest reducing power, while extract of Khanti with the highest proanthocyanidin content revealed high scavenging ability on both DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. Stronger antioxidative activity measured by most assays was noted for the extract of Sithong-bao with a high content of total phenols, proanthocyanidin and tannins. The results suggest that specific phenolic constituents in the extract could be responsible for the different antioxidant properties observed in different cultivars. Furthermore, seed coat extract of Sithong-bao may be a potential source of natural antioxidant to be developed into nutraceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Components of Tamarindus indica L., a tree indigenous to India and South-East Asia, have long been used as a spice, food component and traditional medicine. According To traditional medicine, the tamarind pulp is used as a digestive, carminative, laxative, expectorant and blood tonic; the seeds are used as an anthelmintic, antidiarrheal and emetic. In addition, the seed coat is used to treat burns and aid wound healing as well as as an antidysenteric. Recent studies have demonstrated polyphenolic constituents with more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of T. indica seed coat extract. Therefore, seed coat extracts of T. indica have economic potential for development into health promotion products as well as natural preservatives to increase the shelf life of food by preventing lipid peroxidation. [source] Antioxidant Properties of Edible Basidiomycete,Phellinus igniarius,in Submerged CulturesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Ming Yeou Lung ABSTRACT:, Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths produced by submerged cultures of,Phellinus igniarius,under optimal culture conditions were extracted using methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) showed significant antioxidant properties for all EC50 values less than 10 mg/mL except for MEB in scavenging effects on DPPH radicals. Hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) were evidenced by their low EC50 values (<10 mg/mL) to be effective in reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, and scavenging effect on superoxide anions. ,-tocopherol was mainly found in MEM and ,-tocopherol in MEB. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoids were abundant in methanolic extracts (MEM + MEB), whereas total phenols were rich in HWEM. An excellent correlation between contents of total phenols and EC50 values was accomplished for antioxidant activity (R2= 0.996) and chelating ferrous ions ability (R2= 0.922). Practical Application: In our paper, the products by submerged culture of,Phellinus igniarius,exhibited powerful antioxidant properties. Results told that extracts from fermenting products by,P. igniarius,might be good sources for antioxidant-related functional foods and pharmaceutical industries. [source] NMR and UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS characterisation of novel phenylethanol derivatives of phenylpropanoid glucosides from the leaves of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Jonsok)PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 5 2009Kati Hanhineva Abstract Introduction Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is rich in polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, flavonols, condensed tannins and ellagic tannins. In addition to the fruits, the leaves of strawberry also contain a wide range of phenolic compound classes, but have not been investigated to the same extent as the fruit. Objective To characterise a metabolite group present in the leaves of strawberry, that was not amenable for identification based on earlier information available in the literature. Methodology Methanolic extracts of strawberry leaves were analysed by UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS and iterative quantum mechanical NMR spectral analysis. Results The structures of phenylethanol derivatives of phenylpropanoid glucosides Eutigoside A ( F4) and its two isomeric forms 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-[6- O -(Z)-coumaroyl]- ,- d -glucopyranoside ( F6) and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl-[6- O -(e)-coumaroyl]- ,- d -glucopyranoside ( F1) were resolved by NMR and UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS. In addition, two other derivatives of phenylpropanoid glucosides similar to Eutigoside A but possessing different phenolic acid moieties, namely Grayanoside A ( F5) and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-[6- O -(e)-caffeoyl]- ,- d -glucopyranoside ( F14), were similarly identified. Also, accurate characteristic coupling constants for the subunits are reported and their usefulness in structural analysis is highlighted. Conclusion Chemical analysis of the leaves of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Jonsok) resulted in the identification of a compound class, phenylethanol derivatives of phenylpropanoid glycosides, not previously found in strawberry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessing the Therapeutic Use of Lafoensia pacari St. Hil.HELICOBACTER, Issue 3 2006Extract (Mangava-Brava) in the Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Abstract Background:, The eradication of Helicobacter