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Many Roles (many + role)
Selected Abstracts14-3-3 Proteins in Pineal Photoneuroendocrine Transduction: How Many Roles?JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 4 2003D. C. Klein Abstract Recent studies suggest that a common theme links the diverse elements of pineal photoneuroendocrine transduction ,regulation via binding to 14-3-3 proteins. The elements include photoreception, neurotransmission, signal transduction and the synthesis of melatonin from tryptophan. We review general aspects of 14-3-3 proteins and their biological function as binding partners, and also focus on their roles in pineal photoneuroendocrine transduction. [source] A qualitative study of mental health nurse identities: Many roles, one professionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 6 2009John Hurley ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to clarify and build upon current understandings of mental health nurse (MHN) identity. The study adopted a framework of social constructionism and qualitative methodology. Semistructured interviews were conducted, which were thematically analyzed using Nvivo software. Twenty-five MHN were recruited across three geographical sites in the UK. Participants constructed a cluster of seven MHN identity characteristics that constituted a unique contribution to talk-based therapies. These themes of characteristics are: (i) the MHN as generic specialist; (ii) the MHN as adopting a service-user focus; (iii) the MHN as positioning and utilizing the personal self; (iv) the MHN as spending time with the service user; (v) the MHN as delivering talk-based therapies in versatile ways; (vi) the MHN as having an everyday attitude; and (vii) the MHN as having transferable skills. The distinctiveness, and thus, professional identity of mental health nursing, must be understood as a cluster of capabilities rather than a search for a singular point of difference. The breadth of capabilities employed by MHN highlights the value and worth of their contribution to service-user care. [source] Scent-Marking of Giant Otter in the Southern Pantanal, BrazilETHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Caroline Leuchtenberger Giant otters live in social groups, consisting of a mating pair and one or two litters. Groups are territorial and mark their territories often with scent-marks. Our objectives were to evaluate the frequencies of marking and over-marking according to the social status of the individuals and to define the different postures used during the marking. We observed four groups, totaling 25 individuals (five alpha males, four alpha females, seven adult females, one adult male and eight juveniles) with group size ranging between four and 13 individuals. The study was conducted between July 2006 and July 2007 in the Vermelho River and in a stretch of the Miranda River, in the Southern Pantanal. We observed the groups for a total of 2006 min and recorded 95 events of marking totaling 84.9 min. Time spent marking varied between groups and ranged from 4.3 to 44.7 min. The alpha males marked more frequently (62% of marking events, 55 min) than the alpha females (17% of marking events, 13.6 min). Of the 59 events of scent-marking by the alpha males, 32 over-marked the marks of other individuals from the group. Of the 16 events of scent-marking of the alpha females, five over-marked that of other females from the same group. When scent-marking, alpha males used the ,stepping' posture most frequently (63%), then ,fore-paw rubbing' (24%), ,latrine use' (7%), and ,body rubbing' (6%). Alpha females used the ,stepping' posture most frequently (65%), then ,latrine use' (19%) and ,fore-paw rubbing' (12%), with only one event of ,body rubbing' observed during marking. Subordinate females used the ,stepping' posture (76%) and ,latrine use' (24%) during marking. Scent-marking can play many roles in mammals and for giant otters, and the main roles appear to be communication of social and sexual status and territorial defense. [source] MAKING ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR) LESS ALTERNATIVE: THE NEED FOR ADR AS BOTH A MANDATORY CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENT AND A BAR EXAM TOPICFAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 4 2006Dori CohenArticle first published online: 11 SEP 200 Divorce proceedings have had a negative reputation due to their adversarial nature. Litigation in the family law field has exacerbated an already emotionally charged atmosphere. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) has grown in importance over the past three decades and has helped to alleviate some of the animosity which accompanies divorce and child custody matters. Parents in particular are aided by the benefits of options such as mediation and collaborative divorce, obtaining increased control over their agreements in situations where the relationships will be continuous due to shared parenting responsibilities. However, much more could be done to increase the use of ADR in family law proceedings. Current family law practitioners could fill many roles, including mediator, advocate during mediation, collaborative negotiator, arbitrator, and counselor regarding which process to implement. Knowledge about these different roles, with their attendant skills and