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Mass Concentration (mass + concentration)
Selected AbstractsThermodynamics of Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Helium Plasmas: Path Integral Monte Carlo Calculations and Chemical PictureCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 3-4 2005V. S. Filinov Abstract In this paper we study thermodynamic properties of hydrogen and hydrogen-helium mixtures with the help of the direct path integral Monte Carlo simulations. The results are compared with available theoretical and experimental methods based, in particular, on chemical picture. We investigate the effects of temperature ionization in low-density hydrogen plasma. We also present a number of calculated isotherms for hydrogenhelium mixture with the mass concentration of helium Y = 0.234 in the range from 104 K to 2 · 105 K. In the density region where a sharp conductivity rise have been observed experimentally the simulations give indications for one or two plasma phase transitions, in accordance with earlier theoretical predictions. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Analysis of the effects of ultrafine particulate matter while accounting for human exposureENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 2 2009B. J. REICH Abstract Particulate matter (PM) has been associated with mortality in several epidemiological studies. The US EPA currently regulates PM10 and PM2.5 (mass concentration of particles with diameter less than 10 and 2.5 µm, respectively), but it is not clear which size of particles are most responsible for adverse heath outcomes. A current hypothesis is that ultrafine particles with diameter less than 0.1 µm are particularly harmful because their small size allows them to deeply penetrate the lungs. This paper investigates the association between exposure to particles of varying diameter and daily mortality. We propose a new dynamic factor analysis model to relate the ambient concentrations of several sizes of particles with diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.40 µm with mortality. We introduce a Bayesian model that converts ambient concentrations into simulated personal exposure using the EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulator, and relates simulated exposure with mortality. Using new data from Fresno, CA, we find that the 4-day lag of particles with diameter between 0.02 and 0.08 µm is associated with mortality. This is consistent with the small particles hypothesis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] On the measurement of growth with applications to the modelling and analysis of plant growthFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2000Roderick M. L. Abstract 1.,In this paper, a theoretical framework for the analysis of growth is described. Growth is equated with change in volume (V) and the growth rate is given by the equation; dV/dt = (dm/dt)(1/,) , (d,/dt)(m/,2) where m is the mass and , the density. The volume is inclusive of internal air spaces. 2.,The second term of the growth equation (see above) can be ignored if density is constant over time. Data for humans (and presumably other large animals) show that while composition changes over time, the density is approximately constant at about that of water. In that case, the growth rate can be estimated from measures of the rate of change of mass. However, the density of plants is variable (c. 0·4,1·2 g cm,3) and measures of mass and density are necessary to analyse plant growth. 3.,To use the theory as the basis of plant growth models, it is necessary to develop simple methods for estimating the surface area of roots, stems and leaves assuming that the mass and volume are known. A literature review found that the surface area to volume ratios of leaves and roots generally increase with the mass concentration of water. Theoretical arguments are used to predict that in woody stems, the situation should be reversed such that the surface area to volume ratio increases with the mass concentration of dry matter. Those relationships should be very useful in the development of plant growth models. 4.,Measures of plant dry mass and estimates of the rate of change in dry mass are shown to be very difficult to interpret because of differences in the mass concentration of dry matter between individuals and over time. 5.,It is concluded that measures of mass and density will be necessary before plant growth analysis can achieve its full potential. A framework for extending the theory to include the forces necessary for growth to occur is described. [source] Implicit integration of a chemo-plastic constitutive model for partially saturated soilsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 14 2008H. W. Zhang Abstract A chemo-plastic constitutive model for partially saturated soils is proposed in this paper based on the existing models developed in Hueckel (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 