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Measuring System (measuring + system)
Selected AbstractsInfluence of a Measuring System to a Transient Voltage on a Vertical ConductorIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2010Peerawut Yutthagowith Student Member Abstract This paper studies the effect of a horizontal reference voltage wire, a current lead wire, and the impedance of a voltage probe when measuring a transient voltage on a vertical conductor. A hybrid frequency-time domain (HFTD) method and a finite-different time domain (FDTD) method with the help of VSTL are applied to investigate the effect of the horizontal reference voltage wire, the current lead wire, and the impedance of the voltage probe on measurement at the top of the vertical conductor. The obtained results show that the horizontal reference voltage wire perpendicular to the vertical conductor causes a minor effect, but the input capacitance of the voltage probe affects significantly the voltage measurement. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Investigating the transport dynamics and the properties of bedload material with a hydro-acoustic measuring systemEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 1 2008Andreas Krein Abstract This article deals with the following two questions. Are acoustic measurements in running waters appropriate for a highly resolved investigation of the bedload transport? Which characterizations of the bedload regarding mass and shape are possible via the acoustic signals? The signals were recorded by means of data recorders (Tascam Inc. DAP1 Portable Data Recorder) and hydrophones (International Transducer Corp. ITC-4001 A). The ITC-4001 is a shallow water omnidirectional transducer containing a flexural disc transducer utilizing Channelite-5400 ceramics mounted in a rugged corrosion-resistant housing. These hydrophones were screwed onto the bottom side of stainless steel plates, serving as a contact surface for the bedload in motion above them. After more than 100 series of tests in the laboratory, which indicated the basic relations between the dimension, shape and weight of the bedload and the resulting signal, field tests of the measuring system were conducted. By artificially produced flood waves in the small brooks Riverisbach, Olewiger Bach and by a winter flood wave in the River Moselle, it is possible to elaborate similar structures of the signal course of the bedload movement. The highest transport rates can be observed at the beginning of the increasing limbs and behind the peaks of the waves. At the beginning of the waves, the increasing transport power of the water and the loose material can be considered as the cause for this result. The high stream velocity behind the wave peaks explains the increase in the bedload transport so that material from the channel beds is unfastened and will be mobilized. The characterization of the bedload regarding the shape and mass is still limited regarding the field measurements and could be solved only for homogeneous grain sizes and single stones under laboratory conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] International comparison test in Asia-Pacific region for impulse voltage measurementsELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 3 2009Takayuki Wakimoto Abstract The national standard class divider for the lightning impulse voltage measurements in Japan was developed in 1998. After three years, the standard impulse voltage calibrator has also been manufactured. These standard equipment are used as an industrial standard, and the performance had been evaluated annually supported by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The standard impulse measuring system including the standard divider participated in the worldwide comparison test and its good performance was confirmed in 1999. Another international comparison test was carried out among three countries in the Asia-Pacific region in 2004 again and the standard measuring system participated in the test. In this paper, the details and the results of the international comparison tests in 2004 are described. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 46, 54, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20677 [source] Clinical application of continuous spirometry with a pitot-based flow meter during equine anaesthesiaEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 7 2010Y. P. S. Moens Summary This report documents the feasibility and clinical information provided by a new method for spirometric monitoring adapted for equine anaesthesia. Monitoring of ventilatory function was done with continuous spirometry during general anaesthesia of client-owned horses presented for various diagnostic and surgical procedures. An anaesthetic monitor with a spirometry unit for human anaesthesia was used. To allow the measurement of large tidal volumes, a remodelled larger version of the pitot tube- based flow sensor was used. This technology provided reliable spirometric data even during prolonged anaesthesia when water condensation accumulated in the anaesthetic circuit and the sensor. In addition to flow and volume measurement and respiratory gas analysis, the continuous display of flow-volume and pressure-volume loops offered visually recognisable information about compliance, airway resistance and integrity of the circuit. Continuous spirometry with this monitoring system was helpful in evaluating the efficacy of spontaneous ventilation, in adjusting intermittent positive pressure ventilation and detecting technical faults in the anaesthetic apparatus and connection with the patient. This adapted spirometry method