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Mature Stages (mature + stage)
Selected AbstractsRecovery of soil microbial community structure after fire in a sagebrush-grassland ecosystemLAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2010S. R. Dangi Abstract Recovery of the soil microbial community after fire in a sagebrush-grassland ecosystem was examined using a chronosequence of four sites ranging in time since fire from 3,39 years. The successional stage communities examined included Recent Burn (3,years since fire, ysf), Establishment (7,ysf), Expansion (21,ysf), and Mature (39,ysf). Aboveground standing plant biomass increased with time since disturbance to the Mature stage where sagebrush became dominant over herbaceous species. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to characterize the microbial community structure. Soil microbial community productivity generally appeared to be similar to the Mature site soil (39,ysf) within 7,years of fire. Diversity of PLFAs detected in soils, at both depths, increased from a low value of 29 at the Recent site to a high of 37 at the Establishment site and then decreased again to 31 at the Mature stage site. Canonical variates analysis indicated important disparities in microbial community structure at the four sites. Greatest disparities were observed in microbial community structure between the Recent and Establishment stages but greater similarity between the Recent stage and the sagebrush dominated Mature stage. This study emphasizes both short-term and long-term changes in the belowground community and suggests that soil microbial communities are highly resilient to disturbances after prescribed fire. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Infancy is not a quiescent period of testicular developmentINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, Issue 1 2001Héctor E. Chemes Postnatal evolution of the testis in most laboratory animals is characterized by the close continuity between neonatal activation and pubertal development. In higher primates, infancy, a long period of variable duration, separates birth from the beginning of puberty. This period has been classically considered as a quiescent phase of testicular development, but is actually characterized by intense, yet inapparent activity. Testicular volume increases vigorously shortly after birth and in early infancy due to the growth in length of seminiferous cords. This longitudinal growth results from active proliferation of infantile Sertoli cells which otherwise display a unique array of functional capabilities (oestrogen and anti-müllerian hormone secretion, increase of FSH receptors and maximal response to FSH). Leydig cells also show recrudescence after birth, possibly determined by an active gonadotrophic-testicular axis which results in increased testosterone secretion of uncertain functional role. This postnatal activation slowly subsides during late infancy when periodic phases of activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis are paralleled by incomplete spermatogenic spurts. The beginning of puberty is marked by the simultaneous reawakening of Leydig cell function and succeeding phases of germ cell differentiation/degeneration which ultimately lead to final spermatogenic maturation. The marked testicular growth in this stage is due to progressive increase at seminiferous tubule diameter. Sertoli cells, which have reached mitotic arrest, develop and differentiate, establishing the seminiferous tubule barrier, fluid secretion and lumen formation, and acquiring cyclic morphological and metabolic variations characteristic of the mature stage. All of these modifications indicate that, far from being quiescent, the testis in primates experiences numerous changes during infancy, and that the potential for pubertal development and normal adult fertility depends on the successful completion of these changes. [source] Connections of Siberian snow onset dates to the following summer's monsoon conditions over Southeast AsiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 12 2005Hengchun Ye Abstract This is an exploratory study of possible links between the conditions of early season Eurasian snowfall and the following year's Southeast Asian summer monsoon. Forty years (1950,1995) of historical records are used to examine the statistical connections between early season snow cover onset dates over northern Eurasia and the following year's summer monsoon over Southeast Asia. We found that the time of snow onset is significantly associated with warm season rainfall over Southeast Asia. The most persistent connection is between northeastern Siberian snow onsets and summer monsoon strength over India and northeastern China. This connection seems to be more clearly shown during the mature stage and monsoon withdrawal and is reflected in all three aspects of monsoon characteristics. In other words, the earlier snow cover onset (more snow cover during the early season) over northeastern Siberia, the more precipitation and moisture convergence, the higher prevalence of a southwesterly monsoon wind, and the later monsoon withdrawal over Southeast Asia. The revealed connection is likely through atmospheric circulation associated with early season land surface snow cover processes independent of El Ñino conditions. The authors suggest that more studies are needed to fully understand the circuitous connections between Eurasian snowfall and the Southeastern Asian monsoon. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society. [source] Trends in the southern oscillation phenomenon and Australian rainfall and changes in their relationshipINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Ramasamy Suppiah Abstract An attempt has been made to investigate decadal-scale trends in Australian rainfall and in the southern oscillation index (SOI) and their influence on the relationship between them. Monthly rainfall data from high-quality stations in Australia (from 1900 to 1995), India, Sri Lanka and Tahiti are used. The relationship between the SOI and Australian rainfall is positive, but shows decadal-scale variations during the past century. Although there were extended and severe El Niño events in the early 1990s and in 1997, Australia did not experience the expected severe rainfall deficiencies characteristic of previous events. However, severe drought conditions over eastern Australia were associated with a moderate El Niño event during 2002,03. Long-term fluctuations of March,May (MAM) rainfall show high-frequency variations, but trends during June,August (JJA), September,November (SON) and December,February (DJF) show low-frequency or decadal-scale variations. Trends and multi-decadal fluctuations in all-Australian spring (SON) and summer (DJF) rainfall are strongly dominated by rainfall trend fluctuations in northern and eastern Australia. Austral summer rainfall shows an increasing trend during the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Queensland and New South Wales, despite the occurrence of extended and severe El Niños. However, some parts of New South Wales and Queensland experienced severe rainfall deficiencies during 2002,03 in conjunction with an El Niño event. The relationship between the SOI and rainfall on the interannual time scale is strong when the SOI and rainfall follow the same direction, but it is weak when they follow opposite directions on a decadal-time scale. The poor correlation during the 1920s and 1930s was due to a slightly increasing trend in the SOI and a stronger decreasing trend in rainfall. A weakening in the relationship between the SOI and rainfall in recent years, after the mid-1970s, is due to a small increase in rainfall in the 1980s and 1990s and a strong decrease in the SOI. Rainfall trends were enhanced (stronger decreases or increases) when the influence of the SOI (or El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO)) was removed. Enhanced increases and decreases are particularly strong during SON and DJF, when the ENSO phenomenon is at the mature stage and also the influence on Australian rainfall is strong. The increasing trend in rainfall during the 1980s and 1990s in some parts of eastern Australia and the decreasing trend in the SOI result in more rainfall for a given SOI compared with the same SOI during the previous period, i.e. before the mid-1970s. A similar analysis was carried out for two periods, before and after 1972, for Tahiti, India and Sri Lanka. The upward or downward shift in regression lines is very clear during the season, that shows a strong relationship between rainfall and the SOI. Moreover, strengthening or weakening of the relationship between rainfall and the SOI is largely dependent on their multi-decadal variations and trends during the past century. Increases in rainfall during the 1980s and the 1990s and decreases in the SOI have weakened their relationship, both in Australia and India. Such a relationship gives more rainfall for a given SOI after 1973. The pattern was reversed for Sri Lanka, where rainfall during the second intermonsoon season has decreased. Analyses of trends in temperature at Darwin and Tahiti and of rainfall over Australia, India, Tahiti and Sri Lanka suggest a regional-scale change in climate, whereas the SOI reflects a change in the large-scale circulation pattern over the Indo-Pacific region after the mid-1970s. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society [source] ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON BIGELOWIELLA NATANS, GEN.JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 4 2001ET SP. Three isolates from the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton at Bigelow Laboratory, previously labeled Pedinomonas sp. and Pedinomonas minutissima from the green algal class Pedinophyceae, have been examined by light microscopy and TEM and shown to belong to the Chlorarachniophyceae, a class of nucleomorph-containing amebae. The three isolates represent the first chlorarachniophycean flagellates to be discovered. The ultrastructure of the cells has been examined in detail, with particular emphasis on the flagellar apparatus, a feature not examined in detail in chlorarachniophytes