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Management Tactics (management + tactic)
Selected AbstractsVerbal and Nonverbal Impression Management Tactics in Behavior Description and Situational InterviewsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 3 2006Helga Peeters This study investigated how structured interview formats, instructions to convey favorable impressions, and applicants' individual differences influenced the use and effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal impression management (IM). Results from 190 people who were screened for a training program demonstrated that interview format affected the kind of tactics used, which in turn positively influenced interviewer evaluations. Behavior description interviews triggered self-focused (and defensive) tactics, whereas situational interviews triggered other-focused tactics. Instructions to convey a desirable impression also enhanced the use of specific tactics (self-focused and other-focused verbal IM tactics) and moderated the effects of individual differences on IM use. IM instructions did not affect nonverbal IM tactics, indicating that nonverbal behavior might be less intentionally controllable in selection situations. [source] Factors influencing the effectiveness of an attracticide formulation against the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molestaENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2 2004Maya L. Evenden Abstract An attracticide formulation, LastCallÔOFM, was tested against the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in replicated small plot field trials in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), orchards in South-eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Attracticide treatments were applied using a calibrated hand pump, and treated plots were compared to similar untreated plots. Male moth activity was monitored using virgin female-baited traps, and the potential for reduction in mating activity was assessed using sentinel virgin females. A comparison of application rates showed that 1500 droplets per ha of the attracticide formulation was as effective as 3000 droplets per ha, and both application rates reduced captures in synthetic pheromone-baited traps for prolonged periods. Droplets placed either at high or low positions within the canopy significantly reduced trap capture and mating with sentinel females. In addition, the only sentinel females that mated in the treated plots were located in the untreated portion of the tree canopy. Mate finding behaviour was equally disrupted by formulations with and without insecticide. Therefore, under the test conditions, the mechanism by which the attracticide formulation worked was by disruption of male orientation, and not by the removal of males due to insecticide poisoning. Two field cage experiments tested the impact of population density on the competitiveness of the attracticide formulation compared to virgin females. A significant proportion of males were captured in female-baited traps at the highest female-to-droplet ratio tested. Equal proportions of males were captured in attracticide-baited traps at male moth densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80 males per cage. These results clarify some of the factors influencing the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of an attracticide management tactic against the Oriental fruit moth. [source] Response of multiple generations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), feeding on transgenic Bt cottonJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2009G. Wu Abstract Development, reproduction and food utilization of three successive generations of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), fed on transgenic and non-transgenic Bt cotton were examined. Significantly longer larval life-span and lower pupal weight were observed in three successive generations of S. exigua fed on transgenic Bt cotton compared with non-transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly higher survival rate and adult fecundity of S. exigua were found in three successive generations of S. exigua fed on transgenic Bt cotton compared with non-transgenic Bt cotton. The survival rate and adult fecundity of S. exigua were occurred significant increase in the third generation compared with the first generation after feeding on transgenic Bt cotton. Significantly lower consumption, frass and relative growth rate (RGR) were observed in three successive generations of S. exigua fed on transgenic Bt cotton compared with non-transgenic Bt cotton. Cotton variety significantly affected all indices of larval consumption and utilization in three successive generations of S. exigua, except for efficiency of conversion of ingested food. However, beet armyworm generation only significantly affected RGR of S. exigua. The results of this study indicated food quality on the diet-utilization efficiency of S. exigua was different along with beet armyworm generation. Measuring multigenerational development and food utilization of S. exigua at individual and population level in response to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can provide a more meaningful evaluation of long-term population dynamics than experiments on a single generation. It is imperative to develop an appropriate multigenerational pest management tactic to monitor the field population dynamics of non-target pests (e.g., beet armyworm) in agricultural Bt cotton ecosystem. [source] Laissez-faire governance and the archetype laissez-faire city in the USA: exploring HoustonGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2003Igor Vojnovic This article explores the governance of Houston, the archetype laissez-faire city in the USA. The research examines the complexity of Houston's minimal government intervention rhetoric, which in practice involves extensive federal, state and local government involvement in economic development in combination with a disinterest in social service and income maintenance programmes. This governance strategy is outlined through an examination both of regional public policy and local public finances. The analysis illustrates that Houston's local governance has historically been based on a management approach that attempts actively to minimize costs for potential investors to locate in the City, through public intervention, while at the same time generating an unattractive urban environment for the socially marginalized , hence the disinterest in social services. Thus, despite the local laissez-faire rhetoric, government intervention in Houston's growth has been vital and has produced the extraordinary impacts usually expected from public involvement in local economic development. The foundations of this local governance strategy are