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Maternal Nutrition (maternal + nutrition)
Selected AbstractsMaternal Nutrition and Perinatal SurvivalNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 10 2001David Rush M.D. The simple relationship between maternal macro-nutrient status and perinatal survival (increased ma-cronutrient intake , increased maternal weight and/or weight gain , increased fetal growth , improved survival) that is usually posited is no longer defensible. First, maternal weight and weight gain are remarkably resistant to either dietary advice or supplementation; further, increased birth weight attributable to maternal nutrition does not necessarily increase perinatal survival (because prepregnant weight is positively associated with both birth weight and higher perinatal mortality). Finally, whereas dietary supplements during pregnancy may have a modest effect on birth weight in nonfamine conditions (by contrast with a large effect in famine or near-famine conditions), their impact is not mediated by maternal energy deposition. Rather, the component of maternal weight gain associated with accelerated fetal growth is maternal water (presumably plasma) volume. [source] Hyperthermia in utero due to maternal influenza is an environmental risk factor for schizophreniaCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 3 2007Marshall J. Edwards ABSTRACT A hypothesis is presented that the association between maternal influenza and other causes of fever during the second trimester of pregnancy and the subsequent development of schizophrenia in the child is due to the damage caused by hyperthermia to the developing amygdalohippocampal complex and associated structures in the fetal brain. Hyperthermia is a known cause of congenital defects of the central nervous system and other organs after sufficiently severe exposures during early organogenesis. The pathogenic mechanisms include death of actively dividing neuroblasts, disruption of cell migration and arborization and vascular damage. In experimental studies, hyperthermia during later stages of central nervous system development also caused damage to the developing brainstem that was associated with functional defects. This damage usually results in hypoplasia of the parts undergoing active development at the time of exposure. Recent studies have shown no evidence of direct invasion of the fetus by the influenza virus. Factors that might interact with hyperthermia include familial liability to schizophrenia, season of birth, maternal nutrition, severe stress and medications used to alleviate the symptoms of fevers. The time of the development of the fetal amygdalohippocampal complex and the changes found in its structure and associated areas of the brain are compatible with the known effects of hyperthermia. [source] Polymorphisms located in the region containing BHMT and BHMT2 genes as maternal protective factors for orofacial cleftsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2010Adrianna Mostowska Mostowska A, Hozyasz KK, Biedziak B, Misiak J, Jagodzinski PP. Polymorphisms located in the region containingBHMTandBHMT2genes as maternal protective factors for orofacial clefts. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 325,332. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NCL/P) is one of the most common craniofacial malformations; however, its aetiology is still unclear. Because the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal development are well known, we decided to pursue the question of whether polymorphic variants of genes encoding enzymes involved in choline metabolism might be associated with the maternal risk of having a baby with NCL/P. Analysis of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase-2 (BHMT2), choline dehydrogenase (CHDH), choline kinase (CHKA), dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (DMGDH), choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A (PCYT1A), and phosphatidylethanolamine N -methyltransferase (PEMT) provided evidence that polymorphisms located in the region containing BHMT and BHMT2 were protective factors against NCL/P affected pregnancies in our population. The strongest signal was found for the SNP located in the intronic sequence of BHMT2. Women carrying two copies of the rs625879 T allele had a significantly decreased risk of having offspring with orofacial clefts. These results were significant, even after correction for multiple comparisons. Moreover, the gene,gene interaction analysis revealed a significant epistatic interaction of BHMT2 (rs673752), PEMT (rs12325817), and PCYT1A (rs712012) with maternal NCL/P susceptibility. Altogether, our study identified a novel gene, the nucleotide variants of which were be associated with a decreased risk of having a baby with NCL/P. [source] Breastfeeding failure in a longitudinal post-partum maternal nutrition study in Hong KongJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 5 2000Sm Chan Objective: To describe factors associated with breastfeeding failure during the first 6 months post-partum in a sample of Hong Kong Chinese women participating in a longitudinal study of maternal nutrition. Methodology: Forty-four Hong Kong Chinese lactating mothers who intended to breastfeed exclusively for at least 3 months were recruited and followed for 6 months post-partum. Demographic data were compared with 20 mothers who intended to use formula feeding. Mothers were followed up at 2 and 6 weeks and 3 and 6 months and details of infant feeding practices were obtained. Information was sought on breastfeeding management in hospital, reasons for discontinuation of breastfeeding or for providing supplements to babies and intention to seek, and sources of, lactation support. Results: Thirty-nine mothers who planned to breastfeed completed the follow up. Compared with mothers in the formula-feeding group, breastfeeding