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Mesothelial Cells (mesothelial + cell)
Kinds of Mesothelial Cells Selected AbstractsInduction of Metallothionein in Mesothelial Cells by ZincARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 6 2007Dominik M. Alscher Abstract:, Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) are exposed to peritoneal dialysis fluids with unphysiological properties. Local defense systems are of importance. In this respect, metallothionein (MT) might play an important role. Because nothing is known about the achievability of MT induction in peritoneum by zinc, we performed the following study. We investigated human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) from omentum and a mesothelioma cell (MTC) line after addition of zinc in concentrations from 35 to 350 µM. Measurements of MT-mRNA and protein (by immuncytochemistry [IHC], Western blots, and dot blots) were performed. Zinc caused a clear and highly significant fourfold increase of RNA in MTC and to a lower extent in HPMC (1.6-fold, P < 0.001). IHC demonstrated a clear induction in HPMC and MTC. Western and dot blots confirmed this and showed an increase of MT from 112-mg/g total protein (TP) to 410-mg/g TP. Zinc was able to upregulate MT significantly in HPMC and MTC on the RNA and protein level. Fourfold increases of MT were achievable. [source] Role of transforming growth factor beta in peritoneal fibrosisNEPHROLOGY, Issue 5 2002Reem H AL-JAYYOUSI SUMMARY: Technique survival of peritoneal dialysis is seriously limited by the development of peritoneal fibrosis. the mesothelial cell layer lining the peritoneum is important in the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis. Mesothelial cells are able to produce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-,), and respond to stimulation by this cytokine. In this review, we will detail the evidence available so far for the role of the complex interaction between TGF-, and mesothelial cells in the development of peritoneal fibrosis. [source] Cytopathologic differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial cells: A logistic regression analysis,DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Ebru Cakir M.D. Abstract Distinguishing malignant mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial proliferation in both cytologic and surgical pathologic specimens is often a diagnostic challenge. Conventional cytomorphologic assessment is an important step in the differential diagnosis of these entities. The pleural effusion cytologies from 40 cases of malignant mesothelioma, 40 cases of adenocarcinoma and 30 cases of reactive mesothelial proliferation diagnosed between 1997 and 2007 were reviewed. Twenty-seven cytologic features which are regarded as useful in the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and benign mesothelial proliferation were assessed. These cytologic features were subjected to a stepwise logistic regression analysis. Three features were selected to distinguish malignant mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma: giant atypical mesothelial cell (P = 0.0001), nuclear pleomorphism (P = 0.0001) and acinar structures (P = 0.0001), the latter two being characteristics of adenocarcinoma. The variables selected to differentiate malignant mesothelioma from reactive mesothelial cells were: cell ball formation (P = 0.0001), cell in cell engulfment (P = 0.0001) and monolayer cell groups (P = 0.0001), the latter being a feature of benign mesothelial proliferation. When these selected variables were subjected to a stepwise logistic regression analysis, the logistic model correctly predicted 90% of cases of benign mesothelial proliferation versus 97.5% of malignant mesothelioma and 92.5% of malignant mesothelioma versus 92.5% of adenocarcinoma. Conventional cytomorphologic assessment is the first step to establish an accurate diagnosis in pleural effusions. Several cytologic features have predictive value to seperate malignant mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial proliferation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Development of the proepicardium in Xenopus laevisDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 10 2008Maike Jahr Abstract The proepicardium (PE) is an embryonic progenitor cell population, which provides the epicardium, the majority of the cardiac interstitium, the coronary vasculature and possibly some cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have documented (1) the presence of bilaterally paired PE anlagen in several vertebrates, and (2) species-specific differences in the fate of the left and right PE anlagen. Here, we document PE development in Xenopus laevis (stages 37,46). The PE appears at stage 41 in the form of a cone-shaped accumulation of mesothelial cells covering the pericardial surface of the right horn of the sinus venosus. No such structure appears on the left sinus horn. At the end of stage 41, the tip of the PE establishes a firm contact with the developing ventricle. A secondary tissue bridge is established facilitating the transfer of PE cells to the heart. During stages 41,46, this tissue bridge is visible in vivo through the transparent body wall. Corresponding to the morphological data, the PE marker gene Tbx18 is expressed only on the right sinus horn suggesting a right-sided origin of the PE. Left,right lineage tracing has confirmed this idea. These results show that Xenopus PE development proceeds in a bilaterally asymmetric pattern as previously observed in chicks. We speculate that asymmetric PE development is controlled by signals from left,right signaling pathways and that the PE is an indicator for right-sidedness in Xenopus embryos. Xenopus might be a good model to uncover the role of left,right signaling pathways in the control of asymmetric PE development. Developmental Dynamics 237:3088,3096, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Expression pattern of Popdc2 during mouse embryogenesis and in the adultDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2008Alexander Froese Abstract The Popdc2 gene is a member of the Popeye domain containing gene family encoding membrane proteins with prominent expression in striated and smooth muscle tissue. After introducing a LacZ reporter gene into the Popdc2 locus, expression was studied during embryonic development and postnatal life. At embryonic day (E) 7.5, expression was present in cardiac and extraembryonic mesoderm. At E10.5, expression was found in heart, somites, and mesothelial cells lining the coelom. At E12.5, expression was present in the coelomic mesothelium, pericardial and myocardial layer of the heart, skeletal muscle, bladder, gut, and umbilical vessels. Postnatal expression was found in cardiac and skeletal muscle and in the smooth muscle layer of colon, rectum, and bladder. In the stomach, Popdc2 was exclusively present in the pyloric epithelium. In conclusion, Popdc2 is expressed in various muscle and nonmuscle cell types during embryonic development and in postnatal life. Developmental Dynamics 237:780,787, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Contribution of mesothelium-derived cells to liver sinusoids in avian embryosDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 3 2004J.M. Pérez-Pomares Abstract The developing liver is vascularized through a complex process of vasculogenesis that leads to the differentiation of the sinusoids. The main structural elements of the sinusoidal wall are endothelial and stellate (Ito) cells. We have studied the differentiation of the hepatic sinusoids in avian embryos through confocal colocalization of differentiation markers, in ovo direct labeling of the liver mesothelium, induced invasion of the developing chick liver by quail proepicardial cells, and in vitro culture of chimeric aggregates. Our results show that liver mesothelial cells give rise to mesenchymal cells which intermingle between the growing hepatoblast cords and become incorporated to the sinusoidal wall, contributing to both endothelial and stellate cell populations. We have also shown that the proepicardium, a mesothelial tissue anatomically continuous with liver mesothelium, is able to form sinusoid-like vessels into the hepatic primordium as well as in cultured aggregates of hepatoblasts. Thus, both intrinsic or extrinsic mesothelium-derived cells have the developmental potential to contribute to the establishment of liver sinusoids. Developmental Dynamics 229:465,474, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Evidence-based guidelines to optimize the selection of antibody panels in cytopathology: Pleural effusions with malignant epithelioid cellsDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Danielle E. Westfall M.D. Abstract There is no established methodology to help select cost effective antibody panels. We used Bayesian statistics and an evidence-based pathology (EBP) approach to retrospectively review the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 153 consecutive pleural effusions evaluated in our laboratory from 2005,2007 for the differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelial cells versus carcinoma cells and to estimate the likely site of origin of a carcinoma. The results in this "training" set were used to design antibody panels and test their clinical applicability on a "test set" of 44 pleural effusions collected in early 2008. Cytopathologists had used 6 ± 4.5 IHC tests per case for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma (n = 9) and carcinomas of lung (n = 60), breast (n = 47), Müllerian (n = 25), and other origins in the "training set". The sensitivity and specificity of pleural cytology using all these IHC tests were 32% and 95%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity and post-test odds (PTO) of a positive IHC result were calculated for each antibody and by the following classes: malignant mesothelial cells and carcinoma cells by primary site of origin. The antibodies that provided the best PTO to diagnose the most prevalent tumors in our population were included in diagnostic panels for male (calretinin, TTF-1, PSA and CDX-2) and female (calretinin, TTF-1, ER and CA125) patients. These panels provided 100% specificity and 77% and 50% sensitivity, respectively, for the pleural effusions from female and male patients in the "test set." The use of an EBP approach for test selection in cytopathology is discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Differentiating reactive mesothelial cells from metastatic adenocarcinoma in serous effusions: The utility of immunocytochemical panel in the differential diagnosis,DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2009F.I.A.C., Husain A. Saleh M.D., M.B.A. Abstract Differentiating reactive mesothelial cells (RMs) from metastatic adenocarcinoma cells (MAC) in serous fluids based on cytomorphologic features alone can be very challenging. Various immunocytochemical (ICC) markers have been used to maximize the diagnostic accuracy, however, cytopathologists still encounter difficulties in effusion cytologic diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate previous and recent ICC stains to identify the most sensitive and specific markers and the best panel for differentiating RM from MAC. Cell block sections from 41 MAC and 43 RM effusions cases were subjected to ICC staining for MOC-31, BerEp4, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), calretinin, HBME-1, CK5/6, and D2-40. For the MAC cases, the sensitivity of BerEp4, MOC-31, and CEA was 82.9, 92.6, and 17%, respectively, and the specificity was 95.3, 93, and 100%, respectively. For the RM cases, the sensitivity of calretinin, CK5/6, D2-40, and HBME-1 was 95.3, 27.9, 58.1, and 93%, respectively, and the specificity was 70.7, 73.1, 75.6, and 82.9%, respectively. The results show that BerEp4 and MOC-31 are highly sensitive and specific for detecting MAC, whereas calretinin and HBME1 are highly sensitive but only modestly specific for detecting RM