both predicted and advocated by the public choice approach, a theoretical framework whose emphasis on inter-municipal competition advances management tactics based on maintaining low taxes and low expenditures on public welfare. The research also shows, however, that Houston is unique, when compared to other economically successful US cities, in following such an extreme approach of this management strategy. [source] Indirect Ingratiation: Pleasing People by Associating Them with Successful Others and by Praising Their AssociatesHUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 2 2010Nurit Tal-Or Most of the literature on impression management considers direct tactics such as self-promoting by mentioning personal achievements and ingratiating by complimenting others. These direct tactics can backfire if the target recognizes the hidden motive behind them. Therefore, people often use indirect impression management tactics. Previous research has shown that people promote themselves indirectly by associating themselves with successful others or by magnifying the characteristics of others to whom they are connected. The current research suggests that when the motive is ingratiation, the impression manager highlights the success of a person who is close to the target of ingratiation. The four experiments of the current research documented this tactic and examined its consequences for the impression manager and for the target. La recherche indirecte de faveurs : plaire aux gens en les associant à des personnes ayant réussi et en faisant l'éloge de leurs proches Nurit Tal-Or La plupart de la littérature sur la gestion de l'impression examine les tactiques directes comme l'autopromotion par la mention de réussites personnelles et la recherche des faveurs des autres en les complimentant. Ces tactiques directes peuvent avoir l'effet inverse si la cible reconnaît la motivation cachée derrière. Les gens utilisent donc souvent des tactiques indirectes de gestion de l'impression. La littérature a montré que les gens se promeuvent indirectement en s'associant avec des gens ayant réussi ou en embellissant les caractéristique de ceux et celles auxquels ils sont liés. Cette étude suggère que lorsque le motif est la recherche de faveurs, la personne qui gère l'impression souligne les succès d'un individu proche de celui ou celle dont elle veut les faveurs. Les quatre expériences de cette étude ont documenté cette tactique et examiné ses conséquences pour la personne gérant l'impression et pour sa cible. Indirekte Integration: Das Zufriedenstellen von Menschen durch die Assoziation mit erfolgreichen Anderen und durch das Loben ihrer Kollegen Nurit Tal-Or Die meiste Literatur zu Impression-Management betrachtet direkte Taktiken wie Selbsterhöhung durch das Erwähnen persönlicher Errungenschaften und das Beliebtmachen durch das Verteilen von Komplimenten an andere. Diese direkten Taktiken können sich allerdings ins Gegenteil verkehren, wenn die Zielperson die dahinter versteckten Motive bemerkt. Daher nutzen Menschen oft indirekte Taktiken des Impression-Management. Forschung zeigt, dass Menschen sich indirekt erhöhen, indem sie sich mit erfolgreichen anderen in Verbindung setzen oder indem sie die Eigenschaften anderer überhöhen, mit denen sie sich assoziieren. Vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass wenn das Motiv Beliebtmachen ist, der Impression-Manager den Erfolg einer Person hervorhebt, die nah am Ziel des Beliebtmachens ist. Die vier Experimente dokumentieren diese Taktik und untersuchen seine Konsequenzen für Impression-Manager und für das Ziel. El Congraciamiento Indirecto: Satisfaciendo a las Personas mediante su Asociación con Otros más Exitosos y mediante el Elogio de sus Asociados Nurit Tal-Or Department of Communication, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel Resumen Mucha de la literatura sobre el manejo de la impresión considera las tácticas directas tales como la promoción personal a través de la mención de logros personales y el congraciamiento a través del halago a otros. Estas tácticas directas pueden fracasar si el objetivo o blanco reconoce el motivo escondido detrás de ellos. Por consiguiente, la gente usa a menudo tácticas indirectas de manejo de la impresión. La investigación previa ha demostrado que la gente se auto promueve indirectamente mediante la asociación de sí mismo con otros más exitosos o incrementando las características de los otros con quienes ellos están conectados. La investigación corriente sugiere que cuando el motivo es el congraciamiento, el manejador de la impresión destaca el éxito de la persona cercana al blanco de congraciamiento. Los 4 experimentos de la corriente investigación documentaron esta táctica y examinaron sus consecuencias para el que maneja la impresión y para el blanco. [source] Bt -maize as a potential trap crop for management of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lep., Pyralidae) in sugarcaneJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2007M. G. Keeping Abstract:, Notwithstanding the introduction of several pest management tactics, the stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lep., Pyralidae) remains the most serious pest in South African sugarcane. A novel tactic for managing this pest in sugarcane would be the use of a dead-end trap crop that attracts moths for oviposition and curtails subsequent larval development, thereby reducing pest population size. Glasshouse bioassays, in which moths chose to oviposit on maize producing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin (Bt -maize), non- Bt -maize or sugarcane of two cultivars (borer-resistant and -susceptible), showed that E. saccharina laid significantly more eggs and egg batches per dry leaf and unit mass of dry leaf on maize (Bt or non- Bt) than on either of the cane cultivars. When moths had a choice of ovipositing on 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-month-old maize (Bt and non- Bt), dry leaf number and mass of dry leaf material was significantly correlated with number of eggs and egg batches, indicating that older plants, which carried larger amounts of dry leaf matter, were more attractive for oviposition. Finally, glasshouse assays in which hatching larvae fed on 2.5-, 3.5- and 4.5-month-old Bt and non- Bt -maize plants, showed that the Cry1Ab toxin was effective in killing E. saccharina larvae in all Bt -maize plant growth stages, confirming that Bt -maize fulfilled the third requirement (curtailing larval development) of a dead-end trap crop for this pest. We argue that Bt -maize warrants further testing in the field as a trap crop, both alone and as a component of a ,push,pull' or habitat management system for E. saccharina in sugarcane. [source] Re-Examining Machiavelli: A Three-Dimensional Model of Machiavellianism