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Market Position (market + position)
Selected AbstractsA Bigger Piece of a Very Small Pie: Intrahousehold Resource Allocation and Poverty Reduction in AfricaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2007Bridget O'Laughlin ABSTRACT Feminist research has convincingly shown that an increase in household income does not necessarily lead to improvement in the well-being of all members of the household. More questionable is the policy conclusion often drawn from this research for rural Africa: redressing gender imbalance in control of productive resources will significantly reduce poverty. This contribution argues that the evidence and analysis presented by two studies repeatedly cited to show that gender inequality is inefficient are problematic. It is mythical to suggest that tinkering with women's market position by exchanging unequal collective rights to productive resources for individual ones will decisively reduce rural poverty in Africa. That will depend on the restructuring of long-term and deeply unequal processes of integration in the market, not on a firmer insertion of women within existing patterns of individualization and commodification of productive resources. [source] Political ergonomics, macroergonomic battlesHUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES, Issue 5 2008Leszek Pacholski Humanocentric-oriented social and technological systems have to be perceived as the main source of technological advancement. This source it so attractive that from the point of view of acquisition possibilities it captures the attention of not only business people but also political incumbents who (according to Buchanan's theory) want to satisfy their particular interests. A characteristic feature of social and technological systems is their competitive market position. Taking over these systems by political lobbies with the legitimate usage of intended violence is an example of a contemporary macroergonomic battle. Both of Clausewitz's objectives of war are present: a political objective that is forcing the community that makes up the system to fulfill the politically determined will of the party taking over, and a military objective consisting of an attempt of the moral, social, or even physical destruction of the system leader and its direct coworkers. This article presents a specific example: a case study of a macroergonomic battle fought with a big industrial enterprise. This study serves as a starting point for general methodological premises pertaining to an effective strategy of fighting a macroergonomic battle. The essence of this strategy is learning three so-called exogenic levers of occasional acquisition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The Retirement Expectations of Middle-aged Australians,THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 269 2009DEBORAH A. COBB-CLARK We use HILDA data to examine the retirement plans of middle-aged Australians. We find that approximately two-thirds of men and more than half of women report a numeric expected retirement age which we refer to as having a standard retirement plan. Still, one in five individuals seem to have delayed their retirement planning and approximately 1 in 11 either does not know when he or she expects to retire or expects to never retire. Retirement plans are closely related to current labour market position, with workers in jobs with well-defined superannuation benefits more likely to report numeric expected retirement ages. [source] DYNAMIC PRICE DISCRIMINATION WITH ASYMMETRIC FIRMS,THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2008YONGMIN CHEN This paper considers variants of a dynamic duopoly model where one firm has a stronger market position than its competitor. Consumers' past purchases may reveal their different valuations for the two firms' products. Price discrimination based on purchase histories tends to benefit consumers if it does not cause the weaker firm to exit; otherwise it can harm consumers. The effect of price discrimination also depends on firms' cost differences, market competitiveness, and consumers' time horizon. The stronger firm may price below cost in the presence of consumer switching costs, with the purpose and effect of eliminating competition. [source] Interoperability and Other Issues at the IP,Anti-trust Interface: The EU Microsoft CaseTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 4 2008Dr Duncan Curley The judgment in 2007 of the Court of First Instance in Microsoft Corporation v European Commission was the culmination of one of the biggest anti-trust battles ever to have taken place in the European Union. Although most aspects of the European Commission's original decision of 2004 were upheld, the Microsoft case remains interesting at several levels. The judgment deals with the question of when it is permissible, in the public interest, to encroach upon the exclusivity of intellectual property rights-holders, by requiring the grant of licences to third parties seeking to enter or remain on the market. The case provides an illustration of Community policy objectives being implemented through the medium of the competition rules, namely the opening up of the software industry to more competition and the encouragement of innovation in information technology. It also provides an illustration of differing attitudes to the anti-trust regulation of unilateral conduct by companies with a dominant market position in Europe and the United States. [source] Launch Decisions and New Product Success: An Empirical Comparison of Consumer and Industrial ProductsTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2000Erik Jan Hultink Many articles have investigated new product development success and failure. However, most of them have used the vantage point of characteristics of the product and development process in this research. In this article we extend this extensive stream of research, looking at factors affecting success; however, we look at the product in the context of the launch support program. We empirically answer the question of whether successful launch decisions differ for consumer and industrial products and identify how they differ. From data collected on over 1,000 product introductions, we first contrast consumer product launches with industrial product launches to identify key differences and similarities in launch decisions between market types. For consumer products, strategic launch decisions appear more defensive in nature, as they focus on defending current market positions. Industrial product strategic launch decisions seem more offensive, using technology and innovation to push the firm to operate outside their current realm of operations and move into new markets. The tactical marketing mix launch decisions (product, place, promotion and price) also differ markedly across the products launched for the two market types. Successful products were contrasted with failed products to identify those launch decisions that discriminate between both outcomes. Here the differences are more of degree rather than principle. Some launch decisions were associated with success for consumer and industrial products alike. Launch successes are more likely to be broader assortments of more innovative product improvements that are advertised with print advertising, independent of market. Other launch decisions uniquely related to success per product type, especially at the marketing mix level (pricing, distribution, and promotion in particular). The launch decisions most frequently made by firms are not well aligned with factors associated with higher success. Additionally, comparing the decisions associated with success to the recommendations for launches from the normative literature suggests that a number of conventional heuristics about how to launch products of each type will actually lead to failure rather than success. [source] | ||||||||||