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Mass Culture (mass + culture)
Selected AbstractsA Suspension Culture Method for the Rapid Mass Culture of Cistella japonica MyceliumJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2006T. Yamanobe Abstract Different methods were investigated for the rapid mass culture of Cistella japonica by using water extracts of some nutritional sources. In an agar culture test, there was little difference in mycelial growth in water extracts of wheat bran, rice bran and potato. In suspension culture with wheat bran extract, which is easily and cheaply available, the mycelium of C. japonica increased seven times more than that in agar culture after a month's incubation. C. japonica from suspension culture was pathogenic to Chamaecyparis obtusa. These results suggest that suspension culture in water extract of wheat bran can be adopted for the rapid mass culturing of C. japonica for use in inoculation tests. [source] Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s , Edited by Susan Currell and Christina CogdellTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 2 2008Ellen Herman No abstract is available for this article. [source] Berthold Auerbach's Deutscher Volks-Kalender: Editing as Political AgendaGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 1 2002Kristina R. Sazaki An analysis of Berthold Auerbach's Deutscher Volks-Kalender (1858,69) reveals how Auerbach attempted to participate in and to shape the discourse on national identity. One of the most popular writers of his day, he used his position as editor to carry out a political agenda that advocated German unification. He attempted to unify the diverse strata of society by providing specific ideas and values , above all on German unification and emigration , that would be understood and accepted by the practical as well as the literary reader. Many stories and essays called directly or indirectly for a united Germany. Others dealt with the hot topic of America during the Civil War as a means to encourage Germans to remain in Germany. Auerbach routinely engaged like-minded contributors from the fields of politics, science, sociology, and the arts to create a multidisciplinary forum on nationhood. By employing images of family, friendship, and the organic and also by conjuring up a common literary tradition in Friedrich Schiller, Auerbach projected his concept of nation onto a popular form of mass culture , the calendar. [source] A Suspension Culture Method for the Rapid Mass Culture of Cistella japonica MyceliumJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2006T. Yamanobe Abstract Different methods were investigated for the rapid mass culture of Cistella japonica by using water extracts of some nutritional sources. In an agar culture test, there was little difference in mycelial growth in water extracts of wheat bran, rice bran and potato. In suspension culture with wheat bran extract, which is easily and cheaply available, the mycelium of C. japonica increased seven times more than that in agar culture after a month's incubation. C. japonica from suspension culture was pathogenic to Chamaecyparis obtusa. These results suggest that suspension culture in water extract of wheat bran can be adopted for the rapid mass culturing of C. japonica for use in inoculation tests. [source] Americanism, Popular Culture and the Primitive: Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Madame D'Ora (1904)ORBIS LITERARUM, Issue 2 2005Michael Cowan Johannes V. Jensen's novels Madame D'Ora (1904) and Hjulet (The Wheel, 1905) represented some of the most popular works of early twentieth-century Americanist fiction in Europe. Taking Jensen's first novel, Madame D'Ora, as my focus, I show how his work participated in an ambivalent construction of America as an imaginary space of both danger and cultural renewal, one that combined the modern (technology) with a dangerous, ,atavistic' influence. Through an investigation of Jensen's use of tropes of primitivity, in particular, I argue that such literary Americanism in fact represented an effort to work through changes taking place within Europe itself. Specifically, Madame D'Ora deals with the rise of new forms of mass culture and popular entertainment , such as the cinema , and their effect on traditional European intellectuals. Within this context, Jensen represents the new ,American' forms of technology and popular culture both as a hope for overcoming European decadence and as a dangerous form of cultural and psychic primitivization. [source] Engineering photosynthetic light capture: impacts on improved solar energy to biomass conversionPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2007Jan H. Mussgnug Summary The main function of the photosynthetic process is to capture solar energy and to store it in the form of chemical ,fuels'. Increasingly, the photosynthetic machinery is being used for the production of biofuels such as bio-ethanol, biodiesel and bio-H2. Fuel production efficiency is directly dependent on the solar photon capture and conversion efficiency of the system. Green algae (e.g. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) have evolved genetic strategies to assemble large light-harvesting antenna complexes (LHC) to maximize light capture under low-light conditions, with the downside that under high solar irradiance, most of the absorbed photons are wasted as fluorescence and heat to protect against photodamage. This limits the production process efficiency of mass culture. We applied RNAi technology to down-regulate the entire LHC gene family simultaneously to reduce energy losses by fluorescence and heat. The mutant Stm3LR3 had significantly reduced levels of LHCI and LHCII mRNAs and proteins while chlorophyll and pigment synthesis was functional. The grana were markedly less tightly stacked, consistent with the role of LHCII. Stm3LR3 also exhibited reduced levels of fluorescence, a higher photosynthetic quantum yield and a reduced sensitivity to photoinhibition, resulting in an increased efficiency of cell cultivation under elevated light conditions. Collectively, these properties offer three advantages in terms of algal bioreactor efficiency under natural high-light levels: (i) reduced fluorescence and LHC-dependent heat losses and thus increased photosynthetic efficiencies under high-light conditions; (ii) improved light penetration properties; and (iii) potentially reduced risk of oxidative photodamage of PSII. [source] Growth, filtration and ingestion rate of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis fed with large (Asteromonas gracilis) and small (Chlorella sp.) celled algal speciesAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 10 2003George N. Hotos Abstract The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was fed in experimental conditions with a small celled (2,5 ,m) Chlorella sp. and a large celled (16,22 ,m) Asteromonas gracilis algae. The specific growth rate (SGR) of rotifers fed Asteromonas (maximum 0.79) was statistically higher than that for rotifers fed Chlorella (maximium 0.61). The filtration and ingestion rates using different rotifer and algal densities exhibited certain maxima depending on the species, the cell density and the condition of the rotifers. The filtration rate was higher with Asteromonas and, although ingestion rate was lower than with Chlorella, the ingestion in terms of cell volume was 10-fold higher. It seems that B. plicatilis ingests the larger cell diameter algal species more efficiently than the smaller species that is usually used for its mass culture. [source] Oyster greening by outdoor mass culture of the diatom Haslea ostrearia Simonsen in enriched seawaterAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 10 2001V Turpin Abstract Oyster greening was first described in the seventeenth century as a natural phenomenon. However, it has recently been discovered that the diatom Haslea ostrearia Simonsen causes greening by synthesis of a blue pigment designated as ,marennine'. This phenomenon, which involves massive proliferation of H. ostrearia in oyster ponds, was not understood or controlled by oyster farmers in the Marennes-Oléron region (Atlantic coast of France). As greening oysters improved their market value, they tried to develop empirical methods to guarantee oyster fattening and improve profits. In this context, the present study investigated the feasibility of mass culture of diatoms outdoors in 10-m3 ponds, using enriched seawater. Different biotic and abiotic parameters were monitored daily to determine the influence of the day,night temperature range. After 8 days, H. ostrearia was the dominant diatom species (66%), reaching a mean cell concentration of 2 × 105 cell mL,1 and a marennine concentration of 3.4 mg L,1. Although intensive greening was obtained, further studies are required to optimize the production stages before this technology can be transferred to oyster farmers. [source] Clonal expansions of 6-thioguanine resistant T lymphocytes in the blood and tumor of melanoma patients,ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 9 2008Mark R. Albertini Abstract The identification of specific lymphocyte populations that mediate tumor immune responses is required for elucidating the mechanisms underlying these responses and facilitating therapeutic interventions in humans with cancer. To this end, mutant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficient (HPRT -) T-cells were used as probes to detect T-cell clonal amplifications and trafficking in vivo in patients with advanced melanoma. Mutant T-cells from peripheral blood were obtained as clonal isolates or in mass cultures in the presence of 6-thioguanine (TG) selection and from tumor-bearing lymph nodes (LNs) or metastatic melanoma tissues by TG-selected mass cultures. Nonmutant (wild-type) cells were obtained from all sites by analogous means, but without TG selection. cDNA sequences of the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chains (TCR-,), determined directly (clonal isolates) or following insertion into plasmids (mass cultures), were used as unambiguous biomarkers of in vivo clonality of mature T-cell clones. Clonal amplifications, identified as repetitive TCR-, V-region, complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), and J-region gene sequences, were demonstrated at all sites studied, that is, peripheral blood, LNs, and metastatic tumors. Amplifications were significantly enriched among the mutant compared with the wild-type T-cell fractions. Importantly, T-cell trafficking was manifested by identical TCR-, cDNA sequences, including the hypervariable CDR3 motifs, being found in both blood and tissues in individual patients. The findings described herein indicate that the mutant T-cell fractions from melanoma patients are enriched for proliferating T-cells that infiltrate the tumor, making them candidates for investigations of potentially protective immunological responses. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Lipophilic regulator of a developmental switch in Caenorhabditis elegansAGING CELL, Issue 6 2004Matthew S. Gill In Caenorhabditis elegans, the decision to develop into a reproductive adult or arrest as a dauer larva is influenced by multiple pathways including insulin-like and transforming growth factor , (TGF,)-like signalling pathways. It has been proposed that lipophilic hormones act downstream of these pathways to regulate dauer formation. One likely target for such a hormone is DAF-12, an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that mediates these developmental decisions and also influences adult lifespan. In order to find lipophilic hormones we have generated lipophilic extracts from mass cultures of C. elegans and shown that they rescue the dauer constitutive phenotype of class 1 daf-2 insulin signalling mutants and the TGF, signalling mutant daf-7. These extracts are also able to rescue the lethal dauer phenotype of daf-9 mutants, which lack a P450 steroid hydroxylase thought to be involved in the synthesis of the DAF-12 ligand; extracts, however, have no effect on a DAF-12 ligand binding domain mutant that is predicted to be ligand insensitive. The production of this hormone appears to be DAF-9 dependent as extracts from a daf-9;daf-12 double mutant do not exhibit this activity. Preliminary fractionation of the lipophilic extracts shows that the activity is hydrophobic with some polar properties, consistent with a small lipophilic hormone. We propose that the dauer rescuing activity is a hormone synthesized by DAF-9 that acts through DAF-12. [source] Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes: Analysis of chondrogenic potential and expression pattern of differentiation-related transcription factorsJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2007Camilla Karlsson Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a candidate for replacing chondrocytes in cell-based repair of cartilage lesions. However, it has not been clarified if these cells can acquire the hyaline phenotype, and whether chondrocytes and MSCs show the same expression patterns of critical control genes in development. In order to study this, articular chondrocytes and iliac crest derived MSCs were allowed to differentiate in pellet mass cultures. Gene expression of markers for the cartilage phenotype, helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors, and chondrogenic transcription factors were analyzed by real-time PCR. Matrix production was assayed using biochemical analysis for hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycans, and immunohistochemistry for collagen types I and II. Significantly decreased expression of collagen type I was accompanied by increased expression of collagen types IIA and IIB during differentiation of chondrocytes, indicating differentiation towards a hyaline phenotype. Chondrogenesis in MSCs on the other hand resulted in up-regulation of collagen types I, IIA, IIB, and X, demonstrating differentiation towards cartilage of a mixed phenotype. Expression of HES1 increased significantly during chondrogenesis in chondrocytes while expression in MSCs was maintained at a low level. The HLH gene HES5 on the other hand was only detected in chondrocytes. Expression of ID1 decreased significantly in chondrocytes while the opposite was seen in MSCs. These findings suggest that chondrocytes and MSCs differentiated and formed different subtypes of cartilage, the hyaline and a mixed cartilage phenotype, respectively. Differentially regulated HLH genes indicated the possibility for HLH proteins in regulating chondrogenic differentiation. This information is important to understand the potential use of MSCs in cartilage repair. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:152,163, 2007 [source] Effect of unionized ammonia, viscosity and protozoan contamination on the enzyme activity of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilisAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 4 2000A B. De Araujo Substrates that are cleaved to yield fluorescent products can be used to quickly quantify enzyme activity in vivo with image analysis or in vitro with fluorometry. This study was carried out to determine whether enzyme activity in rotifers is useful for assessing the physiological condition of rotifers. Neonates of Brachionus plicatilis Müller hatched from cysts were exposed to a concentration series of unionized ammonia ranging from 0 to 9.8 p.p.m., increasing seawater viscosity relative to 1.17 to control sea water by the addition of methyl cellulose and the addition of the protozoan Euplotes sp. to a density of 40 mL,1. Rotifer glucosidase and esterase activities decreased with increasing unionized ammonia and viscosity respectively. Activities of glucosidase and phospholipase decreased with increasing protozoan contamination. There was a significant relationship between enzyme activities and rotifer population growth. In vivo activities of certain rotifer enzymes can therefore serve as biomarkers for the rapid assessment of environmental stressors in rotifer mass cultures. [source] | |||||||||||||