in the WorkplaceJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2010Stacey R. Kessler Machiavellianism has been studied extensively over the past 40 years as a personality characteristic that shares features with the manipulative leadership tactics Machiavelli advocated in The Prince. We introduce a new model of Machiavellianism based in organizational settings that is multidimensional, incorporating aspects not previously included in Machiavellianism scales. Our model consists of 3 factors: maintaining power, harsh management tactics, and manipulative behaviors. The results of 3 studies are summarized, discussing the development of these 3 factors and how they relate to individual-difference and organizational variables. [source] Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal rangesJOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2002Jon E. Keeley Aim Native American burning impacts on California shrubland dominated landscapes are evaluated relative to the natural lightning fire potential for affecting landscape patterns. Location Focus was on the coastal ranges of central and southern California. Methods Potential patterns of Indian burning were evaluated based upon historical documents, ethnographic accounts, archaeological records and consideration of contemporary land management tactics. Patterns of vegetation distribution in this region were evaluated relative to environmental factors and the resilience of the dominant shrub vegetation to different fire frequencies. Results Lightning fire frequency in this region is one of the lowest in North America and the density of pre-Columbian populations was one of the highest. Shrublands dominate the landscape throughout most of the region. These woody communities have weak resilience to high fire frequency and are readily displaced by annual grasses and forbs under high fire frequency. Intact shrublands provided limited resources for native Americans and thus there was ample motivation for using fire to degrade this vegetation to an open mosaic of shrubland/grassland, not unlike the agropastoral modification of ecologically related shrublands by Holocene peoples in the Mediterranean Basin. Alien-dominated grasslands currently cover approximately one-quarter of the landscape and less than 1% of these grasslands have a significant native grass presence. Ecological studies in the Californian coastal ranges have failed to uncover any clear soil or climate factors explaining grassland and shrubland distribution patterns. Main conclusions Coastal ranges of California were regions of high Indian density and low frequency of lightning fires. The natural vegetation dominants on this landscape are shrubland vegetation that often form dense impenetrable stands with limited resources for Native Americans. Natural fire frequencies are not high enough to maintain these landscapes in habitable mixtures of shrublands and grasslands but such landscape mosaics are readily produced with additional human subsidy of ignitions. It is hypothesized that a substantial fraction of the landscape was type converted from shrubland to grassland and much of the landscape that underwent such type conversion has either been maintained by Euro-American land management practices or resisted recolonization of native shrublands. It appears that these patterns are disturbance dependent and result from anthropogenic alteration of landscapes initiated by Native Americans and sustained and expanded upon by Euro-American settlers. [source] Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) population dynamicsAGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Lance J. Meinke Abstract 1,The western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte is a major insect pest of field maize, Zea mays L. Larvae can cause substantial injury by feeding on maize roots. Larval feeding may destroy individual roots or root nodes, and reduce plant growth, stability, and yield. Costs associated with managing corn rootworms in continuous maize are annually one of the largest expenditures for insect management in the United States Corn Belt. 2,Even though D. virgifera virgifera has been studied intensively for over 50 years, there is renewed interest in the biology, ecology, and genetics of this species because of its ability to rapidly adapt to management tactics, and its aggressive invasive nature. 3,This article provides a comprehensive review of D. virgifera virgifera population dynamics, specifically: diapause, larval and adult development, seasonality, spatial and temporal dynamics at local and landscape scales, invasiveness in North America and Europe, and non-trophic interactions with other arthropods. 4,Gaps in current knowledge are identified and discussed especially within the context of challenges that scientists in North America and Europe are currently facing regarding pest dynamics and the need to develop appropriate management strategies for each geographic area. [source] Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant cropsPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 4 2008Micheal DK Owen Abstract The adoption of glyphosate-based crop production systems has been one of the most important revolutions in the history of agriculture. Changes in weed communities owing to species that do not respond to current glyphosate-based management tactics are rapidly increasing. Clearly, glyphosate-resistant crops (GRCs) do not influence weeds any more than non-transgenic crops. For most crops, the trait itself is essentially benign in the environment. Rather, the weed control tactics imposed by growers create the ecological selection pressure that ultimately changes the weed communities. This is seen in the adoption of conservation tillage and weed management programs that focus on one herbicide mode of action and have hastened several important weed population shifts. Tillage (disturbance) is one of the primary factors that affect changes in weed communities. The intense selection pressure from herbicide use will result in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes or shifts in the relative prominence of one weed species in the weed community. Changes in weed communities are inevitable and an intrinsic consequence of growing crops over time. The glyphosate-based weed management tactics used in GRCs impose the selection pressure that supports weed population shifts. Examples of weed population shifts in GRCs include common waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq ex DC) JD Sauer], horseweed (Conyza canadensis L), giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L) and other relatively new weed problems. Growers have handled these weed population shifts with varying success depending on the crop. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | |||||||||||||