before. Cells are basically biflagellate, but the second flagellum is represented by a very short basal body only. Flagellar replication has shown this flagellum to be the mature stage, that is, the no. 1 flagellum, whereas the long emergent flagellum is the no. 2 flagellum that shortens into a short basal body during cell division. Mitosis is open with a pair of centrioles at each pole. Emergent flagella are absent during mitosis. Cells may form cysts, and the flagellar basal bodies and part of the flagellar roots are maintained in the cysts. Four microtubular roots emanate from the basal bodies, and the path of one of them is very unusual and very unlike any other known flagellate. No striated roots were observed. Other fine-structural features of the cell include a very unusual type of pyrenoid and a special type of extrusome. Cells are mixotrophic. The three isolates are very similar and are described as Bigelowiella natans, gen. et sp. nov. Ultrastructurally, chlorarachniophytes do not show close relationship to any known group of algae or other protists. [source] Theory of plant defensive level: example of process and pitfalls in development of ecological theoryOIKOS, Issue 3 2003N. Stamp Several hypotheses appear regularly in the literature as explanations for the level of plant defense, i.e. why some plants are so well defended and others are not. These hypotheses include optimal defense, carbon: nutrient balance, growth rate and growth-differentiation balance. However, there is considerable dissatisfaction with the progress with the plant defense hypotheses. At least part of the dissatisfaction with the hypotheses and research framed by them arises from the nature of the development of theory. Progress toward a mature stage requires attention to how theory develops (e.g. clearly distinguishing between the theoretical domain and the subset that can be tested, establishing criteria of robustness, properly accounting for discrepancies). In addition, part of the dissatisfaction with the development of the theory stems from inadequate approaches, such as failure to identify and test assumptions in experimental designs, confusing the hypotheses and their predictions, choosing a subsystem (e.g. plant age or part) that may be inappropriate for the test, and defaulting to a less precise hypothesis for explanation of the results. [source] Characterization of the developmental stages of sucking in preterm infants during bottle feedingACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 7 2000C Lau It is acknowledged that the difficulty many preterm infants have in feeding orally results from their immature sucking skills. However, little is known regarding the development of sucking in these infants. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the bottle-feeding performance of preterm infants is positively correlated with the developmental stage of their sucking. Infants' oral-motor skills were followed longitudinally using a special nipple/bottle system which monitored the suction and expression/compression component of sucking. The maturational process was rated into five primary stages based on the presence/absence of suction and the rhythmicity of the two components of sucking, suction and expression/compression. This five-point scale was used to characterize the developmental stage of sucking of each infant. Outcomes of feeding performance consisted of overall transfer (percent total volume transfered/volume to be taken) and rate of transfer (ml/min). Assessments were conducted when infants were taking 1-2, 3-5 and 6-8 oral feedings per day. Significant positive correlations were observed between the five stages of sucking and postmenstrual age, the defined feeding outcomes, and the number of daily oral feedings. Overall transfer and rate of transfer were enhanced when infants reached the more mature stages of sucking. We have demonstrated that oral feeding performance improves as infants' sucking skills mature. In addition, we propose that the present five-point sucking scale may be used to assess the developmental stages of sucking of preterm infants. Such knowledge would facilitate the management of oral feeding in these infants. [source] Processes and mechanisms of dynamic channel adjustment to delta progradation: the case of the mouth channel of the Yellow River, ChinaEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 6 2003Changxing Shi Abstract This paper analyses the processes and mechanisms of a three-stage channel adjustment over a cycle of the Yellow River mouth channel extension based on data comprising hydrologic measurements and channel geometric surveys. Rapid siltation in the mouth channel takes place in the young stage when the channel is being built by deposits and in the old stage when the channel cannot further adjust itself to keep sediment transport in equilibrium. It is disclosed that the bankfull width,depth ratio, bed material size and slope decrease in the young and mature stages but do not change in the old stage. The reduction of bankfull width,depth ratio and bed material size during the young