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Meteorological Network (meteorological + network)
Selected AbstractsClimatology of near-surface wind patterns over SwitzerlandINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 7 2001Rudolf O. Weber Abstract Over complex, mountainous terrain the near-surface winds can form intricate patterns as large-scale winds and locally forced wind systems interplay. Switzerland, with its mountainous topography and dense meteorological network of 115 automated surface stations, ideally serves as a study area for such wind system interactions. Applying an automated classification scheme to the wind data of one single year (1995), 16 distinct near-surface flow patterns were found. These patterns also show characteristic distributions in magnitude and areal extent of temperature, global radiation and precipitation. An 18-year climatology of flow patterns was created with an identification method for fewer stations. This allowed the determination of annual and diurnal variations in the frequencies of occurrence of the different flow patterns, revealing pronounced daytime and night-time classes characterized by thermally forced winds. Transition probabilities between the flow patterns were computed as well. The relationship between the near-surface wind patterns and the synoptic flow situation was investigated with a comparison with synoptic weather types defined for the Alpine region. The results show clear but not unequivocal interdependencies between the synoptic weather type and the near-surface flow pattern. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Precipitation trends over the Russian permafrost-free zone: removing the artifacts of pre-processingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Pavel Ya. Abstract Rain gauge changes, changes in the number of observations per day, and inconsistent corrections to observed precipitation data during the 20th century of the meteorological network of the former Soviet Union make it difficult to address the issue of century time-scale precipitation changes. In this paper, we use daily and sub-daily synoptic data to account for the effects of these changes on the instrumental homogeneity of precipitation measurements over the Russian permafrost-free zone (RPF, most populous western and central parts of the country). Re-adjustments that were developed during this assessment allow us to (a) develop a system of scale corrections that remove the inhomogeneity owing to wetting/observation time changes over most of the former Soviet Union during the past century, and (b) to estimate precipitation trends over the RPF, reconciling previously contradictory results. The trend that emerges is an increase of about 5% per century. This estimate can be further refined after a more comprehensive set of supplementary data (precipitation type and wind) and metadata (information about the exposure of meteorological sites) is employed. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Designing meteorological networks for Switzerland according to user requirementsMETEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 4 2003Thomas Frei With growing international collaboration (e.g. the European Composite Observing System programme ,EUCOS), changing demands of data users, technical progress with new measuring systems and national budget cuts, the design of meteorological networks has become increasingly important. By analysing future user requirements and taking into account cost-benefit considerations, MeteoSwiss has elaborated a network configuration for ground-based and upper air stations. It is evident that for ground-based stations no separate networks should be distinguished ,instead, the needs of climatological modellers and forecasters should all be integrated into one network. The future upper air network will be complemented with additional windprofilers, a mini radar and additional radar information supplied by neighbouring countries. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society. [source] | ||||||||||