pylori is easily achieved by combining antisecretory agents and antibiotics; however, the cost of these associations is very high for the population of Third World countries, where the prevalence of the infection is even higher and leads to markedly reduced treatment effectiveness. We tested a plant (Lafoensia pacari) that is used in the central region of Brazil. According to previous studies, this plant has high concentrations of ellagic acid, which presents gastric antisecretory and antibacterial actions. Material and Methods:, One hundred dyspeptic, urease-positive patients were randomized to receive 500 mg of methanolic extract of L. pacari (n = 55) or placebo (n = 45), for 14 days, in a double-blind clinical trial. The main variables assessed were the eradication of H. pylori 8 weeks after the intervention and complete symptom relief at the end of the treatment. Results:, The examinations (urease and histology) showed persistence of H. pylori in 100% of participants. Complete symptom relief was experienced by 42.5% of patients (95% CI: 29.4,55.8) in the intervention group and by 21% (95% CI: 8.8,33.1) in the control group, p = .020. The side-effects were minimal and similar in both groups. Conclusions:, The extract of L. pacari as a single agent was not effective to eradicate H. pylori. However, it was well tolerated and many participants reported relief of symptoms. Future studies may test the agent using larger doses and longer periods, in monotherapy or in combination with antibiotics. [source] Bioactive Chemical Constituents of Cladiella SpeciesHELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 3 2004Athar Ata From the methanolic extract of Cladiella sp., collected from the Andaman Island, India, a new sesquiterpene, cladidiol (2), and three known diterpenes, cladiellaperoxide (3), (6E)-2,,9, -epoxyeunicella-6,11(12)-dien-3, -ol (4), and polyanthellin A (5) were isolated. The structures of these compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic studies. Compound 2 exhibited modest acetylcholinesterase-inhibition activity, and compounds 3,5 showed antibacterial activities against Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [source] Studying the anti-tyrosinase effect of Arbutus andrachne L. extractsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008R. A. Issa Synopsis Arbutus andrachne L. is widely distributed in Jordan. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanin. This preliminary study was carried out to assess the possible anti-tyrosinase activity of A. andrachne extracts. Arbutin, hydroquinone and kojic acid were selected as inhibitor standards. Five different extracts (chloroform, butanol, ethanol, methanol and water) were prepared from A. andrachne stems and their activities were compared with the selected tyrosinase inhibitors. IC50 was measured for both, standard and plant extracts. Among the different extracts, the methanolic extract exhibited the highest anttyrosinase activity with an IC50 value (1 mg mL,1). Furthermore, 9 mg A. andrachne methanolic extract showed 97.49% inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Arbutin, hydroquinone, ,-sitosterol and ursolic acid were identified in the different extracts of A. andrachne by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and isolated by preparative TLC from the methanolic and chloroform stem extracts, respectively. Résumé Arbutus andrachne L. est largement répandu en Jordanie. La tyrosinase est un enzyme clé dans la biosynthèse de la mélanine. Cette étude préliminaire est menée dans le but de juger de la possible activité anti-tyrosinase des extraits d'A. andrachne L. L'arbutine, l'hydroquinone et l'acide kojique ont été sélectionnés comme inhibiteurs de référence. Cinq extraits différents (chloroforme, butanol, éthanol, méthanol et eau) ont été préparés à partir de tiges d'A. andrachne L. et leurs activités ont été comparées à celles des inhibiteurs de tyrosinase sélectionnés. L'IC50 a été mesurée à la fois pour les références et les extraits de plantes. Parmi les différents extraits, l'extrait méthanolique montre l'activité anti-tyrosinase la plus élevée avec une valeur d'IC50 de 1 mg mL,1. De plus, 9 mg d'extrait méthanolique d'A. andrachne L. possède une activité inhibitrice de la tyrosinase de 97.49%. L'arbutine, l'hydroquinone, le ,-sitostérol et l'acide ursolique ont été identifiés dans les différents extraits par chromatographie sur couches minces et isolés par chromatographie préparative, respectivement à partir des extraits méthanoliques et chloroformiques de tiges. [source] Effect of methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna against Helicobacter pylori 26695 lipopolysaccharide-induced gastric ulcer in ratsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Rethinam Sundaresan Devi Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (HP-LPS) is a potent virulence factor in the causation of gastric ulcer and gastritis. H. pylori -induced gastric pathology is prevalent throughout the world. Herbal medicines are attracting attention because of their traditional values, popularity and belief, as well as for their advantages such as less toxicity, affordability and medicinal value. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-ulcer effect of a methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) against HP-LPS-induced gastric damage in rats. Ulcers were induced with HP-LPS (50 ,g per animal) administered orally daily for 3 days. The efficacy of TA on gastric secretory parameters such as volume of gastric juice, pH, free and total acidity, pepsin concentration, and the cytoprotective parameters such as protein-bound carbohydrate complexes in gastric juice and gastric mucosa was assessed. The protective effect of TA was also confirmed by histopathological examination of gastric mucosa. HP-LPS-induced alterations in gastric secretory parameters were altered favourably in rats treated with TA, suggesting that TA has an anti-secretory role. Furthermore, HP-LPS-induced impairments in gastric defence factors were also prevented by treatment with TA. These results suggest that the severe cellular damage and pathological changes caused by HP-LPS are mitigated by TA; these effects are comparable with those of sucralfate. The anti-ulcer effect of TA may reflect its ability to combat factors that damage the gastric mucosa, and to protect the mucosal defensive factors. [source] Protective effects of the Alisma orientalis extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 10 2006Xuezhi Hong The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of Alisma orientalis methanolic extract (AOME) on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by high-fat diet. Rats were fed with high-fat diet for six weeks and then gavaged the AOME for another six weeks. Typical pathological symptoms of NAFLD occurred in the high-fat diet rats. Administration with the AOME (150,300 and 600 mg kg,1) markedly decreased the serum and liver lipids; the high level of fasting serum glucose was reduced and insulin resistance was improved. The AOME treatment was also helpful in preventing the oxidative stress by lessening lipid peroxidation and activating antioxidant enzymes. Markers of the liver injury, aminotransferase abnormalities and hepatomegaly were improved and morphological changes, such as liver steatosis, mixed inflammation and collagen deposition, were lessened in rats treated with the AOME. These results suggested that the AOME showed hepatoprotective effects on NAFLD and may be a potential clinical application for treatment of this chronic liver disease. [source] Antinociceptive action of the extract and the flavonoid quercitrin isolated from Bauhinia microstachya leavesJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 10 2005Vinícius M. Gadotti This study examined the antinociceptive effect of Bauhinia microstachya (Leguminosae), a native plant widely distributed in the South of Brazil, in several chemical and mechanical models of pain. The methanolic extract (ME) from B. microstachya (3,30 mg kg,1, i.p.) and the isolated compound quercitrin (1,10 mg kg,1, i.p.), given 30 min earlier, produced a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic-acid-induced visceral pain in mice, with a mean ID50 value (dose necessary to reduce the nociceptive response by 50% relative to the control value) of 7.9 and 2.4 mg kg,1, respectively. The ME of B. microstachya (3,100 mg kg,1, i.p., 30 min earlier) also caused a dose-dependent inhibition of capsaicin-induced pain, with a mean ID50 value of 18.8 mg kg,1. Moreover, the ME (3,100 mg kg,1, i.p., 30 min earlier) produced marked inhibition of both phases of formalin-induced pain, with mean ID50 values for the neurogenic and the inflammatory phases of 30.3 and 17.2 mg kg,1, respectively. In addition, the ME of B. microstachya (3,300 mg kg ,1, i.p., 30 min earlier) inhibited, in a graded manner, the hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin (3.2 ,g/paw), substance P (13.5 ,g/paw), carrageenan (300 ,g/paw), capsaicin (100 ,g/paw) and adrenaline (100ng/paw) in the rat paw, with mean ID50 values of 20.5, 17.9, 101.8, 54.2 and 99.7 mg kg,1, respectively. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ME of B. microstachya elicited a pronounced antinociceptive action against several chemical and mechanical models of pain in mice and rats. The precise mechanism responsible for the antinociceptive effect of the extract still remains unclear, but seems to be partly related to modulation of the release or action of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the models of pain used. Finally, the flavonoid quercitrin isolated from this plant appears to contribute for the antinociceptive property of the methanolic extract. [source] Phytochemical analysis and anti-allergic study of Agave intermixta Trel. and Cissus sicyoides L.JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 9 2004A. M. Quílez Agave intermixta Trel. (Maguey) and Cissus sicyoides L. (Bejuco caro) are Caribbean plant species from the Dominican Republic used locally in traditional popular medicine that have shown an anti-inflammatory effect in experimental animal models. A phytochemical analysis on these species allowed us the isolation and identification of the steroidal sapogenins hecogenin and diosgenin from Maguey and the hydroxystilbene resveratrol from Bejuco caro. The effects of these plant extracts and their isolated constituents on compound-48/80-induced histamine release from peritoneal mast cells were investigated. Significant inhibition was produced by 0.5 mg mL,1 of a methanolic extract of Bejuco (41.1%) and by its constituent resveratrol (82.4%) at a dose of 250 ,M. However, none