cases (P < 0.05). Forced entry logistic regression revealed that using MOC-31, BerEp4, HBME-1, and calretinin, is an excellent panel for making correct diagnosis with 97.6% sensitivity in detecting MAC and 90.7% specificity in detecting RM. We conclude that adding a panel of MOC-31, BerEp4, calretinin, and HBME-1 immunostains to routine cytomorphologic features can greatly enhance the diagnostic accuracy of serous effusions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cytology of metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma in pleural fluid: Report of a case confirmed by human papillomavirus typingDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Roberto G. Gamez M.D. Abstract Cervical squamous cell carcinomas are rarely the cause of malignant effusions. Their identification can be relatively easy when keratinizing atypical squamous cells are present, but may be very difficult when only nonkeratinizing malignant cells are present. We present the case of a 47-year-old woman who presented with a large left pleural effusion after having recently completed chemoradiation therapy for stage IIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Cytologic examination of the fluid showed a uniform population of single atypical cells with finely vacuolated cytoplasm, ectoendoplasmic demarcation, cell-in-cell arrangements, and short rows of cells with intervening "windows," all features reminiscent of mesothelial cells. No keratinization or three-dimensional cell clusters were identified. A panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed on the cell block material, and the atypical cells were positive for cytokeratin 5/6, p63, and p16 but not for cytokeratin 7, calretinin, WT1, or Ber-EP4 or TTF1. These findings were consistent with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. HPV DNA determination and typing by PCR confirmed the presence of HPV16 in an aliquot of pleural fluid. This is to our knowledge the first reported case of pleural fluid involved by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma where HPV DNA testing was used to confirm the origin of the metastasis. Despite its rarity, metastatic nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma should be considered when a single cell population of large atypical cells is found in effusions. Immunoperoxidase stains and HPV testing can be performed to establish the diagnosis and confirm the origin from a cervical primary. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cytopathologic differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial cells: A logistic regression analysis,DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Ebru Cakir M.D. Abstract Distinguishing malignant mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial proliferation in both cytologic and surgical pathologic specimens is often a diagnostic challenge. Conventional cytomorphologic assessment is an important step in the differential diagnosis of these entities. The pleural effusion cytologies from 40 cases of malignant mesothelioma, 40 cases of adenocarcinoma and 30 cases of reactive mesothelial proliferation diagnosed between 1997 and 2007 were reviewed. Twenty-seven cytologic features which are regarded as useful in the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and benign mesothelial proliferation were assessed. These cytologic features were subjected to a stepwise logistic regression analysis. Three features were selected to distinguish malignant mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma: giant atypical mesothelial cell (P = 0.0001), nuclear pleomorphism (P = 0.0001) and acinar structures (P = 0.0001), the latter two being characteristics of adenocarcinoma. The variables selected to differentiate malignant mesothelioma from reactive mesothelial cells were: cell ball formation (P = 0.0001), cell in cell engulfment (P = 0.0001) and monolayer cell groups (P = 0.0001), the latter being a feature of benign mesothelial proliferation. When these selected variables were subjected to a stepwise logistic regression analysis, the logistic model correctly predicted 90% of cases of benign mesothelial proliferation versus 97.5% of malignant mesothelioma and 92.5% of malignant mesothelioma versus 92.5% of adenocarcinoma. Conventional cytomorphologic assessment is the first step to establish an accurate diagnosis in pleural effusions. Several cytologic features have predictive value to seperate malignant mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial proliferation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] MUC4 is upregulated in ovarian carcinoma effusions and differentiates carcinoma cells from mesothelial cellsDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 12 2007Ben Davidson M.D., Ph.D. Abstract Using gene expression arrays, we recently showed that MUC4 expression is significantly higher in ovarian/primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (OC/PPC) compared to diffuse peritoneal malignant mesothelioma (DMPM). In the present study, we analyzed the anatomic site-related expression of MUC4 in OC/PPC and studied its prognostic role. We additionally studied the ability of MUC4 to differentiate between OC/PPC and reactive mesothelial cells (RMC). OC/PPC effusions (n = 142) and benign reactive effusions (n = 10) were immunostained for MUC4 expression. Immunoreactivity was scored in carcinoma cells and RMC and was compared with tumor cell expression in 60 previously studied primary carcinomas and solid metastases and analyzed for association with clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. MUC4 was detected in carcinoma cells in 141/142 (99%) effusions, with comparable expression in peritoneal and pleural effusions. RMC were present in 72 malignant effusions and were MUC4-negative in all specimens, as well as in the 10 reactive effusions. MUC4 expression in carcinoma cells in effusions was significantly higher than in primary carcinomas and solid metastases (P < 0.001). Higher MUC4 expression was seen in tumors from older (>60 year) patients (P = 0.049). No association was found between MUC4 expression and other clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. MUC4 is universally expressed in OC/PPC effusions and is upregulated at this anatomic site compared to primary carcinomas and solid metastases. The data in the present study, together with our earlier report, show that MUC4 is an excellent marker for differentiating OC/PPC from both benign and malignant mesothelial cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:756,760. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparison of three cytologic preparation methods and immunocytochemistries to distinguish adenocarcinoma cells from reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusionDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2006(I.A.C.), Junko Ueda Ph.D. Abstract We assessed whether a panel of seven antibodies is useful in the differentiation of adenocarcinoma cells (ACCs) from reactive mesothelial cells (RMCs) in effusion samples and to determine optimal specimen preparation conditions for immunocytochemical analysis of effusion samples. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was performed on three types of effusion preparations from the same effusion specimens: ethanol-fixed smears, ethanol-fixed cell -blocks, and formalin-fixed cell-blocks. Commercially available antibodies MOC-31, Ber-EP4, CA19-9, CEA, EMA, CA125, and HBME-1 were tested on RMCs from four samples of various etiology and 15 samples of adenocarcinoma from various primary sites. Ethanol-fixed smears showed strong immunoreactivity to all antibodies tested. The immunoreactivity of ethanol-fixed and formalin-fixed cell-blocks was significantly lower with all antibodies except CA19-9. Smear preparations are more sensitive than cell-blocks for immunocytochemical study. A panel of antibodies MOC-31, Ber-EP4, CA19-9, and CEA appears to be suitable to distinguish between ACCs and RMCs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:6,10. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparison of antibodies to HBME-1 and calretinin for the detection of mesothelial cells in effusion cytology ,DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Patricia A. Fetsch M.T. (A.S.C.P.) Abstract The distinction of mesothelial cells in cytologic samples is often a diagnostic challenge. This is particularly true in potentially malignant effusions in which reactive mesothelial cells may simulate adenocarcinoma (ACA) cells, and in the differentiation of ACA vs. mesothelioma. We sought to determine the superior antibody for the positive identification of mesothelial cells in these circumstances. Cell block sections of 25 reactive and 8 malignant mesothelioma effusions were immunostained with an avidin-biotin procedure, using antibodies to HBME-1 and calretinin. No pretreatment of samples was necessary for the HBME-1-stained slides; microwave antigen retrieval was performed on all slides stained for calretinin. A negative control was performed on each sample. The staining intensity of tumor cells was scored on a scale of 0,3+, with the proportion of immunoreactive cells categorized as <25%, 25,50%, 50,75%, and >75%. The predominant staining pattern for HBME-1 was surface, with rare samples also exhibiting cytoplasmic staining as well. The calretinin-staining pattern was cytoplasmic, with peripheral condensation/prominence and accompanying nuclear staining. All samples were immunoreactive with both antibodies. Fifty-five percent (18/33) of samples showed significantly stronger immunoreactivity with calretinin than with HBME-1; 45% (15/33) of samples showed equivalent staining with the two markers. None of the samples in this study showed stronger immunoreactivity with HBME-1 than with calretinin. Sixty-one percent (20/33) of samples stained with HBME-1 at a moderate (2+) intensity. Fifty-five percent (18/33) of samples stained with calretinin at a strong (3+) intensity. While only 12% of samples showed >75% immunoreactivity for HBME-1, 58% of samples showed >75% of cells immunoreactive for calretinin. Calretinin is the preferred marker in identifying mesothelial cells in cytologic samples, showing the highest sensitivity for mesothelial cells, as evidenced by a more intense staining reaction in a higher percentage of cells than with HBME-1. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:158,161. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Glomeruloid peritoneal implants in ovarian serous borderline tumours , distinction between invasive and non-invasive implants and pathogenesisHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Eung-Seok Lee Aims:, To determine whether or not the glomeruloid implants (GI) composed of papillary cores within clear spaces lined by mesothelial cells or tumour cells located in superficial or deep peritoneal tissue in ovarian serous borderline tumours (SBTs) are invasive. Methods and results:, We examined the differences in incidence, histological and immunohistochemical findings among three groups: 100 GI with mesothelial cells lining clear space (type I), 100 GI with tumour cells lining clear space (type II), and 100 invasive implants with clefts but no lining cells from 30 cases of SBT with peritoneal implants. The type I lesion had characteristics of non-invasive implants with a tendency for smooth contours (100/100), superficial location (71/100), absence of desmoplasia (100/100) and absence of surrounding destructive invasion (100/100), In contrast, type II GI had irregular contours (67/100), deep location (93/100), presence of desmoplastic reaction (100/100) and presence of destructive invasion (12/100). Immunohistological studies suggested intermediate forms between the two types of lesions. Conclusions:, Type I GI are non-invasive implants, whereas type II GI are invasive implants and it is important to evaluate the presence and nature of cells lining the clear space in determining whether implants associated