represents a practical and reliable measuring system for use during equine anaesthesia. The variety of information provides an opportunity to optimise anaesthetic management in this species. [source] Shoeing sound Warmblood horses with a rolled toe optimises hoof-unrollment and lowers peak loading during breakoverEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2006M. C. V. van Heel Summary Reasons for performing study: Overload injuries in sport horses commonly occur; shoeing techniques are believed to be important in prevention of these injuries, but there is a paucity of scientific information identifying the potential connection. Objectives: To test a horseshoe with a modified rolled toe designed to ease the process of breakover and decrease loading of lesion-prone structures of the distal limb. Methods: Twenty clinically sound Warmblood horses trotted over a track containing a pressure/force measuring system and 6 infrared cameras. The horses were measured with 2 types of shoes, standard flat shoes and shoes with a rolled toe. The shoeing procedure was randomised and horses had 2 days between measurements to adapt to the shoes. Results: Limb placement and timing characteristics, e.g. breakover duration, did not change significantly. There was an improvement in the ease of movement to roll over the toe in the shoes with a rolled toe, due mainly to a smoother hoof-unrollment pattern. The peak indicative moment decreased substantially at the onset of breakover in the shoe with the rolled toe. Conclusions: With a rolled toe the process of hoof-unrollment is smoother, which improves the coordination of this process, and lowers peak loading of the distal limb during breakover. Potential relevance: This study stresses the importance of proper shoeing in sound horses, showing that shoe modifications can optimise the loading characteristics of the distal limb and therefore might be a means to prevent sport horses from overload injuries. [source] Latest research activity on the standard of high-voltage impulse in JapanIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2007Takayuki Wakimoto Member Abstract A national-standard-class impulse voltage measuring system in Japan was developed in the consignment research of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) from 1998 to 2006. The standard measuring system for the impulse voltage measurements is to be managed by the Japan High-voltage Impulse testing Laboratories Liaison (JHILL) established under the Japan Electric Machine Industry Association (JEMA). In this paper, the composition of this standard measuring system, its performances and international compatibility, the domestic traceability system and related latest activities are described. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Viscous behaviour of dry sandINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 15 2007D. Pham Van Bang Abstract Tests on air-dried Hostun sand were performed on a newly developed triaxial apparatus, which allows static and dynamic measurements at ,Département Génie Civil et Bâtiment' (DGCB) of ENTPE. The prototype was designed to perform tests in order to investigate the viscous effects of sand from small strain (some 10,5m/m) up to intermediate strain (some 10,3m/m). The accuracy of the measuring system is ensured by the use of local non-contact displacements transducers and by the use of an internal load cell. The viscous behaviour of sand is experimentally studied for loose and dense specimens for confining pressure values from 80 up to 400 kPa and considering different histories of loading. Three types of viscous loading: creep periods; stress relaxation periods; and paths with stepwise changes in the strain rate are specifically analysed. The proposed viscous modelling is issued from a three-component general framework and is able to reproduce the experimental observations. More specifically, the peculiar behaviour of sand observed during a stepwise increase or decrease in the strain rate is detailed and modelled by the viscous evanescent (VE) model, developed at DGCB/ENTPE. Based on the three types of viscous tests, a simple relation is finally proposed for the viscous parameters of the VE model. Comparisons between data and simulations validate the approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Rheological properties of Josapine pineapple juice at different stages of maturityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Rosnah Shamsudin Summary The rheological behaviour of Josapine pineapple juice with at various maturity stages was studied at a wide range of temperature (5,65 °C) and concentration (4,14 °Brix) using a rotational rheometer as the measuring system. The results show that josapine pineapples juice demonstrated a Newtonian behavior and is influenced by maturity stage, temperature and concentration. The Arrhenius typed equation successfully describe the effect of temperature on the viscosity, on the other hand, the effect of concentration can be described better using exponential equation. Finally, an equation describing the combined effect of temperature and concentration on viscosity at different stages of maturity was successfully developed. [source] A preliminary report on a computer-assisted dental cast analysis system used for the prosthodontic treatmentJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 5 2003T. Kojima summary, To accomplish computerized 3D morphological analyses of maxillary and mandibular casts with malocclusions on the same co-ordinate system, a new reference co-ordinate located on soft tissue has been proposed consisting of the top of maxillary bilateral tubercles and incisive papilla