1997; 21:43,72) and Gallipoli et al. (Geotechnique 2003; 53:123,135). The chemical softening effects due to the increase in contaminant mass concentration are considered based on Hueckel's chemo-plastic model. Gallipoli's model is used to simulate the effects of suction and degree of saturation on mechanical behavior of partially saturated porous materials. In order to implement the proposed model in a finite element code, a fully implicit backward-Euler integration algorithm is put forward. Numerical solutions for the tests at local level and the application of the algorithm to the real boundary value problem demonstrate the accuracy and convergence properties of the proposed integration scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Stability of , -carotene in spray dried preparation of Rhodotorula glutinis mutant 32JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003P. Bhosale Abstract Aims: To obtain , -carotene-rich dry cell preparation from mutant 32 of Rhodotorula glutinis and determination of its pigment stability. Methods and Results: The mutant 32 of R. glutinis was grown in a 14 l stirred tank fermenter. Cell mass was concentrated 10-fold by cross-flow microfiltration and then spray dried. Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and d -tocopherol were used as protecting agents. A two-level, three-variable, factorial optimization was performed to achieve moisture-free, non-viable and , -carotene-rich feed additive. Conclusions: The , -carotene and cell mass in stirred tank fermenter were found to be 54 ± 5 mg l,1 and 12·8 ± 2 g l,1, respectively. In the presence of BHT, 97 ± 3% (w/w) , -carotene was recovered for all the inlet temperatures studied. The best , -carotene and yeast powder recoveries were obtained at 160°C, 11·6% (w/v) cell mass concentration and 1 g l,1 BHT. The pigments inside dried yeast powder were stable in dark and cold condition for at least 10 weeks. The purified , -carotene got almost totally denatured, under similar conditions of storage, within 76 h. Significance and Impact of the Study: Spray dried and stable preparation of , -carotene-rich yeast, R. glutinis can provide alternative source of , -carotene for use in animal nutrition. [source] Biorelevant dissolution media: Aggregation of amphiphiles and solubility of estradiolJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2006David Ilardia-Arana Abstract Biorelevant dissolution media containing bile salt and lecithin at concentrations appropriate for fed and fasted state are useful when testing oral solid formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs. Dilution of amphiphile solutions affects the aggregation state of the amphiphiles because bile salt is partitioned between the aqueous phase and the aggregates. The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of dilution on the size distribution of aggregates and its effect on the solubilization capacity. Clear buffered solutions of four intestinal amphiphiles (sodium glycocholate, lecithin, monoolein, and oleic acid) and a combination of these were prepared at high bile salt concentration. Micelles in the glycocholate solutions decreased in size when diluted. The addition of insoluble amphiphiles led to bigger micelles with no clear correlation between size of the micelles and amphiphile concentration. Dilution of the two- and four component media caused enlargement of the mixed micelles and formation of vesicles. The solubility of estradiol in the buffer solution was increased with addition of the amphiphiles. A good correlation (R2,=,0.987) was found between estradiol solubility and mass concentration of the amphiphiles. The results demonstrate that, in the case of estradiol, the concentration of amphiphiles rather than the aggregation state determines the solubilization capacity of the medium. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 95:248,255, 2006 [source] A quantitative method for measuring the mass concentration of the filamentous bacterium Type 021N in activated sludge using fluorescence in situ hybridizationLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Y. Guan Abstract Aims: This study aimed to develop a quantitative method for measuring mass concentrations of Type 021N, a bacterium causing bulking in activated sludge. Methods and Results: Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to determine the relationship between the concentration ratio of the mass of the bacterium Type 021N to mass of activated sludge, and the proportion of fluorescence area imparted by probe G123T specific for Type 021N to that obtained with probe EUB338 for bacteria. A linear relationship existed between the cube root of the mass concentration ratio and square root of this area proportion. Conclusions: A standard curve was obtained for quantifying Type 021N in activated sludge. Significance and Impact of the Study: This method may allow the determination of