with ovarian SBTs are invasive or not. [source] Caveolin-1 is a novel immunohistochemical marker to differentiate epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinomaHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Vishwa Jeet Amatya Aims:, The incidence of mesothelioma is increasing in Europe, Japan and other developing countries. There is difficulty in the accurate diagnosis of mesothelioma and its differentiation from lung adenocarcinoma. Mesothelioma shows a complex immunohistochemical profile. Therefore, the use of a immunohistochemical panel that includes both positive and negative mesothelial markers has become a general rule for its accurate diagnosis. However, they are still not sufficient. The aim was to assess the diagnostic utility of caveolin-1 (Cav-1), which is expressed in endothelial cells, alveolar type I pneumocytes and mesothelial cells, as a novel positive marker of mesothelioma. Methods and results:, An immunohistochemical study of 80 cases of epithelioid mesothelioma and 80 cases of lung adenocarcinoma was performed for the analysis of the expression of Cav-1 and other markers. Cav-1 expression with a membranous and/or cytoplasmic pattern was found in all of the epithelioid mesothelioma. Of these, 42 cases (52.5%) showed Cav-1 expression in >50% of tumour cells, 34 cases (42.5%) in 6,50% of tumour cells, and four cases (5.0%) in <5% of tumour cells. In contrast, only six cases (7.5%) of lung adenocarcinoma showed focal Cav-1 expression in the cytoplasm of the tumour cells. The sensitivity and specificity of Cav-1 expression for the differentiation of epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma were 100 and 92.5%, respectively. This is comparable or even superior to that of currently available positive markers such as calretinin or D2-40. Conclusions:, Cav-1 is a novel immunohistochemical marker for the differentiation of epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma. [source] Rodlet cells in teleosts: a new insight into their nature and functionsJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004M. Manera The nature of rodlet cells (RCs) and their functions is subject to a number of different interpretations. This review provides a detailed analysis of the parasitic and endogenous origin of these cells. Two new functional aspects of RCs are considered in detail. The possible function of RCs as immune cells was derived from studies that reported an increase in the number of RCs in fish infected with protozoan and metazoan parasites, particularly at the site of the pathogen infection and/or attachment. Accordingly, RCs represent inflammatory cells, with a similar role to eosinophile granule cells, epithelioid cells and mesothelial cells. Rodlet cells may potentially act as biomarkers. Experimental studies that examined the response of RCs in fish exposed to chemical substances such as metals and herbicides reported an increase in the number of RCs in the tissues of the fish. Fish exposed to these substances expressed myelinic figures in the cytoplasm of the RCs and various degrees of rodlet degeneration and high vacuolization of RC cytoplasm were often noticed. Further lines of research are suggested that might elucidate the true function of these enigmatic cells. [source] Role of transforming growth factor beta in peritoneal fibrosisNEPHROLOGY, Issue 5 2002Reem H AL-JAYYOUSI SUMMARY: Technique survival of peritoneal dialysis is seriously limited by the development of peritoneal fibrosis. the mesothelial cell layer lining the peritoneum is important in the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis. Mesothelial cells are able to produce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-,), and respond to stimulation by this cytokine. In this review, we will detail the evidence available so far for the role of the complex interaction between TGF-, and mesothelial cells in the development of peritoneal fibrosis. [source] Peritoneal mesothelial cells and the extracellular matrixNEPHROLOGY, Issue 6 2001Susan Yung SUMMARY: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an important treatment for patients with end-stage renal failure. Long-term success is dependent on the functional and structural integrity of the peritoneal membrane. Conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids are non-physiological. They contain glucose at high concentrations to provide the osmotic drive for ultrafiltration, lactate to correct the metabolic acidosis of renal failure, and a low pH to prevent caramelization of glucose during heat sterilization. These components, in isolation or acting together, exert adverse influences on both the resident cellular and extracellular elements of the peritoneal membrane, as well as phagocytic cells which infiltrate the peritoneum during inflammation, culminating in detrimental structural and functional effects, compromising the viability of the peritoneum during dialysis. Peritoneal biopsy studies of patients on long-term CAPD have demonstrated an intercellular space between adjacent mesothelial cells which allows the penetration of peritoneal dialysis fluid into the underlying submesothelium. This, together with episodes of peritonitis, can initiate a chronic inflammatory reaction within the peritoneum characterized by increased synthesis of matrix proteins. Perturbation of the regulatory mechanisms which govern the balance of synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix can lead to progressive fibrosis. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) have been shown to synthesize fibronectin, laminin, collagens, proteoglycans and hyaluronan in vitro, and thus play a role in the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis. This review will give an overview of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis by HPMC, how changes in the synthesis are affected by CAPD and postulate how these changes can compromise the dialytic properties of the peritoneum. [source] Ultrastructure and Estrogen Regulation of the Lymphatic Stomata of Ovarian Bursa in MiceTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2007Meng Li Abstract The ovarian bursa is a key player in maintaining adaptive ovarian microenvironment for ovulation. The lymphatic stomata are believed to be a major contributor to execute the function of the ovarian bursa, whereas little is known about their ultrastructure and regulation. Here, we examined the ultrastructure of lymphatic stomata in mouse ovarian bursa by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and investigated its regulation by estrogen. We found that the mesothelium on the visceral layer of mouse ovarian bursa was composed of the cuboidal and flattened cells. The lymphatic stomata with round and oval shapes were mainly among the cuboidal cells. The particles, cells, and fluid passed through the stomata and entered into the lymphatic drainage unit composed of connective tissue and lymphatic endothelial cells beneath the stomata. We also used trypan blue as a tracer and found that the absorption of trypan blue through the lymphatic stomata was increased by estrogen that enlarged the average opening area of lymphatic stomata. Furthermore, we detected that there existed estrogen receptors in the nuclei of the mesothelial cells on the visceral ovarian bursa by using immunoelectron microscopy. Taken together, these data suggest that both the absorption and opening area of the lymphatic stomata in mouse ovarian bursa may be influenced by estrogen. Anat Rec, 290:1195-1202, © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The Peritoneal Mesothelium Covering the Genital Tract and its Ligaments in the Female Pig Shows Signs of Active FunctionTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 7 2007Jesús Luis Yániz Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the surface features of the peritoneal mesothelium covering the genital tract and adjacent ligaments of the sow to find signs of biosynthetic activation of cells. Surface features of the serosa covering the genital tract and adjacent ligaments from 14 cyclic sows, 7 in the follicular phase and 7 in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle, were examined by histology and scanning electron microscopy. Five additional sows, three in the follicular phase and two in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle, were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this study, the presence of cells of the oviductal epithelium in the serosa of the infundibulum and the ampulla, as well as indications of a high functional activity of the mesothelial cells in the areas studied were two aspects that differed from the findings of previous works. Presence of endosalpingeal cells was observed in the serosal surface, showing cyclical variations with a predominance of either ciliated cells during the follicular phase or secretory cells during the luteal phase. Signs of high functional activity of the mesothelial cells included the predominance of cuboidal over flattened cells, a cytoplasm richly supplied with organelles, a dense microvillous coat, numerous primary cilia, and many secretory structures on the surface of cells. These results indicate that the serosa covering the genital area and the adjacent ligaments in the sow has an active epithelium whose coordinating role between reproductive tissues may be far more significant than previously thought. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A New Look on the Origin of the Gonad and the Müllerian Duct: the Sturgeon (Acipencer) as a Model for Vertebrate Urogenital DevelopmentANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2005K. -H. The origin of the vertebrate gonad and the Müllerian duct are still a matter of debate. According to the majority of recent textbooks, the gonad is a product of the proliferating coelothelium and therefore derived from the mesoderm of the lateral plate region. The Müllerian duct grows parallel to the Wolffian duct, but it is not clear to what extent the latter contributes actively to the development of the former. In the last decade, we reinvestigated early gonadogenesis and Müllerian duct development in a number of vertebrate model species using various morphological techniques (TEM, SEM, immunohistochemistry). The conclusion of our studies is that rudimentary or regressing nephrostomial tubules, particularly cells of their nephrostomes, must be regarded as the immediate precursors of the somatic cells of the gonadal crest and the Müllerian infundibular field. According to this concept, both structures are derivatives of the intermediate mesoderm. Nephrostomial tubules are regular components of the primitive pro- and mesonephros. They connect the nephric tubule or the nephric corpuscle to the coelomic cavity and open into the latter by means of a funnel-like mouth, the nephrostome (coelomostome). In the larval sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus, short, segmentally arranged nephrostomial tubules with well-developed nephrostomes are present in the region of the cranial opisthonephros. Cells of the medial nephrostomial lips proliferate, surround the germ cells that have accumulated in this location and form a continuous gonadal crest. Cells of the lateral nephrostomial lips proliferate also, spread out on the coelomic surface, replace the original flat mesothelial cells over the Wolffian duct and the cranial opisthonephros and form the Müllerian infundibular field. At about 28 days, a flat pocket begins to invaginate the infundibular field. This pocket is the primordium of the Müllerian ostium abdominale. The findings in Acipenser can be generalized and transferred to other vertebrates. [source] Myeloperoxidase response to peritonitis in an experimental modelANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 12 2003Veronica Yao Introduction: Patients with peritonitis often exhibit systemic manifestations of sepsis, especially in the lungs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the local and systemic