on the maxillary cast. To test the validity of this co-ordinate system, the angles of the occlusal plane in this system were examined on 10 subjects with normal occlusion. In addition, to analyse maxillary and mandibular casts on the same co-ordinate system, a bite block was made under the intercuspal position. The maxillary cast was measured by 3D measuring system, then, the bite block was placed on maxillary casts, and measured similarly. To examine the position reproducibility of this method, 3D co-ordinates of the apex of the buccal cusp of the mandibular pre-molar in five bite blocks were determined. The angles formed of the occlusal plane were 1·3 ± 1·3° and 0·2 ± 1·1° on the sagittal and frontal base plane, respectively. This co-ordinate system had enough stability to replace the occlusal plane. By the measurement of bite blocks, the co-ordinates of the mandibular cusp tips were determined within the deviation of 0·2 mm. [source] Bodensystematik und Bodenklassifikation Teil I: GrundbegriffeJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Christoph Albrecht Abstract Bodenordnungssysteme lassen sich meist nach zwei Prinzipien entwickeln: Entweder werden nur rein bodenkundliche Informationen als kategorisierendes Merkmal verwendet (pedogenetische Faktoren/Prozesse), oder die Kategorienbildung erfolgt problemorientiert anhand ausgewählter Parameter. Die meisten der weltweit verwendeten Bodenordnungssysteme lassen sich nach ihrer Grundausrichtung einem der beiden Typen zuordnen. Diese Betrachtungsweise ist nicht neu und wird in der Literatur mit unterschiedlichen Begriffen und Begriffsinhalten dargestellt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die verschiedenen Definitionen von Systematik, Klassifikation, Taxonomie und Identifizierung zusammengefasst und geordnet. Dabei fällt auf, dass Begriffe mit sehr unterschiedlichen Inhalten oft synonym verwendet werden. Grundgedanke unserer Überlegungen ist die Trennung von Systematik, Klassifikation und Identifizierung. Systematik ist die grundsätzliche wissenschaftlich-deduktive Gliederung von Objekten in systematische Einheiten. Dabei soll das gesamte Wissen eines Fachgebietes in eine überschaubare Form gebracht werden, im Mittelpunkt stehen sowohl die umfassende Beschreibung einzelner Objekte als auch die Beziehungen zwischen den Objekten. Im Gegensatz dazu ist eine Klassifikation die zielorientiert-induktive Gliederung von Objekten. Die entstehenden Klassen werden nur anhand ausgewählter Parameter abgegrenzt, womit ein schneller Überblick bei speziellen Fragestellungen ermöglicht wird. Die Identifizierung ist die Einordnung von neuen Objekten in eine bestehende Systematik oder Klassifikation. Eine zweifelsfreie Identifizierung erfordert die Messbarkeit der kategorisierenden Merkmale. Bei einer genetisch angelegten Bodensystematik sind die Merkmale die Boden bildenden Prozesse und Faktoren. Da sie beim gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand oft nicht messbar sind, bleiben Versuche, einen Boden in eine Systematik einzuordnen, häufig hypothetisch und dadurch subjektiv. Die Ergebnisse einer Bodensystematisierung sind daher oft anfechtbar, weil sie nicht durch Messwerte verifiziert werden können. Im Gegensatz dazu erlauben Bodenklassifikationen objektive Profilansprachen. Da jedoch die Festlegung der Grenzwerte eher pragmatisch nach Zweckmäßigkeit geschieht und nicht wissenschaftlich anhand von Prozessintensitäten, ist die Verwendung als grundlegendes Ordnungssystem eines Wissenschaftsgebietes nicht möglich. Die Bodenkunde benötigt beide Arten von Ordnungssystemen, um wissenschaftliche und praktische Ansprüche gleichermaßen erfüllen zu können, jedoch erfordern die Vollendung und Verifizierung der Systematik umfangreiche Forschungsarbeiten. Kurzfristig ist dieses Problem nur durch die Entwicklung einer kennwertbasierten Klassifikation lösbar, mit der die Kategorien der bestehenden Systematik so gut wie möglich nachgebildet werden. Langfristig ist die exakte Erforschung und Modellierung der Boden bildenden Prozesse aber unumgänglich. Soil systematics and classification systems Part I: Fundamentals Soil-ordering systems are primarily based and developed on one of two underlying principles: They are either categorized according to soil-forming processes, or the formation of categories develops by chosen parameters. This perspective has already been established in the literature, though it is often confusing as many terms are defined and applied differently. In this contribution, the various definitions of systematics, classification, taxonomy, and identification will be clearly differentiated and summarized. The core of our work is to clearly define and contrast three terms: systematics, classification, and identification. Systematics is the fundamental scientific and deductive ordering of objects into systematic units. The purpose of this approach is to organize the entire spectrum of knowledge within a discipline into a transparent and manageable form. Classification, in direct contrast to systematics, is goal-oriented and an inductive ordering of objects. Thus, the ordering scheme consists of classes which are clearly parameterized. Identification is the ordering of new objects into an already existing systematics or classification system. Close attention is paid to both the differences and the similarities between a systematics and a classification system, especially pertaining to their practical applications. The identification requires that the category-forming characteristics can be measured (e.g., for soil systematics, these are the soil-forming processes and factors). Currently, it is unfortunately not feasible to objectively