of the steroidal sapogenins from A. intermixta showed a significant inhibitory effect on histamine release from mast cells. From these results, it can be deduced that the in-vitro anti-allergic activity towards the release of histamine from mast cells shown by the methanolic extract of C. sicyoides may be mediated by its constituent resveratrol and might contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity shown by this species. [source] Reduction of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 -mediated DNA damage by a red alga (Grateloupia filicina) methanolic extractJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 14 2005Yasantha Athukorala Abstract The antioxidant activity of an extract of Grateloupia filicina was evaluated using linoleic acid and fish oil as substrates in an induct period at 65 °C. Furthermore, the algal extract was subjected to comet assay to evaluate its protecting ability for H2O2 -induced DNA damage in rat lymphocytes. Progression of oxidation was examined using weight gain, peroxide value (PV), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated diene data. Effectiveness of the extract at 0.03 and 0.05% levels was superior to that of ,-tocopherol at 0.01% and the activity of 0.05% extract was higher than that of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene at 0.01%. Also, the algal extract significantly inhibited H2O2 induced DNA damage in comet assay. The maximum DNA damage inhibition (68.9%) was recorded from the 50 µg ml,1 alga extract when the rat lymphocyte cells were treated with 50 µM H2O2. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] In vitro studies on antioxidant activity of lignans isolated from sesame cake extractJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 10 2005Kizhiyedathu Polachira Suja Abstract The antioxidant activity of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of commercial sesame cake was studied using a peroxidation model and a radical-scavenging method. Pure compounds were isolated from the extract by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified and confirmed as sesamol, sesamin, sesamolin, sesaminol diglucoside and sesaminol triglucoside by HPLC, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. When the rate of inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the superoxide radical-scavenging power of the individual compounds were evaluated, the compounds showed antioxidant activity to different extents. The antioxidant activity of compounds by the ,-carotene-bleaching assay followed the order sesamol > sesamolin , sesamin > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) > sesaminol triglucoside > sesaminol diglucoside. By the thiocyanate method the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation shown by sesamol, sesamin, sesamolin, sesaminol triglucoside, sesaminol diglucoside and BHT at 200 mg l,1 was 77, 60, 69, 32, 25 and 49% respectively. A concentration,dependent superoxide,scavenging effect was also shown by these compounds. Sesamolin had an appreciable effect at 300 and 500 mg l,1, while the other compounds were more effective at 100 mg l,1. The study also established the occurrence of sesamol in the methanolic extract of defatted sesame cake for the first time. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Antifungal activity of Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Asteraceae) against chromoblastomycosis agentsMYCOSES, Issue 3 2010Tatiane Caroline Daboit Summary Plants of the genus Pterocaulon (Asteraceae) are popularly used in the treatment of skin diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro activity of the crude methanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) against some agents of chromoblastomycosis, a chronic fungal infection of the skin and of the subcutaneous tissue caused by traumatic inoculation of the aetiological agent. The extract was active against all the strains tested showing a minimum inhibitory concentration between 625 and 2500 ,g ml,1. The assessment of fungistatic/fungicidal activity demonstrated that the extract was fungistatic against Fonsecaea spp. and fungicidal against all the other fungi. Our results indicate that the identification of bioactive components present in the crude methanolic extract of P. alopecuroides against chromoblastomycosis agents can be an important strategy to manage this mycosis in the future. [source] Antitumor activity of total alkaloid fraction of solanum pseudocapsicum leavesPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2003Shrishailappa Badami Abstract The total alkaloid fraction of the methanolic extract of Solanum pseudocapsicum leaves was tested for its in-vivo antitumor activity against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites model in mice. The total alkaloid fraction at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight doses exhibited antitumor activity as revealed by the signi,cant increase in the mean survival time and the percentage increase in life span of tumor bearing mice. The antitumor activity observed may be due to its cytotoxic properties. However the treatment caused a signi,cant decrease in the body weight below the normal indicating the toxicity of the treatment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] In vitro immunopotentiating properties and tumour cell toxicity induced by Lophophora williamsii (peyote) cactus methanolic extractPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2003M. Franco-Molina Abstract Lophophora williamsii, also known as peyote, is found primarily in dry regions from Central Mexico, including the Mexican States of Nayarit, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, Nuevo León, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Tamaulipas, to Texas particularly in regions along Rio Grande. Peyote extracts have been associated with stimulating the central nervous system and regulating blood pressure, sleep, hunger and thirst. However, there is no evidence of any effect of peyote on the immune system or against tumour cell growth. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro effects of peyote methanolic extracts on some parameters of mouse and human leukocyte immunocompetence and tumour cell growth. Peyote extract (0.18,18 µg/mL) activated nitric oxide production by murine macrophages, and stimulated up to 2.4-fold proliferation of murine thymic lymphocytes. In addition, peyote extract induced up to 1.85-, 2.29- and 1.89-fold increases in mRNA signal of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 by human leukocytes. Also examined were the effects of peyote extracts on murine lymphoma L5178Y-R and ,broblastoma L929, and human myeloid U937 and mammary gland MCF7 tumour cell growth using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Peyote extracts were toxic for MCF7, L5178Y-R, U937 and L929 (18 mg/mL peyote extract caused 1.3%, 8%, 45% and 60% viability respectively) cell lines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pharmacological effects of extracts from Valeriana adscendens Trel.PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2003Abstract Methanolic and aqueous extracts from Valeriana adscendens (Valerianaceae), that previously demonstrated neuroleptic-like properties, were studied for their effects on GABA uptake and amino acid neurotransmitter levels. The methanolic estract showed a significant effect in inhibiting GABA uptake and in decreasing the intracellular content of amino acid neurotransmitters in crude synaptosomes of rat. The data obtained could explain the neuroleptic activity of methanolic extract of the plant and confirm its traditional use. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Structural characterization and identification of iridoid glycosides, saponins, phenolic acids and flavonoids in Flos Lonicerae Japonicae by a fast liquid chromatography method with diode-array detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 19 2009Lian-Wen Qi A fast liquid chromatography method with diode-array detection (DAD) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) has been developed for analysis of constituents in Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ), a traditional Chinese medicine derived from the flower bud of Lonicerajaponica. The chromatographic analytical time decreased to 25,min without sacrificing resolution using a column packed with 1.8-µm porous particles (4.6,×,50,mm), three times faster than the performance of conventional 5.0-µm columns (4.6,×,150,mm). Four major groups of compounds previously isolated from FLJ were structurally characterized by DAD-TOF-MS: iridoid glycosides showed maximum UV absorption at 240,nm; phenolic acids at 217, 242, and 326,nm; flavonoids at 255 and 355,nm; while saponins had no absorption. In electrospray ionization (ESI)-TOF-MS experiments, elimination of a glucose unit (162 Da), and successive losses of H2O, CH3OH and CO, were generally observed in iridoid glycosides; saponins were characterized by a series of identical aglycone ions; phenolic acids typically generated a base peak at [M,H,caffeoyl], by loss of a caffeic acid unit (162 Da) and several marked quinic acid moiety ions; cleavage of the glycosidic bond (loss of 162 or 308 Da), subsequent losses of H2O, CO, RDA and C-ring fragmentation were the most possible fragmentation pathways for flavonoids. By accurate mass measurements within 4,ppm error for each molecular ion and subsequent fragment ions, as well as the ,full mass spectral' information of TOF-MS, a total of 41 compounds including 13 iridoid glycosides, 11 phenolic acids, 7 saponins, and 10 flavonoids were identified in a methanolic extract of FLJ. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis of bufadienolides in the Chinese drug ChanSu by high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 13 2005Min Ye The qualitative analysis of bufadienolides in the Chinese drug ChanSu was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS). Bufadienolides are the major bioactive constituents of ChanSu, which is used to treat heart failure and cancer in traditional Chinese medicine. The APCI-MS fragmentation behavior of bufadienolides was studied. For bufadienolides with only hydroxyl substituents, the fragmentation was characterized by successive eliminations of H2O and CO molecules, and the profile of MS/MS product ions was correlated with the number of hydroxyl groups. If a C-16 acetoxyl group was present, the fragmentation of [M+H]+ ions was triggered by initial loss of 60,Da (HOAc). The elimination of CO was significant for bufadienolides with a 19-formyl group, and the 19-hydroxyl group could be characterized by the loss of 30,Da (HCHO). These fragmentation rules were applied to the identification of bufadienolides in a methanolic extract of ChanSu, which was separated on a C18 column with gradient elution. A total of 35 bufadienolides were identified, including four new constituents. The method established here facilitated the convenient and rapid quality control of ChanSu crude drug and its pharmaceutical preparations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of a Lys49-phospholipase A2 homologue from Bothrops pirajai venom complexed with rosmarinic acidACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2010Juliana I. Dos Santos PrTX-I, a noncatalytic and myotoxic Lys49-phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pirajai venom, was crystallized in the presence of the inhibitor rosmarinic acid (RA). This is the active compound in the methanolic extract of Cordia verbenacea, a plant that is largely used in Brazilian folk medicine. The crystals diffracted X-rays to 1.8,Å resolution and the structure was solved by molecular-replacement techniques, showing electron density that corresponds to RA molecules at the entrance to the hydrophobic channel. The crystals belong to space group P212121, indicating conformational changes in the structure after ligand binding: the crystals of all apo Lys49-phospholipase A2 structures belong to space group P3121, while the crystals of complexed structures belong to space groups P21 or P212121. [source] Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from different parts of Sclerocarya birreaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Abdalbasit A. Mariod Summary The methanolic extracts from Sclerocarya birrea leaves (SCL), roots (SCR), barks (SCB), and kernel oil cake (SCK) were examined for radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities. The total phenolics of the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteau method using gallic acid as standard solution. The total phenolic compounds were found as 304.5, 367.5, 593, 148.0 and 258.0 mg g -1 of dry product, respectively. The extracts of SCL, SCR, SCB and SCK were markedly effective in inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid and subsequent bleaching of ,-carotene in comparison with the control. Based on oxidation of ,-carotene/linoleic acid, the SCK extract is the most effective followed by SCR, SCL and SCB extract. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-,-picrylhydrazyl) method revealed that the SCK extract had the highest antioxidant activity on DPPH free radicals followed by SCB, SCR and SCL extracts. The effect of different extracts on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil at 70 °C was tested in the dark and compared with BHA. The oil peroxide values (PVs) were generally lower with the addition of extract in comparison to a control. [source] Effect of different cooking methods on the antioxidant activity of some vegetables from PakistanINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Bushra Sultana Summary The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, frying and microwave cooking) on the antioxidant activity of some selected vegetables (peas, carrot, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, yellow turnip and white turnip) were assessed by measuring the total phenolic contents (TPC), reducing power and percentage inhibition in linoleic acid system. TPC (gallic acid equivalents g/100 g of dry weight) and reducing power of the methanolic extracts of raw-, microwaved-, boiled- and fried vegetables ranged 0.333,2.97, 0.52,2.68, 0.48,2.08, 1.00,2.02 and 0.391,2.24, 0.822,1.10, 0.547,1.16, 0.910,4.07, respectively. The level of inhibition of peroxidation ranged 71.4,89.0, 66.4,87.3, 73.2,89.2 and 77.4,91.3%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the vegetables examined was appreciably affected because of varying cooking treatments. TPC of vegetables, generally, decreased by boiling, frying and microwave cooking. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in reducing power as a result of frying. However, boiling and microwave cooking did not affect reducing power. Inhibition of peroxidation increased by boiling and frying, whereas, in contrast it was decreased by microwave cooking. The results of the present investigation showed that all the cooking methods affected the antioxidant properties of the vegetables; however, microwave treatment exhibited more deleterious effects when compared with those of other treatments. Thus an appropriate method might be sought for the processing of such vegetables to retain their antioxidant components at maximum level. [source] Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis (jackal berry), Flacourtia indica (Batoka plum), Uapaca kirkiana (wild loquat) and Ziziphus mauritiana (yellow berry) fruitsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Ashwell R. Ndhlala Summary Four wild fruits, Diospyros mespiliformis, Flacourtia indica, Uapaca kirkiana and Ziziphus mauritiana, were extracted with methanol and analysed for radical-scavenging effect of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reducing power and anion radical effect on superoxide anion using colorimetric method. There was an increase in the radical-scavenging effect, reducing power and superoxide anion radical-scavenging effect as the concentration of sample