and mature stages is found to be able to offset the effect of the slope reduction on sediment transport due to continuous mouth progradation. They reach their limits in old stage, and a constant slope is kept by unceasing sediment accumulation. The grain size composition of incoming sediment and the fining mechanism are responsible for the occurrence of lower limit of bed material size. The reason for the existence of a limit of bankfull cross-sectional shape is that the large flows can fully transport the sediment load they are carrying, and siltation in the channel in the old stage takes place mainly in the low flows. It is suggested that the bankfull discharge plays an important role in shaping the channel but that the entire channel form is the product of both the large and low flows plus the effects of interaction between them. Channel pattern change shows a process from a braided pattern in the young stage to a straight pattern in the mature and old stages, and the straight channel becomes gradually sinuous. The occurrence and transformation of the channel patterns are supported by two planform predictors, but are also facilitated by some other conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The characterization of functions involved in the establishment and maturation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro biofilm reveals dual roles for surface exopolysaccharidesENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Damien Balestrino Summary The ability to form biofilm is seen as an increasingly important colonization strategy among both pathogenic and environmental Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. The aim of the present study was to identify abiotic surface colonization factors of K. pneumoniae using different models at different phases of biofilm development. A 2200 K. pneumoniae mutant library previously obtained by signature-tagged mutagenesis was screened in static and dynamic culture models to detect clones impaired at early and/or mature stages of biofilm formation. A total of 28 mutants were affected during late phases of biofilm formation, whereas 16 mutants displayed early adhesion defect. These mutants corresponded to genes involved in potential cellular and DNA metabolism pathways and to membrane transport functions. Eight mutants were deficient in capsule or LPS production. Gene disruption and microscopic analyses showed that LPS is involved in initial adhesion on both glass and polyvinyl-chloride and the capsule required for the appropriate initial coverage of substratum and the construction of mature biofilm architecture. These results give new insight into the bacterial factors sequentially associated with the ability to colonize an abiotic surface and reveal the dual roles played by surface exopolysaccharides during K. pneumoniae biofilm formation. [source] Disrupted B-lymphocyte development and survival in interleukin-2-deficient miceIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Michael Schultz Summary Interleukin-2-deficient (IL-2,/,) mice develop a spontaneous, progressive, CD4+ T-cell-mediated colitis with an age-related decrease in the number of B lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms of B-cell loss in IL-2,/, mice. Serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) levels in 8-week-old IL-2,/, mice were above normal but then decreased dramatically with advancing age. Between 8 and 11 weeks of age, the number of B-cell progenitors (B220+ IgM,) in the bone marrow of IL-2,/, mice was less than half of those in IL-2+/+ littermates. By 22 weeks of age, very few progenitor cells remained in the bone marrow of most mice, and spleens were almost devoid of B cells. Likewise, B1 cells were not present in the peritoneal cavity of aged IL-2,/, mice. Flow cytometry analysis of B-cell differentiation in the bone marrow suggested a progressive loss of B cells from the most mature to the least mature stages, which was not dependent on IL-2 receptor-, (IL-2R,) expression. B cells transferred from normal animals had similar survival rates in IL-2,/, and wild-type mice. We conclude that conventional B cells in older IL-2,/, mice are lost by attrition owing to a derangement in B-cell development. Because B1 cells are less dependent on the bone marrow, a separate mechanism for their loss is suggested. [source] Effects of contact, oral and persistent toxicity of selected pesticides on Cotesia plutellae (Hym., Braconidae), a potential parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2002M. Haseeb Cotesia plutellae (Kurd.) is an important larval parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (L.). Effects of contact, oral and persistent toxicity of field doses of selected pesticides on immature and mature stages of this useful wasp were determined in controlled conditions. Contact toxicity tests showed that cartap 75% SG, chlorfenapyr 10% F, emamectin benzoate 1% EC, permethrin 20% EC, chlorfluazuron 5% EC, flufenoxuron 10% EC, and teflubenzuron 5% EC were found to be selective against the cocoon stage. In contrast, contact toxicity of four insecticides