growth rate constant of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge, information that will help in understanding their ecology. [source] Straightforward Determination of the Degree of N -Acetylation of Chitosan by Means of First-Derivative UV SpectrophotometryMACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 14 2008Ricardo M. P. da Silva Abstract First-derivative UV spectrophotometry is shown to be a reliable method for the determination of the degree of N- acetylation of chitosan samples. A mathematical expression is derived that allows to determine the DA directly from the mass concentration of a chitosan solution and the first derivative of its UV spectrum at 202 nm, thus eliminating the need for empiric correction curves for highly deacetylated samples. A procedure is proposed for the accurate mass determination of the hygroscopic chitosan. The proposed approach facilitates the routine determination of the DA, especially when using potent multiwell microplate readers, which allow hundreds of samples to be measured in just a few minutes. [source] Bubble shape, gas flow and gas,liquid mass transfer in pulp fibre suspensionsTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2010L. K. Ishkintana Abstract Gas,liquid mass transfer in pulp fibre suspensions in a batch-operated bubble column is explained by observations of bubble size and shape made in a 2D column. Two pulp fibre suspensions (hardwood and softwood kraft) were studied over a range of suspension mass concentrations and gas flow rates. For a given gas flow rate, bubble size was found to increase as suspension concentration increased, moving from smaller spherical/elliptical bubbles to larger spherical-capped/dimpled-elliptical bubbles. At relatively low mass concentrations (Cm,=,2,3% for the softwood and Cm,,,7% for the hardwood pulp) distinct bubbles were no longer observed in the suspension. Instead, a network of channels formed through which gas flowed. In the bubble column, the volumetric gas,liquid mass transfer rate, kLa, decreased with increasing suspension concentration. From the 2D studies, this occurred as bubble size and rise velocity increased, which would decrease overall bubble surface area and gas holdup in the column. A minimum in kLa occurred between Cm,=,2% and 4% which depended on pulp type and was reached near the mass concentration where the flow channels first formed. le transfert de masse gaz-liquide dans des suspensions de fibres de pulpe, dans une colonne à bulles de traitement en lot, est expliqué par des observations faites dans une colonne 2D de la taille et de la forme des bulles. Deux suspensions de fibres de pulpe (pulpes kraft de bois dur et de bois tendre) ont été étudiées sur un intervalle de concentrations en masse des suspensions et sur un intervalle de débits de gaz. Pour un débit de gaz donné, on a observé que la taille des bulles augmentait avec l'augmentation de la concentration de la suspension, passant de petites bulles sphériques/elliptiques à des bulles plus grosses de forme quasi-sphérique avec capuchon à elliptique avec dépression. À des concentrations en masse relativement basses (Cm,=,2,3% pour le bois tendre et Cm,=,,7% pour la pulpe de bois dur), des bulles distinctes n'étaient plus observées dans la suspension. Au lieu de cela, un réseau de canaux se formait, au travers duquel le gaz s'écoulait. Dans la colonne à bulles, le taux de transfert de masse volumétrique gaz-liquide, kLa, diminuait avec l'augmentation de la concentration de la suspension. À partir des études 2D, cela se produisait lorsque la taille des bulles et la vélocité ascendante augmentaient, ce qui devrait faire diminuer la surface d'ensemble des bulles et la retenue de gaz dans la colonne. Un minimum de kLa a été observé avec Cm,=,2% et 4% (selon le type de pulpe) et était atteint à proximité de la concentration en masse pour laquelle les canaux d'écoulement commençaient à se former. [source] Multiyear ground-based and satellite observations of aerosol properties over a tropical urban area in IndiaATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS, Issue 1 2007K. V. S. Badarinath Abstract Aerosol particle size distributions along with their spatial and temporal variability are important for describing both direct and indirect radiative forcing. In this study, the variation of black carbon (BC) aerosols, total aerosol mass loading and aerosol optical depth (AOD) over an urban region of Hyderabad, south India, was analyzed for 3 consecutive years from 2003 to 2005. The AOD was measured using a handheld multichannel sun-photometer at six wavelengths centered on 380, 440, 500, 675, 870 and 1020 nm and aerosol mass,size distribution was made using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) cascade impactor. In addition, satellite remote-sensing data from nighttime DMSP-OLS images were analyzed for inferring ancillary sources of aerosols. Results from temporal analysis (2004,2006) suggest that aerosol mass loading and BC mass concentration increased considerably over the 3-year time-period mainly due to increasing vehicular traffic from urban population growth. DMSP-OLS nighttime images for different years suggested higher forest fire occurrences in the year 2004 compared to other years. The annual mean AOD at 550 nm from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) showed relatively high values during 2004. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Association between PM10 mass concentration and wind direction in LondonATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS, Issue 4 2005Gabriela Sanchez-Reyna Abstract A statistical association was found between PM10 concentration and wind direction in London and Rochester. Results indicate that PM10 levels were 10.4 µg/m3 (30.7%) above the average when air came from the ESE sector. The possible impact on particle loading due to changes in wind direction is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Scavenging efficiency of rainfall on black carbon aerosols over an urban environmentATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS, Issue 3 2005K. Madhavi Latha Abstract Black carbon (BC) aerosols are the optically absorbing part of carbonaceous aerosols that have significantly different optical and radiative properties. The present study addresses the estimation of black carbon aerosol scavenging coefficient by using ground-based measurements over an urban environment of India, namely, Hyderabad. Extensive ground measurements of black carbon have been carried out during January to December 2004 over a tropical urban environment of Hyderabad. Seasonal variations of black carbon aerosol mass concentration showed high values during dry season and low values during monsoon season. The diurnal variations of BC suggest that the concentrations increased by a factor of ,2 during morning and evening hours compared to afternoon hours. Drastic reduction in black carbon aerosol loading has been observed during rainy days. The statistical fit between black carbon aerosol mass concentration and rainfall suggests the reduction of ,3.6 µg/m3 in atmospheric black carbon aerosol loading for every 1-mm increase in rainfall intensity over the study area. The scavenging coefficient of black carbon aerosols is found to be 1.64 × 10,5 s,1. © Crown Copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Aggregation Experiments on Fine Fly Ash Particles in a Gradient Magnetic FieldCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 8 2007W. Li Abstract Aggregation experiments were conducted on two kinds of fly ash particles in the size range of 0.023,9.314,,m in a gradient magnetic field produced by permanent magnetic rings. The two types of fly ash particles were obtained from Dongsheng and Datong coal combustion. The effect of particle size, total particle mass concentration, particle residence time in the magnetic field and gas velocity were examined. Experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies in a gradient magnetic field are much higher than those in a uniform magnetic field. The total and single-sized particle removal efficiencies can be improved by increasing the total particle mass concentrations and the particle residence time in the magnetic field or reducing the gas velocity. Mid-sized particle removal efficiencies are higher than those of the larger and smaller ones. With the increase in total particle removal efficiencies, the particle size corresponding to the maximum values of single-sized particle removal efficiencies and the particle number median diameters both decrease. Both the single-sized and total removal efficiencies for the particles from the Dongsheng coal combustion are higher than those from the Datong coal combustion. [source] Indoor/outdoor concentrations and elemental composition of PM10/PM2.5 in urban/industrial areas of Kocaeli City, TurkeyINDOOR AIR, Issue 2 2010B. Pekey Abstract, This study presents indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations measured during winter and summer in 15 homes in Kocaeli, which is one of the most industrialized areas in Turkey. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations and elemental composition were determined using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Quantitative information was obtained on mass concentrations and other characteristics such as seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio, PM2.5/PM10 ratio, correlations and sources. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were 29.8 and 23.5 ,g/m3 for the summer period, and 24.4 and 21.8 ,g/m3 for the winter period, respectively. Average indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations were 45.5 and 59.9 ,g/m3 for the summer period, and 56.9 and 102.3 ,g/m3 for the winter period, respectively. A varimax rotated factor analysis (FA) was performed separately on indoor and outdoor datasets in an effort to identify possible heavy metal sources of PM2.5 and PM10 particle fractions. FA of outdoor data produced source categories comprising polluted soil, industry, motor vehicles, and fossil fuel combustion for both PM fractions, while source categories determined for indoor data for both PM2.5 and PM10 comprised industry, polluted soil, motor vehicles, and smoking, with an additional source category of cooking activities detected for the PM2.5 fraction. Practical Implications In buildings close to industrial areas or traffic arteries, outdoor sources may have an important effect on indoor air pollution. Therefore, indoor and outdoor investigations should be conducted simultaneously to assess the relationship between indoor and outdoor pollution. This study presents the simultaneous measurement of PM fractions (PM2.5 and PM10) and their elemental compositions to determine the sources of respirable PM and the heavy metals bound to these particles in indoor air. Factor analysis of indoor data indicated that the contribution of outdoor pollutant sources to indoor pollution was about 70%, making these sources the most significant for indoor heavy metal pollution, wheras other sources of indoor pollution included smoking and cooking activities. [source] Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Use in Food Packaging FilmsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Renata De Lima Abstract:, The use of nanoparticles in food packaging has been proposed on the basis that it could improve protection of foods by, for example, reducing permeation of gases, minimizing odor loss, and increasing mechanical strength and thermal stability. Consequently, the impacts of such nanoparticles on organisms and on the environment need to be investigated to ensure their safe use. In an earlier study, Moura and others (2008a) described the effect of addition of chitosan (CS) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, water vapor, and oxygen permeability of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films used in food packaging. Here, the genotoxicity of different polymeric CS/PMAA nanoparticles (size 60, 82, and 111 nm) was evaluated at different concentration levels, using the,Allium cepa,chromosome damage test as well as cytogenetic tests employing human lymphocyte cultures. Test substrates were exposed to solutions containing nanoparticles at polymer mass concentrations of 1.8, 18, and 180 mg/L. Results showed no evidence of DNA damage caused by the nanoparticles (no significant numerical or structural changes were observed), however the 82 and 111 nm nanoparticles reduced mitotic index values at the highest concentration tested (180 mg/L), indicating that the nanoparticles were toxic to the cells used at this concentration. In the case of the 60 nm CS/PMAA nanoparticles, no significant changes in the mitotic index were observed at the concentration levels tested, indicating that these particles were not toxic. The techniques used show promising potential for application in tests of nanoparticle safety envisaging the future use of these materials in food packaging. [source] A quantitative method for measuring the mass concentration of the filamentous bacterium Type 021N in activated sludge using fluorescence in situ hybridizationLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Y. Guan Abstract Aims: This study aimed to develop a quantitative method for measuring mass concentrations of Type 021N, a bacterium causing bulking in activated sludge. Methods and Results: Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to determine the relationship between the concentration ratio of the mass of the bacterium Type 021N to mass of activated sludge, and the proportion of fluorescence area imparted by probe G123T specific for Type 021N to that obtained with probe EUB338 for bacteria. A linear relationship existed between the cube root of the mass concentration ratio and square root of this area proportion. Conclusions: A standard curve was obtained for quantifying Type 021N in activated sludge. Significance and Impact of the Study: This method may allow the determination of growth rate constant of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge, information that will help in understanding their ecology. [source] New Biodegradable Amphiphilic Block Copolymers of , -Caprolactone and , -Valerolactone Catalyzed by Novel Aluminum Metal ComplexesMACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE, Issue 9 2005Jing Yang Abstract Summary: In our previous study [J. Yang, L. Jia, L. Yin, J. Yu, Z. Shi, Q. Fang, A. Cao, Macromol. Biosci.2004, 4, 1092.], new biodegradable copolymers of diblock methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)- block -poly(, -caprolactone) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)- block -poly(, -valerolactone), and triblock poly(, -caprolactone)- block -poly(ethylene glycol)- block -poly(, -caprolactone) and poly(, -valerolactone)- block -poly(ethylene glycol)- block -poly(, -valero-lactone) bearing narrow molecular weight distributions and well-defined block architectures were reported to be prepared with our original aluminum metal complex templates. This work will continue to report new investigations on their water solubility, and reversible thermal responsive micellization and solution to gel transition in distilled water. Among the new synthesized copolymers (P1,P23), seven diblock or triblock samples (P3, P6, P7, P11, P12, P19, and P21) with higher hydrophilic building block populations were revealed to be water soluble under ambient temperature. By means of UV spectrophotometer attached with a thermostat, important parameters as critical micellization mass concentrations (CMCs) and critical micellization temperatures (CMTs) were characterized for these new amphiphile dilute aqueous solution with the aid of an lipophilic organic dye probe of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). Furthermore, the critical gelation temperatures (CGTs) were simultaneously investigated for these water-soluble block copolymers via a tube tilting method. It was found that the CMC, CMT, and CGT were strongly affected by the population and nature of the hydrophobic building blocks, and a higher hydrophobicity of the new amphiphilic block copolymer finally led to lower CMC and CMT, and higher CGT. In addition, the salts of KBr and NaCl were found to play as a salt-out effect on the solution to gel transition for the diblock P6 and triblock P11, exhibiting an interesting tunable gelation temperature close to 35,42,°C. These results will pave new possibility for the synthesized block structural amphiphiles as potential biomaterials to be applied in vivo. Thermal responsive micellization and gelation of diblock MPEG- b -PCL/PVL and triblock PVL/PCL- b -PEG- b -PCL/PVL. [source] What is the largest Einstein radius in the universe?MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2009Masamune Oguri ABSTRACT The Einstein radius plays a central role in lens studies as it characterizes the strength of gravitational lensing. In particular, the distribution of Einstein radii near the upper cut-off should probe the probability distribution of the largest mass concentrations in the universe. Adopting a triaxial halo model, we compute expected distributions of large Einstein radii. To assess the cosmic variance, we generate a number of Monte Carlo realizations of all-sky catalogues of massive clusters. We find that the expected largest Einstein radius in the universe is sensitive to parameters characterizing the cosmological model, especially ,8: for a source redshift of unity, they are 42+9,7, 35+8,6 and 54+12,7 arcsec (errors denote 1, cosmic variance), assuming best-fitting cosmological parameters of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe five-year (WMAP5), three-year (WMAP3) and one-year (WMAP1) data, respectively. These values are broadly consistent with current observations given their incompleteness. The mass of the largest lens cluster can be as small as , 1015 M,. For the same source redshift, we expect in all sky ,35 (WMAP5), ,15 (WMAP3) and ,150 (WMAP1) clusters that have Einstein radii larger than 20 arcsec. For a larger source redshift of 7, the largest Einstein radii grow approximately twice as large. Whilst the values of the largest Einstein radii are almost unaffected by the level of the primordial non-Gaussianity currently of interest, the measurement of the abundance of moderately large lens clusters should probe non-Gaussianity competitively with cosmic microwave background experiments, but only if other cosmological parameters are well measured. These semi-analytic predictions are based on a rather simple representation of clusters, and hence calibrating them with N -body simulations will help to improve the accuracy. We also find that these ,superlens' clusters constitute a highly biased population. For instance, a substantial fraction of these superlens clusters have major axes preferentially aligned with the line-of-sight. As a consequence, the projected mass distributions of the clusters are rounder by an ellipticity of ,0.2 and have , 40,60 per cent larger concentrations compared with typical clusters with similar redshifts and masses. We argue that the large concentration measured in A1689 is consistent with our model prediction at the 1.2, level. A combined analysis of several clusters will be needed to see whether or not the observed concentrations conflict with predictions of the flat ,-dominated cold dark matter model. [source] Bubble shape, gas flow and gas,liquid mass transfer in pulp fibre suspensionsTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2010L. K. Ishkintana Abstract Gas,liquid mass transfer in pulp fibre suspensions in a batch-operated bubble column is explained by observations of bubble size and