effects of the neutrophil response to peritonitis in a rat model. Methods: Fifty Wistar rats were randomized to either a control group or a peritonitis group (5 mg zymosan intraperitoneal). Groups of five animals were killed at 4, 18, 24, 48 and 96 h for evaluation of the morphology of the peritoneum (mesothelial imprint), the number and phenotype of cells within peritoneal fluid (flow cytometry), and myeloperoxidase activity within the peritoneal fluid and distant organs (enzyme assay). Results: Zymosan produced macroscopic evidence of peritonitis and on microscopy there was disruption of peritoneal mesothelial cells. This was accompanied by an influx of neutrophils between 4 and 48 h (P < 0.001) and macrophages between 48 and 96 h (P < 0.001). There was also an increase in myeloperoxidase activity within peritoneal fluid between 4 and 48 h (P < 0.05), the lung at 4 h (P < 0.01) and the liver at 48 h (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study has confirmed the validity of using zymosan to create a low-morbidity model of peritonitis. Besides the anticipated peritoneal response, there were distant effects of neutrophil activation within the lungs and liver. In the future, strategies that modulate neutrophil activation within these organs might play a useful adjunctive role in the management of patients with peritonitis. [source] Induction of Metallothionein in Mesothelial Cells by ZincARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 6 2007Dominik M. Alscher Abstract:, Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) are exposed to peritoneal dialysis fluids with unphysiological properties. Local defense systems are of importance. In this respect, metallothionein (MT) might play an important role. Because nothing is known about the achievability of MT induction in peritoneum by zinc, we performed the following study. We investigated human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) from omentum and a mesothelioma cell (MTC) line after addition of zinc in concentrations from 35 to 350 µM. Measurements of MT-mRNA and protein (by immuncytochemistry [IHC], Western blots, and dot blots) were performed. Zinc caused a clear and highly significant fourfold increase of RNA in MTC and to a lower extent in HPMC (1.6-fold, P < 0.001). IHC demonstrated a clear induction in HPMC and MTC. Western and dot blots confirmed this and showed an increase of MT from 112-mg/g total protein (TP) to 410-mg/g TP. Zinc was able to upregulate MT significantly in HPMC and MTC on the RNA and protein level. Fourfold increases of MT were achievable. [source] Metastatic sclerosing mesothelioma in a cowAUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002E BEYTUT Metastatic sclerosing mesothelioma in a crossbred cow is described. Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and solitary or coalesced nodules on the peritoneum, hepatic capsule and visceral pleurae, were observed after slaughter. Histological examination of the nodules revealed that they were composed of tubular structures supported by massive connective tissue. The lumina of the tubules were lined by solitary neoplastic mesothelial cells, or occasionally small groups of such cells were observed in the lumen. Identification of the mesothelial character of the tumours was dependent upon the histopathological and cytological characteristics of the nodules and histochemical stainings. [source] Novel and simple method for isolating autologous mesothelial cells from the tunica vaginalisBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2005Touko Asano OBJECTIVE To report the development of a new method of isolating autologous mesothelial cells from the tunica vaginalis that are easily obtained and generally free from the effects of abdominal cancer, and to investigate whether transplanting these mesothelial cells is effective in preventing postoperative adhesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tunica vaginalis was resected from male Lewis rats, and mesothelial cells were collected by enzymatic disaggregation. To investigate the efficacy of mesothelial cells in preventing adhesion, harvested cells were transplanted into a rat intestinal hernia adhesion model. RESULTS Cells isolated from the tunica vaginalis were homogenous, polygonal when confluent, expressed cytokeratin and vimentin, and the cell surface was covered with microvilli, which is the characteristic appearance of endogenous mesothelial cells. The transplantation of autologous mesothelial cell sheets reduced peritoneal adhesion. CONCLUSION We developed a new method of obtaining autologous mesothelial cells from the tunica vaginalis. These cells may provide a valuable option for treating patients at risk of postoperative adhesions. [source] Circulating mesothelial cells following multiple ribs fracturesBRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Mohammed K. Alabdulaali No abstract is available for this article. [source] Sphingosine kinase 1 gene transfer reduces postoperative peritoneal adhesion in an experimental modelBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 2 2008Q. Guo Background: Recovery of the surgically damaged mesothelial cell layer is a major process in reducing postoperative peritoneal adhesions. Sphingosine kinase (SPK) 1 is a signalling molecule involved in the regulation of proliferation and migration of various cell types. This study determined the effect of SPK-1 gene transfer on the recovery of damaged mesothelial cells and on peritoneal adhesion formation after surgery. Methods: Rat mesothelial cells were isolated and characterized by their expression of cytokeratin and vimentin. Their migration was determined by scratch wound motility assay. Cellular SPK-1 activity was measured by [,- 32P]adenosine 5,-triphosphate incorporation. Wistar rats underwent laparotomy with subsequent caecum or uterine horn abrasion. Rats were randomized to either SPK-1 gene (Ad-SPK-1) transfer or control groups. The animals were killed 14 days after operation and