viz., cartap 75% SG, chlorfenapyr 10% F, emamectin benzoate 1% EC, permethrin 20% EC were found to be moderately to extremely toxic (80% to 100% lethal) to wasp stage. Effects of oral toxicity of three IGRs on wasp stage were somewhat selective. However, beneficial performance of wasps seems to be adversely affected as host parasitism was recorded as being significantly different (P < 0.05) in comparison with control. A persistent toxic effect of insecticides via cabbage leaves discs against female wasps showed that cartap 75% SG was moderately persistent (16,30 days). While chlorfenapyr 10% F and emamectin benzoate 1% EC were recorded slightly to be persistent (5,10 days) and permethrin seems to be short lived (< 5 days). Implications of tested products in IPM of cabbage are discussed. [source] Demography and population dynamics of Drosera anglica and D. rotundifoliaJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2004J.-F. Nordbakken Summary 1We studied demography and population dynamics of the sympatric perennial herbs Drosera anglica and D. rotundifolia on a boreal bog in SE Norway. Dry mass of 2872 D. anglica plants and 2467 D. rotundifolia plants (estimated from field morphological measurements) was used to classify plants into five species-specific size classes. Demographic changes within these two populations were followed from 1995 to 1999, and within segments (quartiles) along the water table gradient and the peat productivity gradient. 2Mortality was strongly size dependent, and varied between years, for both species; it was high for seedlings, low for the smallest mature rosettes and increased again for the largest mature rosettes. The proportion of fertile rosettes increased with increasing rosette size. Fecundity varied considerably between years, but little relative to gradient position. 3Growth rate (,) was > 1, except in the second year, when it fell to 0.572 for D. anglica and 0.627 for D. rotundifolia . For D. anglica small, but significant, differences were found between the two extremities of the water table gradient, and for D. rotundifolia between the second and the uppermost quartile. There was a tendency for D. anglica populations to have a lower growth rate in the most productive sites, whereas D. rotundifolia grew less on both low and high peat productivity. Elasticity analysis showed that stasis and size increase (primarily within mature stages) made major contributions to , for D. anglica in all years. 4The variance in population growth rate (var ,) was high between years, and higher for D. anglica than for D. rotundifolia , while the variance between quartiles along the two main gradients was low. Life-table response experiment (LTRE) analyses revealed that for both species, differences in probabilities of transitions within mature stages, and in growth to larger stages, contributed most to var ,. 5The effects of global warming are uncertain: drier growing seasons would affect Drosera populations negatively, while initially positive responses to a wetter climate may be balanced by competition from increased Sphagnum growth. [source] Changes in Radical-scavenging Activity and Components of Mulberry Fruit During MaturationJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006Tomoyuki Oki ABSTRACT Extracts of mulberry fruits (Morus sp.) were prepared from 8 cultivars harvested at 4 stages of maturity, and their radicalscavenging activity, anthocyanin content, and total phenolic content were measured. The radical-scavenging activity was evaluated by a spectrophotometric assay using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in a 96-well microplate. Mulberry fruit extracts exhibited the DPPH-scavenging activities, ranging from 2.5 to 20.3 ,mol-Trolox equiv/g-FW. Their activities were variable during maturation, and the highest activity was observed in the fully mature mulberry fruit in all cultivars. Anthocyanin was scarcely present in the immature mulberry fruits; however, its content increased as the fruit matured in all cultivars. On the other hand, all immature mulberry fruits contained non-anthocyanin phenolic compound. An on-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the detection of DPPH-scavenging compounds revealed the difference in predominant radical scavengers between the immature and fully mature stages in the Miran 5 cultivar. Four major radical scavengers in the Miran 5 cultivar were assigned to 2 caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acid and its isomer) and 2 anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside) in the immature and fully mature stages, respectively, by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The change in the content of 4 compounds in mulberry fruits during maturation demonstrated that the most likely contributors to the DPPH-scavenging activity were caffeoylquinic acids in the immature mulberry and anthocyanins in the mature and fully mature mulberry. [source] Fungal specificity bottlenecks during orchid germination and developmentMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 16 2008MARTIN I. BIDARTONDO Abstract