mothers were more likely to be professionals or housewives. Continuation of any breastfeeding (total and partial) was noted in 30 (77%), 22 (57%), 16 (41%) and 12 (31%) mothers at 2 and 6 weeks and 3 and 6 months post-partum, respectively. The majority (97%) of mothers stated that they were given information on the benefits and management of breastfeeding. However, late initiation of breastfeeding and providing supplements to babies were common. Perceptions of insufficient milk supply (44%), breast problems (31%) and being too tired (28%) were the main reasons stated for stopping breastfeeding or for providing supplements to babies. Midwives from the postnatal wards and hotlines were the main sources of lactation support. Conclusions: These results highlight difficulties in sustaining breastfeeding, either exclusive or partial, in Hong Kong Chinese women. Despite being recruited on the basis of intending to exclusively breastfeed for 3 months, less than half these mothers were still breastfeeding and only approximately one-third were exclusively or predominantly breastfeeding at 3 months. More needs to be done within the hospital environment to initiate breastfeeding immediately after birth and to avoid giving unnecessary supplements and more effort is needed to foster a mother's confidence, commitment and knowledge of breastfeeding. [source] Incorporating nutrition into delivery care: delivery care practices that affect child nutrition and maternal healthMATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION, Issue 4 2009Camila M. Chaparro Abstract Delayed umbilical cord clamping, early skin-to-skin contact and early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding are three simple and inexpensive delivery care practices which have the potential to improve short-term and long-term nutrition and health outcomes in mothers and infants. In preterm infants, delayed clamping prevents intraventricular haemorrhage and improves haematological status, and in full-term infants, delayed clamping improves iron status through 6 months of age. Early skin-to-skin contact, in addition to regulating neonatal temperature, improves early breastfeeding behaviours, which has important implications for long-term infant nutrition and health. Finally, early exclusive breastfeeding prevents neonatal mortality and morbidity and provides numerous health and nutritional benefits to the infant, throughout infancy and beyond, as well as to the mother. Though each practice has been the subject of controlled trials and systematic reviews, with evidence of benefit from their implementation, these practices are not common in many delivery settings, nor are their long-term effects on infant and maternal nutrition and health status adequately recognized. We discuss the immediate and long-term health and nutrition benefits of each practice, and identify the policy and programme changes needed for integration and implementation of these practices into standard delivery care. [source] Twin Pregnancies: Eating for Three?NUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 9 2005Maternal Nutrition Update The incidence of multifetal pregnancies has increased, mainly because of assisted reproduction treatments. This trend is reflected in increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. While the optimum maternal nutrition and weight gain patterns for singleton pregnancies is well documented, there is a paucity of information for twin pregnancies. Although it is assumed that optimum nutritional requirements and weight gains would be greater for twin than for singleton gestations, research is needed to establish the optima. This article is a collation of available recommendations for maternal nutrition and weight gain patterns in twin pregnancies. [source] Maternal Nutrition and Perinatal SurvivalNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 10 2001David Rush M.D. The simple relationship between maternal macro-nutrient status and perinatal survival (increased ma-cronutrient intake , increased maternal weight and/or weight gain , increased fetal growth , improved survival) that is usually posited is no longer defensible. First, maternal weight and weight gain are remarkably resistant to either dietary advice or supplementation; further, increased birth weight attributable to maternal nutrition does not necessarily increase perinatal survival (because prepregnant weight is positively associated with both birth weight and higher perinatal mortality). Finally, whereas dietary supplements during pregnancy may have a modest effect on birth weight in nonfamine conditions (by contrast with a large effect in famine or near-famine conditions), their impact is not mediated by maternal energy deposition. Rather, the component of maternal weight gain associated with accelerated fetal growth is maternal water (presumably plasma) volume. [source] Fetal nutrition: A reviewACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 2005Irene Cetin Abstract Knowledge of fetal nutrient supply has greatly increased in the last decade due to the availability of fetal blood samples obtained under relatively steady-state conditions. These studies, together with studies utilizing stable isotope methodologies, have clarified some aspects of the supply of the major nutrients for the fetus such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. At the same time, the relevance of intrauterine growth has been recognized not only for the well-being of the neonate and child, but also for later health in adulthood. The major determinants of fetal nutrient availability are maternal nutrition and metabolism together with placental function and metabolism. The regulation of the rate of intrauterine growth is the result of complex interactions between genetic inheritance, endocrine environment and availability of nutrients to the fetus. [source] | ||||||||||