increased. Diospyros mespiliformis had high DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. The peels of F. indica and U. kirkiana had higher DPPH radical-scavenging effects, reducing power and superoxide-scavenging effects compared with the pulp while the pulp of Z. mauritiana had high DPPH radical-scavenging effects, reducing power and superoxide-scavenging effects compared with the peel. [source] Leaf volatiles as attractants for neonate Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (Lep., Noctuidae) larvaeJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2002A. K. Singh The 1st instar Helicoverpa armigera larvae were bioassayed in the laboratory to study their orientational responses towards leaf volatiles of four leguminous crops: chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.; pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan Millsp.; blackgram, Vigna mungo L.; and cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.). The gram podborer larvae showed positive orientational responses towards leaves of all four test plants. Whole leaves of chickpea, pigeonpea and blackgram were more attractive for gram podborer larvae than cowpea whole leaves. Larval attraction for crushed (damaged) leaves of chickpea, blackgram and cowpea was significantly higher than the attraction for pigeonpea crushed leaves. The orientational responses of gram podborer larvae for crushed leaves of cowpea were significantly higher compared to whole leaves. However, the whole pigeonpea leaves elicited higher orientational responses than the crushed leaves. Maceration was not observed to affect the attractancy of chickpea and blackgram leaves. Further, the leaves were extracted in n-hexane and methanol. It was observed that the crude extracts of all the test leaves elicited positive orientational responses of larvae. In no-choice tests, the orientational preference of the larvae for the hexane extracts of all the test leaves was statistically equal. Similarly, the methanol extracts of leaves of all the test plants also attracted a greater percentage of larvae in no-choice tests. However, under two-choice bioassays, hexane foliage extract of all the test plants elicited higher orientational responses of larvae compared to the methanolic extracts of same leaves. The results of these bioassays clearly indicate that all the test leaves emit kairomones for gram podborer larvae. Moreover, kairomonal components of these leaves are, at least in part, extractable in hexane and methanol, which are higher in hexane than methanol. [source] ANTIOXBDANT PROPERTIES OF OREGANO (ORIGANUM VULGARE) LEAF EXTRACTSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2000GIOVANNA CERVATO ABSTRACT We tested the antioxidant properties of both aqueous and methanolic extracts of oregano (origanum vulgare) They proved to be effective in the inhibition of all phases of the peroxidative process: first neutralizing free radicals (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), then blocking peroxidation catalysis by iron (through iron-chelating and iron-oxidizing properties), and finally through interruption of lipid-radical chain reactions (chain-breaking activity). Their anti-glycosylation activity was also effective. The glycosylation oflipoproteins is directly related to their peroxidation. The amount of extract used in our experiments was obtained from 0.1,1 mg of dried leaves, amounts far less than those normally used in the Mediterranean diet. [source] INFLUENCE OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ROSEMARY ON OXIDATION AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF WHEAT GERM OILJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 6 2009OZLEM YESIL-CELIKTAS ABSTRACT Both supercritical CO2 and methanolic extracts from the leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) harvested from three different locations of Turkey at four different times of the year were added at a concentration of 100 mg/kg to wheat germ oil. Wheat germ oil samples were stored in an incubator for 10 days at 50C in order to promote oxidation and for the efficacy of the extracts for stabilization purposes to be examined. Degree of oxidation was determined by peroxide and p -anisidine values, which were performed every 2 days. Extracts from Mersin and Canakkale regions performed better results. Additionally, June and September harvests had lower peroxide values. According to the descriptive sensory analysis, both locations and extraction methods were found to effect flavor. Some flavor attributes, such as wheatlike/starchy, fishy and rubbery/metallic changed during storage regardless of locations and extraction methods. Supercritical CO2 extracts performed better results in terms of both oxidation and sensory properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS From the perspective of the food industry, wheat germ oil stabilized with a natural antioxidant such as rosemary can be marketed as a functional product that can create a niche. Rosemary extracts containing higher amounts of rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid should be preferred in order to provide a better shelf life of an edible oil such as wheat germ oil. [source] INHIBITION OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND SPOILING BACTERIA BY ESSENTIAL OIL AND EXTRACTS OF ERIGERON