Fungus-subsidized growth through the seedling stage is the most critical feature of the life history for the thousands of mycorrhizal plant species that propagate by means of ,dust seeds.' We investigated the extent of specificity towards fungi shown by orchids in the genera Cephalanthera and Epipactis at three stages of their life cycle: (i) initiation of germination, (ii) during seedling development, and (iii) in the mature photosynthetic plant. It is known that in the mature phase, plants of these genera can be mycorrhizal with a number of fungi that are simultaneously ectomycorrhizal with the roots of neighbouring forest trees. The extent to which earlier developmental stages use the same or a distinctive suite of fungi was unclear. To address this question, a total of 1500 packets containing orchid seeds were buried for up to 3 years in diverse European forest sites which either supported or lacked populations of helleborine orchids. After harvest, the fungi associated with the three developmental stages, and with tree roots, were identified via cultivation-independent molecular methods. While our results show that most fungal symbionts are ectomycorrhizal, differences were observed between orchids in the representation of fungi at the three life stages. In Cephalanthera damasonium and C. longifolia, the fungi detected in seedlings were only a subset of the wider range seen in germinating seeds and mature plants. In Epipactis atrorubens, the fungi detected were similar at all three life stages, but different fungal lineages produced a difference in seedling germination performance. Our results demonstrate that there can be a narrow checkpoint for mycorrhizal range during seedling growth relative to the more promiscuous germination and mature stages of these plants' life cycle. [source] Does Entry Size Matter?THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2001Technology on Firm Survival, The Impact of the Life Cycle A wave of empirical studies has recently emerged showing that smaller-scale entry is confronted with a lower likelihood of survival than their larger counterparts. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the relationship between size of a firm when entering an industry and the likelihood of survival holds under different technological conditions and across the different stages of the industry life cycle. The empirical evidence suggests that the relationship between firm size and the likelihood of survival is shaped by technology and the stage of the industry life cycle. While the likelihood of survival confronting small entrants is generally less than that confronting their larger counterparts, the relationship does not hold for mature stages of the product life cycle, or in technologically intensive products. In mature industries that are still technologically intensive, entry may be less about radical innovation and possibly more about filling strategic niches, thus negating the impact of entry size on the likelihood of survival. [source] Developmental shift from long-term depression to long-term potentiation in the rat medial vestibular nuclei: role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptorsTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Julien Puyal The effects of high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the primary vestibular afferents on synaptic transmission in the ventral part of the medial vestibular nuclei (vMVN) were studied during postnatal development and compared with the changes in the expression of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5. During the first stages of development, HFS always induced a mGluR5- and GABAA -dependent long-term depression (LTD) which did not require NMDA receptor and mGluR1 activation. The probability of inducing LTD decreased progressively throughout the development and it was zero at about the end of the second postnatal week. Conversely, long-term potentiation (LTP) appeared at the beginning of the second week and its occurrence increased to reach the adult value at the end of the third week. Of interest, the sudden change in the LTP frequency occurred at the time of eye opening, about the end of the second postnatal week. LTP depended on NMDA receptor and mGluR1 activation. In parallel with the modifications in synaptic plasticity, we observed that the expression patterns and localizations of mGluR5 and mGluR1 in the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN) changed during postnatal development. At the earlier stages the mGluR1 expression was minimal, then increased progressively. In contrast, mGluR5 expression was initially high, then decreased. While mGluR1 was exclusively localized in neuronal compartments and concentrated at the postsynaptic sites at all stages observed, mGluR5 was found mainly in neuronal compartments at immature stages, then preferentially in glial compartments at mature stages. These results provide the first evidence for a progressive change from LTD to LTP accompanied by a distinct maturation expression of mGluR1 and mGluR5 during the development of the MVN. [source] | ||||||||||||||||