quantify most soil-forming processes. Thus, most attempts at categorizing soils by systematics are hypothetical and highly subjective in nature. The resulting identification derived from the soil systematics approach is open to questions and contestable, since a graded measuring system does not yet exist to verify these determinations. In contrast, a soil-classification system does allow an objective soil-profile identification, although such systems are conceived pragmatically and designed for a practical purpose (e.g., not scientifically based on process intensities). Unfortunately, such a classification system cannot be applied as a universal scientific categorization system due to this method of conception. Both categorization approaches are required in soil science in order to satisfy both the practical and the scientific aspects of the field. However, substantial research must be done to complete and verify systematics. The only viable short-term solution is through the development of a graded classification system where the categories of the system are directly derived from the current systematics approach. In the long run both the exact investigation and the detailed modeling of the soil-forming processes are inevitable. [source] Simultaneous detection of cyanide and heavy metals for environmental analysis by means of µISEsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 4 2010Monika Turek Abstract In environmental analysis, cyanide and heavy metals play an important role, because these substances are highly toxic for biological systems. They can lead to chronic and acute diseases. Due to the chemical properties of cyanide it is frequently used for industrial processes such as extraction of silver and gold. Heavy metals can be found as trace elements in nature and are often applied in industries e.g., galvanization processes. Up to now, cyanide and heavy metals can be detected by several sensors separately and their detection is often limited to laboratory investigations. In this publication, with regard to an in situ analysis, a new miniaturized silicon-based sensor system for the simultaneous detection of cyanide and heavy metals in aqueous solutions is presented that is based on chalcogenide glass-based micro ion-selective electrodes (µISEs). The µISEs are incorporated into a specially designed measuring system for the simultaneous detection of heavy metals and cyanide in solutions and validated by simultaneous measurements of Cu2+ - and CN, -ions, Cd2+ - and CN, - ions and Pb2+ - and CN, -ions. The particular sensor system has shown good sensor properties in the µ-molar ion-concentration range. For simultaneous measurements in complex heavy metal and cyanide solutions an intelligent software using fuzzy logic is discussed. [source] Dielectric and calorimetric studies of ferroelectric phase transitions in Li(2,x)NaxGe4O9 crystalsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 15 2005I. Cebula Abstract The ferroelectric phase transitions of LiNaGe4O9, Li1.1Na0.9Ge4O9, Li1.2Na0.8Ge4O9 and Li1.7Na0.3Ge4O9 crystals were studied. Experiments were carried out by means of classical dielectric measurements and using an AC calorimetric specific-heat measuring system. Critical behaviour is explained within Landau theory. The expansion coefficients of the state equation are determined. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] PBG Fibers for Gas Concentration MeasurementPLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS, Issue 7-8 2007Joanna Paw Abstract The idea of a high-sensitivity gas concentration measuring system based on a photonic bandgap fiber (PBG fiber) is studied. Several types of PBG fibers of various parameters have been designed. Core diameters range from 10.9 to 26.25 µm. The capillary gas flow rate within the fiber has been simulated and measured. The attenuation of newly produced fibers is investigated and the concentration of ammonia gas is measured using a proposed sensing system. A new method for cutting the fiber using an Ar ion beam in a vacuumed chamber is tested to obtain the required angle of the fiber's end, and to avoid the destruction of the cladding structure. [source] Beanspruchungsanalyse von Holzbauteilen durch 2D-PhotogrammetrieBAUTECHNIK, Issue 2 2005Bettina Franke Dipl.-Ing. Für die Bewertung der Tragsicherheit von Bauteilen aus Voll- und Brettschichtholz in Lasteinleitungs- und Störbereichen mittels der Bruchmechanik ist die Kenntnis von kritischen Bruchkennwerten Voraussetzung. Realitätsnahe Kennwerte können aus der Kombination experimenteller Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Rißaufweitung und der Rißlänge mit daran anschließender FE-Simulation gewonnen werden. Aufgrund der, bisher bei konventionellen Meßverfahren, nicht ausreichenden Zuordnung der Meßwerte taktil applizierter Meßaufnehmer lag es nahe das Rißwachstum mit Hilfe der Photogrammetrie zu untersuchen. Mit dem entwickelten Meßsystem ist nunmehr die Möglichkeit der exakten Vermessung der Rißgeometrie zur Bestimmung von bruchmechanischen Kennwerten gegeben. Zusätzlich ermöglicht der Einsatz der Photogrammetrie die Verdichtung der Anzahl variierender diskreter Meßpunkte, so daß ein deutlich vollständigeres Bild der örtlichen Verformungen gewonnen, und damit die Aussagekraft eines Versuchs wesentlich verbessert werden kann. Strain analysis of solid wood and glued laminated timber members by close range photogrammetry. The assumption of critical fracture mechanics parameters for the evaluation of the load-bearing safety of structural units of full and board laminated timber in loaded areas and disturbance ranges the use of fracture mechanics is required. Realistic