ethical issues, has become imperative. This Note will advocate for a mandatory continuing legal education requirement in ADR for matrimonial attorneys, as well as for the inclusion of ADR as a topic on state bar examinations. An increased knowledge of ADR will benefit divorcing parents and their children, ease an overcrowded court system, and lead to greater personal and professional satisfaction for the family law practitioner. [source] Molecular responses of Campylobacter jejuni to cadmium stressFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 20 2008Nadeem O. Kaakoush Cadmium ions are a potent carcinogen in animals, and cadmium is a toxic metal of significant environmental importance for humans. Response curves were used to investigate the effects of cadmium chloride on the growth of Camplyobacter jejuni. In vitro, the bacterium showed reduced growth in the presence of 0.1 mm cadmium chloride, and the metal ions were lethal at 1 mm concentration. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with tandem mass spectrometry analysis enabled identification of 67 proteins differentially expressed in cells grown without and with 0.1 mm cadmium chloride. Cellular processes and pathways regulated under cadmium stress included fatty acid biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, chemotaxis and mobility, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein modification, redox processes and the heat-shock response. Disulfide reductases and their substrates play many roles in cellular processes, including protection against reactive oxygen species and detoxification of xenobiotics, such as cadmium. The effects of cadmium on thioredoxin reductase and disulfide reductases using glutathione as a substrate were studied in bacterial lysates by spectrophotometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. The presence of 0.1 mm cadmium ions modulated the activities of both enzymes. The interactions of cadmium ions with oxidized glutathione and reduced glutathione were investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The data suggested that, unlike other organisms, C. jejuni downregulates thioredoxin reductase and upregulates other disulfide reductases involved in metal detoxification in the presence of cadmium. [source] The importance of volunteers in a capital campaignINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 4 2002Article first published online: 12 JUL 200, Linda Lysakowski One of the most significant factors in the success of any capital campaign is the number, quality and commitment of volunteers used to guide, implement and promote the campaign. This paper will discuss the importance of using volunteers and the critical roles they play within the campaign. The volunteer as giver, asker and motivator will be explained. An example of a typical campaign organisational chart is provided to help the reader identify the number and types of volunteers necessary to implement a successful campaign. Volunteers have many roles to play, and getting the right person to fill each of these roles is essential to success. Methods for recruiting volunteers and the materials that are needed to implement a successful recruitment strategy are included in this discussion. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the campaign chair as the leader of the campaign effort. The unique role of the Board of Directors as volunteers during a capital campaign is addressed in this paper. Strategies for keeping volunteers involved and motivated are discussed, along with tips to make the volunteer campaign experience a satisfying one for both staff and volunteer. In summary, the author contends that the use of volunteers in a capital campaign is essential to the success of the campaign. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications [source] pH and carbon supply control the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase genes in Arabidopsis thalianaPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 12 2008ZHI-HUI CHEN ABSTRACT Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is thought to play many roles in C3 plants including the provision of biosynthetic precursors and control of pH during N assimilation. Its activity is controlled via phosphorylation catalysed by PEPC kinases, which are encoded by PPCK genes. We examined PPCK expression in response to changes in the supply of N or C, and to changes in intracellular pH, using cultured Arabidopsis cells and seedlings. The results show that expression of both PPCK1 and PPCK2 is increased by C availability, but does not respond to N availability. Expression of the two PPCK genes and the phosphorylation state of PEPC are increased in response to increasing intracellular pH. Elevated pH also reduces the repression of PPCK gene expression by Pi. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), which catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate, is decreased in response to increasing intracellular pH. pH homeostasis may be mediated at least partly by reciprocal changes in the expression of PPCK genes and PEPCK. [source] Dicer ablation in oligodendrocytes provokes neuronal impairment in mice,ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 6 2009Daesung Shin PhD Objective MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and have many roles in the brain, but a role in oligodendrocyte (OL) function has not been demonstrated. Methods A Dicer floxed conditional allele was crossed with the proteolipid protein promoter-driven inducible Cre allele to generate inducible, OL-specific Dicer -floxed mice. Results OL-specific Dicer mutants show demyelination, oxidative damage, inflammatory astrocytosis and microgliosis in the brain, and eventually neuronal degeneration and shorter lifespan. miR-219 and its target ELOVL7 (elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7) were identified as the main molecular components that are involved in the development of the phenotype in these mice. Overexpressing ELOVL7 results in lipid accumulation, which is suppressed by miR-219 co-overexpression. In Dicer mutant brain, excess lipids accumulate in myelin-rich brain regions, and the peroxisomal ,-oxidation activity is dramatically reduced. Interpretation Postnatal Dicer ablation in mature OLs results in inflammatory neuronal degeneration through increased demyelination, lipid accumulation, and peroxisomal and oxidative damage, and therefore indicates that miRNAs play an essential role in the maintenance of lipids and redox homeostasis in mature OLs that are necessary for supporting axonal integrity as well as the formation of compact myelin. Ann Neurol 2009;66:843,857 [source] The expression patterns of a eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit H in the silk glands in Bombyx moriARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2010Jia-Lin Wang Abstract Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit H has been characterized in many organisms, and it has been found to play many roles including help regulate translation initiation. In this work, we studied the tissue distribution and expression profiles of Bombyx mori (B. mori) eIF3 subunit H (BmeIF3h). BmeIF3h was prominently expressed in silk glands, with anterior silk glands (ASGs), middle silk glands (MSGs), and posterior silk glands (PSGs) all expressing BmeIF3h. The expression levels of BmeIF3h in MSGs and PSGs were higher than that in ASGs during 0 d and 2 d of the 5th instar larvae. The expression levels of BmeIF3h in MSGs and PSGs were up-regulated once the silk glands began to synthesize silk protein during the feeding stage of the 4th instar larvae. Immunohistochemistry showed that BmeIF3h was distributed in the cytoplasm of MSGs cells and in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of PSGs cells. These data suggest that BmeIF3h had different action behaviors in the MSGs and PSGs related to the production of the silk glue proteins and silk fibre proteins, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] "JIP"ing along the axon: the complex roles of JIPs in axonal transport,BIOESSAYS, Issue 1 2008Sandhya P. Koushika JIPs are JNK interacting proteins and bind to JNK cascade kinases. JIP1 and JIP3 were known to be adaptors linking cargo to Kinesin-I, a major molecular motor for axonal transport. Recent research sheds further light on JIPs' complex roles in axonal transport, namely in activation of Kinesin-I and in cargo release. In Drosophila, APLIP1/JIP1 allows the Kinesin-I complex to enable cargo release through activation of JNK signaling.1 In mammalian cell culture, JIP1 is necessary and, together with UNC-76/FEZ1, sufficient for activating Kinesin-I.2 I discuss and compare the many roles played by JIP1 and JIP3 through interactions with several distinct players, in retrograde as well as anterograde transport. BioEssays 30:10,14, 2008. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Fatty acid composition abnormalities in atopic disease: evidence explored and role in the disease process examinedCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 9 2008A. Sala-Vila Summary There is a hypothesis causally linking excess intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to atopic disease. Under most dietary conditions, the main precursor of eicosanoids is the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA). AA-derived eicosanoids play many roles in sensitization to allergens and in allergic inflammation. Long chain n-3 PUFAs inhibit AA incorporation into cell membranes and inhibit AA metabolism to eicosanoids. It is hypothesized that atopy is associated with a higher n-6 PUFA status and with a low n-3 PUFA status. However, measurements of fatty acid composition do not provide a clear picture that such fatty acid abnormalities exist in atopy with no really clear pattern of altered status of a particular fatty acid or a particular fatty acid family. There are few reports of elevated linoleic acid in atopy. Some studies report lower amounts of the n-6 PUFAs, including AA, and of long chain n-3 PUFAs in atopy, although observations on this are not consistent. Taken together these data clearly do not support the hypothesis that atopy is somehow associated with a high exposure to, and status of, n-6 PUFAs. Intervention studies with n-3 PUFAs in pregnant women, infants and children suggest some clinical benefits, although how long lasting these are remains to be determined. The observation that there may be low AA status in atopy suggests that fish oil intervention, which targets AA status and metabolism, may not be ideal and that a combination of fish oil with some longer chain n-6 PUFAs may be more efficacious. [source] | ||||||||||||||||