shape made in a 2D column. Two pulp fibre suspensions (hardwood and softwood kraft) were studied over a range of suspension mass concentrations and gas flow rates. For a given gas flow rate, bubble size was found to increase as suspension concentration increased, moving from smaller spherical/elliptical bubbles to larger spherical-capped/dimpled-elliptical bubbles. At relatively low mass concentrations (Cm,=,2,3% for the softwood and Cm,,,7% for the hardwood pulp) distinct bubbles were no longer observed in the suspension. Instead, a network of channels formed through which gas flowed. In the bubble column, the volumetric gas,liquid mass transfer rate, kLa, decreased with increasing suspension concentration. From the 2D studies, this occurred as bubble size and rise velocity increased, which would decrease overall bubble surface area and gas holdup in the column. A minimum in kLa occurred between Cm,=,2% and 4% which depended on pulp type and was reached near the mass concentration where the flow channels first formed. le transfert de masse gaz-liquide dans des suspensions de fibres de pulpe, dans une colonne à bulles de traitement en lot, est expliqué par des observations faites dans une colonne 2D de la taille et de la forme des bulles. Deux suspensions de fibres de pulpe (pulpes kraft de bois dur et de bois tendre) ont été étudiées sur un intervalle de concentrations en masse des suspensions et sur un intervalle de débits de gaz. Pour un débit de gaz donné, on a observé que la taille des bulles augmentait avec l'augmentation de la concentration de la suspension, passant de petites bulles sphériques/elliptiques à des bulles plus grosses de forme quasi-sphérique avec capuchon à elliptique avec dépression. À des concentrations en masse relativement basses (Cm,=,2,3% pour le bois tendre et Cm,=,,7% pour la pulpe de bois dur), des bulles distinctes n'étaient plus observées dans la suspension. Au lieu de cela, un réseau de canaux se formait, au travers duquel le gaz s'écoulait. Dans la colonne à bulles, le taux de transfert de masse volumétrique gaz-liquide, kLa, diminuait avec l'augmentation de la concentration de la suspension. À partir des études 2D, cela se produisait lorsque la taille des bulles et la vélocité ascendante augmentaient, ce qui devrait faire diminuer la surface d'ensemble des bulles et la retenue de gaz dans la colonne. Un minimum de kLa a été observé avec Cm,=,2% et 4% (selon le type de pulpe) et était atteint à proximité de la concentration en masse pour laquelle les canaux d'écoulement commençaient à se former. [source] Black carbon aerosol mass concentration variation in urban and rural environments of India,a case studyATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE LETTERS, Issue 1 2009K. V. S. Badarinath Abstract The present study provides an account of the black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentration variation in contrasting environments of India corresponding to the urban and rural areas of Hyderabad and Anantapur during August 2006. The study period corresponds to the monsoon season over the Indian region. The diurnal variation of BC showed two peaks, during morning and late evening, which are mostly, related to the diurnal changes in the local boundary layer and traffic density patterns. BC mass concentrations over Hyderabad are estimated to be 92% higher compared to those at the Anantapur site suggesting considerable contrast in its spatial variations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Aggregation Experiments on Fine Fly Ash Particles in a Gradient Magnetic FieldCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 8 2007W. Li Abstract Aggregation experiments were conducted on two kinds of fly ash particles in the size range of 0.023,9.314,,m in a gradient magnetic field produced by permanent magnetic rings. The two types of fly ash particles were obtained from Dongsheng and Datong coal combustion. The effect of particle size, total particle mass concentration, particle residence time in the magnetic field and gas velocity were examined. Experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies in a gradient magnetic field are much higher than those in a uniform magnetic field. The total and single-sized particle removal efficiencies can be improved by increasing the total particle mass concentrations and the particle residence time in the magnetic field or reducing the gas velocity. Mid-sized particle removal efficiencies are higher than those of the larger and smaller ones. With the increase in total particle removal efficiencies, the particle size corresponding to the maximum values of single-sized particle removal efficiencies and the particle number median diameters both decrease. Both the single-sized and total removal efficiencies for the particles from the Dongsheng coal combustion are higher than those from the Datong coal combustion. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||