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Many Alternatives (many + alternative)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences75%

Selected Abstracts

Patient, consumer, client, or customer: what do people want to be called?

HEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 4 2005
Raisa B. Deber PhD
Abstract Objective, To clarify preferred labels for people receiving health care. Background, The proper label to describe people receiving care has evoked considerable debate among providers and bio-ethicists, but there is little evidence as to the preferences of the people involved. Design, We analysed dictionary definitions as to the derivation and connotations of such potential labels as: patient, client, customer, consumer, partner and survivor. We then surveyed outpatients from four clinical populations in Ontario, Canada about their feelings about these labels. Setting and participants, People from breast cancer (n = 202), prostate disease (n = 202) and fracture (n = 202) clinics in an urban Canadian teaching hospital (Sharpe study), and people with HIV/AIDS at 10 specialty care clinics and three primary care practices affiliated with the HIV Ontario Observational Database (n = 431). Variables and outcome measures, The survey instruments included questions about opinion of label, role in treatment decision-making (the Problem Solving Decision Making scale), trust, use of information and health status. Results, Our respondents moderately liked the label ,patient'. The other alternatives evoked moderate to strong dislike. Conclusions, Many alternatives to ,patient' incorporate assumptions (e.g. a market relationship) which care recipients may also find objectionable. People who are receiving care find the label ,patient' much less objectionable than the alternatives that have been suggested. [source]

Boiling heat transfer coefficient of R22 and an HFC/HC refrigerant mixture in a fin-and-tube evaporator of a window air conditioner

HEAT TRANSFER - ASIAN RESEARCH (FORMERLY HEAT TRANSFER-JAPANESE RESEARCH), Issue 6 2010
M. Herbert Raj
Abstract The commonly used refrigerant in unitary type air conditioners is R22 and its phase out schedule in developing countries is to commence from 2015. Many alternatives to R22 are found in published literature in which R407C has similar characteristics to those of R22 except for its zeotropic nature. However, R407C which is an HFC is made compatible with the mineral oil lubricant in the system compressor by the addition of 20% of HC. This HFC/HC mixture called the M20 refrigerant mixture is reported to be a retrofit refrigerant for R22. Though its latent heat value is greater than that of R22, its refrigerating capacity is lower when it is used to retrofit R22 window air conditioners. Hence, a heat transfer analysis was conducted in the evaporator of a room air conditioner, for practically realized heat flux conditions during standard performance testing. The tests were conducted as per the BIS and ASHRAE standards. Kattan,Thome,Favrat maps are used to confirm the flow patterns, which prevail inside the fin-and-tube evaporator in the tested operating conditions. It is revealed that the heat transfer coefficient/heat fluxes are poorer for M20 because of the lower mass flow rate and higher vapor fraction at the entry of the evaporator than that of R22 in the prevailing operating conditions. The heat transfer coefficients of the M20 refrigerant mixture under various test conditions are lower in the range of 14% to 56% than those of R22. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20299 [source]

Alternative Methods for Developmental Toxicity Testing

BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 5 2006
Aldert H. Piersma
The aims of these investigations have been to reduce animal experimentation, to refine effect assessment and mechanistic studies, and to accelerate and simplify safety testing in an area of toxicology that uses relatively many animals. Many alternatives have been developed over the years with different compexities, using biologic material ranging from continuous cell lines to complete embryos. The validation of alternatives and their application in testing strategies is still in its infancy, although significant steps towards these aims are currently being made. The introduction of the genomics technology is a promising emerging area in developmental toxicity testing in vitro. Future application of alternatives in testing strategies for developmental toxicity may significantly gain from the inclusion of gene expression studies, given the unique programme of gene expression changes in embryonic and foetal development. [source]

Seclusion and Restraint of Children: A Literature Review

JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING, Issue 4 2000
John Julian Allen BSN
TOPIC. Nurses' attitudes toward the use of seclusion and restraint with children. PURPOSE. To review recent literature concerning these controversial interventions, and to examine possible alternative therapeutic interventions. SOURCES. Selected published nursing and psychiatric literature 1987 to 1998. CONCLUSIONS. Staff have a positive attitude toward the use of seclusion and restraint. A theory of pozoer and control may explain their use when many alternative, less restrictive interventions are available. [source]