RAMOSUS (WALT.) B.S.P.JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 2 2009ATIQUR RAHMAN ABSTRACT The antibacterial potential of essential oil and methanolic extracts of Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. was evaluated. Thirty-one components representing 95.3% of the total oil were identified, of which ,-caryophyllene (24.0%), ,-humulene (14.5%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), eugenol (7.2%), globulol (7.1%), caryophyllene oxide (5.2%), ,-cadinene (5.0%), ,-copaene (4.9%) and widdrol (2.0%) were the major components. The antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanolic extracts of E. ramosus was determined in vitro using the agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration determination test against 14 (seven gram-positive and seven gram-negative) foodborne bacteria. The essential oil (5 µL/mL, corresponding to 1,000 ppm/disc), methanol extract and its different organic subfractions (7.5 µL/mL, corresponding to 1500 ppm/disc) of E. ramosus displayed a great potential of antibacterial activity against all gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538 and KCTC 1916), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19116, ATCC 19118, ATCC 19166 and ATCC 15313) and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and four gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004, Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC 2190 and Escherichia coli (0157:H7 ATCC 43888 and ATCC 8739). The zones of inhibition of different concentrations of essential oil and methanolic extracts against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 10.1,22.3 mm, and MIC values were recorded between 62.5 and 500 µg/mL. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The use of essential oil and organic extracts of Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. as antibacterial agents will be suitable for applications on the food industry as natural preservatives or flavoring to control foodborne pathogens. They can be used as growth inhibitors of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some important foodborne pathogens and spoiling bacteria. The main reason for their suitability is their natural origin, which consumers find comforting and which is beneficial for the environment, and the very low risk that pathogens will develop resistance to the mixture of components that make up the oil and extracts with their apparent diversity of antibacterial mechanisms. These beneficial characteristics could increase food safety and shelf life. [source] Antioxidant Properties of Edible Basidiomycete,Phellinus igniarius,in Submerged CulturesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Ming Yeou Lung ABSTRACT:, Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths produced by submerged cultures of,Phellinus igniarius,under optimal culture conditions were extracted using methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) showed significant antioxidant properties for all EC50 values less than 10 mg/mL except for MEB in scavenging effects on DPPH radicals. Hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) were evidenced by their low EC50 values (<10 mg/mL) to be effective in reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, and scavenging effect on superoxide anions. ,-tocopherol was mainly found in MEM and ,-tocopherol in MEB. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoids were abundant in methanolic extracts (MEM + MEB), whereas total phenols were rich in HWEM. An excellent correlation between contents of total phenols and EC50 values was accomplished for antioxidant activity (R2= 0.996) and chelating ferrous ions ability (R2= 0.922). Practical Application: In our paper, the products by submerged culture of,Phellinus igniarius,exhibited powerful antioxidant properties. Results told that extracts from fermenting products by,P. igniarius,might be good sources for antioxidant-related functional foods and pharmaceutical industries. [source] Analysis of aromatic and terpenic constituents of pepper extracts by capillary electrochromatographyJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 4 2007Alessandro Musenga Abstract An original method based on CEC has been developed for the determination of aromatic and terpenic compounds in extracts of spices obtained from Piper nigrum. The method is based on the use of a fused silica capillary (effective length: 23.5 cm, internal diameter: 100 ,m) packed with a C18 sorbent (packing length: 23 cm, particle size: 5 ,m). The mobile phase is a 50 mM, pH 6.0 ammonium acetate/ACN (10:90 v/v) mixture. Applying a 30 kV voltage, the following 11 compounds were separated and analysed: terpinen-4-ol, caryophyllene oxide, limonene, ,-pinene, 3-carene, ,-pinene, ,-humulene, ,-caryophyllene, ,-phellandrene, eugenol and piperine. Compound determination is carried out using a diode-array detector set at 265 and 338 nm for ,-phellandrene and piperine, respectively, and at 210 nm (reference subtraction at 282 nm) for all the other analytes. The optimised method has been validated with good results in terms of linearity, limits of quantitation, detection and precision. The CEC method was successfully applied to the analysis of essential oils and methanolic extracts of ,black', ,white' and ,green' pepper. [source] | ||||||||||||||||