peritoneal adhesions were graded. Results: Adenovirus-mediated SPK-1 gene transfer increased the cellular SPK-1 activity of mesothelial cells, leading to enhanced migration. Median adhesion scores were significantly lower in the Ad-SPK-1 group than in controls in both rat caecum (0·98 versus 2·60; P < 0·001) and rat uterine horn (0·28 versus 1·83; P < 0·001) models. Conclusion: Adenovirus-mediated SPK-1 gene transfer promotes recovery of the surgically damaged mesothelial cell layer and prevents postoperative peritoneal adhesion formation. Copyright © 2007 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Influence of antiseptic agents on interleukin 8 release and transmigration of polymorphonuclear granulocytes in an in vitro model of peritonitisBRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 7 2000W. Sendt Background The effect of antiseptic agents on peritoneal cells is ill defined. The influence of taurolidine (TAU) and polyhexamide (HEX) was investigated in an in vitro model. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were laid on collagen-coated filter inserts (HUVECs on the bottom, HPMCs on the top), thus representing a two-chamber peritoneal model. When confluence was reached, HPMCs were stimulated with 0·5 ml tumour necrosis factor (TNF) , 10 ,g ml,1 for 4 h. Afterwards 0·5 ml TAU (1 and 2 per cent) or 0·5 ml HEX (0·1 and 0·2 per cent) solutions were added to the upper compartment. After 1 h polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) (105 ml,1) were added to the lower compartment. After 2 and 6 h aliquots were taken from both compartments, transmigrated PMNs were counted and interleukin (IL) 8 concentrations were measured. Controls were either TNF-,-stimulated HPMCs or stimulated HPMCs where culture medium had been substituted for TNF-,. Significance of differences was assessed by analysis of variance with Bonferroni corrections. Correlations were calculated by linear regression analysis. Results Stimulation with TNF-, led to a time-dependent increase in PMN transmigration. IL-8 secretion into the apical compartment increased time dependently, resulting in a gradient between the two chambers. After substitution of the stimulus by culture medium, significantly less IL-8 was measured in both compartments. PMN transmigration was almost absent. Addition of HEX resulted in an initial increase in IL-8 levels comparable to TNF controls without further changes. A concentration-dependent decrease in IL-8 gradient was associated with reduced transmigration. The IL-8 gradient between the upper and lower chambers correlated significantly with PMN transmigration (r = 0·8205, P < 0·0001). Conclusion The decrease in IL-8 gradients by HEX and the diminished IL-8 response after addition of TAU may reflect either anti-inflammatory effects or cellular damage. Both antiseptic solutions reduced PMN migration, irrespective of continuous stimulation in this model. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source] Genomic abnormalities and signal transduction dysregulation in malignant mesothelioma cellsCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Yoshitaka Sekido Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a tumor with poor prognosis associated with asbestos exposure. While it remains to be clarified how asbestos fibers confer genetic/epigenetic alterations and induce cellular transformation in normal mesothelial cells, the understanding of key molecular mechanisms of MM cell development, proliferation, and invasion has progressed. MM shows frequent genetic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes of p16INK4a/p14ARF and neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) which encodes Merlin, and epigenetic inactivation of RASSF1A. However, no frequent mutations of well-known oncogenes such as K-RAS and PIK3CA have been identified. Activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and MET, and subsequent deregulations of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K),AKT signaling cascades are frequently observed in most MM cells. The tumor suppressive function of Merlin in MM cells is also being investigated by dissecting its possible downstream signaling cascade called the Hippo pathway. Further comprehensive delineation of dysregulated signaling cascades in MM cells will lead to identification of key addiction pathways for cell survival and proliferation of MM cells, which strongly promote establishment of a new molecular target therapy for MM. (Cancer Sci 2009) [source] 3- O -Methylfunicone, a metabolite produced by Penicillium pinophilum, modulates ERK1/2 activity, affecting cell motility of human mesothelioma cellsCELL PROLIFERATION, Issue 2 2010E. Buommino Objectives:, 3- O -methylfunicone (OMF), a secondary metabolite produced by Penicillium pinophilum, affects cell proliferation and motility in a variety of human solid tumours. The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether OMF has the ability to arrest cell division and motility, in a human mesothelioma cell line. Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer that does not respond to standard therapies the cells of which are considered to be highly resistant to apoptosis. Material and methods:, Cell motility and invasion were measured using a modified Boyden chamber. Gene expression was examined by RT-PCR, while ERK1/2 was investigated by Western blot analysis. All experiments were also performed on primary cultures of mesothelial cells. Results:, The present study shows that OMF inhibited motility of the NCI mesothelioma cell line by modulating ERK signalling activity, and affected ,V,5 integrin and MMP-2 expression, inducing marked downregulation at both mRNA and protein levels. Substantial downregulation of VEGF gene expression was also demonstrated. These effects were not observed in normal mesothelial cell cultures. Conclusion:, OMF may have potential as a naturally derived anti-tumour drug for treatment of mesothelioma. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||