parameters can be gained only from experimental investigations that are transferred to the determination of the crack opening and the crack length with subsequent FE-simulation. Due to the insufficient appropriation of measured data gained by tactile position encoders in conventional measuring procedures it is advisable to investigate crack growth with the help of the photogrammetry. Using the developed measuring system it is now possible to measure the crack geometry exactly for the determination of fracture mechanics parameters. Additionally a complete picture of the local deformations and the validity of a test can be improved considerably by the possibility of the varying number of discrete measuring points. [source] Evaluation of current densities and total contact currents in occupational exposure at 400 kV substations and power linesBIOELECTROMAGNETICS, Issue 3 2009Leena H. Korpinen Abstract This investigation studied the current densities in the neck and total contact currents in occupational exposure at 400 kV substations and power lines. Eight voluntary workers simulated their normal work tasks using the helmet,mask measuring system. In all, 151 work tasks with induced current measurements were made. Work situations were: tasks in 400 kV substations, tasks in 400,110 kV towers and the cutting of vegetation under 400 kV power lines. The average current density in the neck was estimated from the current induced in the helmet. The calculated maximum average current densities in the neck varied from 1.5 to 6.4 mA/m2 and the maximum total contact currents from 66.8 to 458.4 µA. The study shows that the maximum average current densities and the total contact currents (caused by electric field) in occupational exposure at 400 kV substations and power lines does not exceed the limit and action values (10 mA/m2 and 1 mA) of the new EU-directive 2004/40/EC (live-line bare-hand works excluded). Bioelectromagnetics 30:231,240, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] State estimation of networks with distributed generationEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 1 2007Iñigo Cobelo Abstract The nature and control of existing distribution networks limits the amount of distributed generation that can be connected. To increase the penetration of distributed generation a distribution management system controller (DMSC) can be used. The use of a DMSC requires a state estimator algorithm that provides an estimate of the network state in real time. In this paper, a state estimation algorithm based on the methods used on transmission networks is presented. The application of these methods into distribution networks requires existing measuring systems to be supplemented with the addition of new real-time measurements, and the use of load estimates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Measurement of jerk-cost using a triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer for the evaluation of jaw movement smoothnessJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 8 2010I. MINAMI Summary, Jerk-cost as a measure of jaw movement smoothness has been used to evaluate the masticatory function of patients with tooth loss and malocclusion. Jerk-cost measuring systems have thus far been unable to determine the jerk-cost of each chewing phase over time. The purposes of this study were (i) to develop a new method for measuring momentary jerk-cost of the jaw movement using a small triaxial piezoelectric accelerometer and (ii) to test the hypothesis that the lowest smoothness is seen during jaw-opening phase. The accelerometer was attached to the skin of the mentum of each subject. Vertical jaw displacement, acceleration, the jerk, and the time differential of jerk-cost during gum chewing were analysed as a function of time in five normal dentate subjects (n = 5). The system revealed intra-class correlation coefficients of intra-examiner, inter-examiner, and test,retest consistency of substantially high values (0·80,0·88). In all subjects, the highest jerk-cost was observed in the opening phase of each chewing cycle when the gum was parting from the teeth; the lowest jerk-cost was observed in the intercuspal phase throughout the chewing cycle, thus confirming the hypothesis. Significant differences were observed between the opening, closing, and intercuspal chewing phases (N = 5, P = 0·007). The smoothness measurement system used in this study evaluated the momentary smoothness of each chewing phase in the masticatory cycle. The system may serve as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the smoothness of the jaw movement in general dental practice. [source] Designing meteorological networks for Switzerland according to user requirementsMETEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 4 2003Thomas Frei With growing international collaboration (e.g. the European Composite Observing System programme ,EUCOS), changing demands of data users, technical progress with new measuring systems and national budget cuts, the design of meteorological networks has become increasingly important. By analysing future user requirements and taking into account cost-benefit considerations, MeteoSwiss has elaborated a network configuration for ground-based and upper air stations. It is evident that for ground-based stations no separate networks should be distinguished ,instead, the needs of climatological modellers and forecasters should all be integrated into one network. The future upper air network will be complemented with additional windprofilers, a mini radar and additional radar information supplied by neighbouring countries. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||