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Major Habitat Types (major + habitat_type)
Selected AbstractsStudy Design for Assessing Species Environment Relationships and Developing Indicator Systems for Ecological Changesin Floodplains , The Approach of the RIVA ProjectINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Klaus Henle Abstract In this article the study design and data sampling of the RIVA project , "Development and Testing of a Robust Indicator System for Ecological Changes in Floodplain Systems" , are described. The project was set up to improve existing approaches to study species environment relationships as a basis for the development of indicator systems and predictive models. Periodically flooded grassland was used as a model system. It is agriculturally used at a level of intermediate intensity and is the major habitat type along the Middle Elbe, Germany. We chose a main study area to analyse species environment relationships and two reference sites for testing the transferability of the results. Using a stratified random sampling scheme, we distributed 36 study plots across the main study site and 12 plots each within the reference sites. In each of the study plots, hydrological and soil variables were measured and plants, molluscs, and carabid beetles were sampled. Hoverflies were collected on a subset of the sampling plots. A brief summary of first results is then provided. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Plant species richness of nature reserves: the interplay of area, climate and habitat in a central European landscapeGLOBAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Petr Py Abstract Aim To detect regional patterns of plant species richness in temperate nature reserves and determine the unbiased effects of environmental variables by mutual correlation with operating factors. Location The Czech Republic. Methods Plant species richness in 302 nature reserves was studied by using 14 explanatory variables reflecting the reserve area, altitude, climate, habitat diversity and prevailing vegetation type. Backward elimination of explanatory variables was used to analyse the data, taking into account their interactive nature, until the model contained only significant terms. Results A minimal adequate model with reserve area, mean altitude, prevailing vegetation type and habitat diversity (expressed as the number of major habitat types in the reserve) accounted for 53.9% of the variance in species number. After removing the area effect, habitat diversity explained 15.6% of variance, while prevailing vegetation type explained 29.6%. After removing the effect of both area and vegetation type, the resulting model explained 10.3% of the variance, indicating that species richness further increased with habitat diversity, and most obviously towards warm districts. After removing the effects of area, habitat diversity and climatic district, the model still explained 9.4% of the variance, and showed that species richness (i) significantly decreased with increasing mean altitude and annual precipitation, and with decreasing January temperature in the region of the mountain flora, and (ii) increased with altitudinal range in regions of temperate and thermophilous flora. Main conclusions We described, in quantitative terms, the effects of the main factors that might be considered to be determining plant species richness in temperate nature reserves, and evaluated their relative importance. The direct habitat effect on species richness was roughly equal to the direct area effect, but the total direct and indirect effects of area slightly exceeded that of habitat. It was shown that the overall effect of composite variables such as altitude or climatic district can be separated into particular climatic variables, which influence the richness of flora in a context-specific manner. The statistical explanation of richness variation at the level of families yielded similar results to that for species, indicating that the system of nature conservation provides similar degrees of protection at different taxonomic levels. [source] Genetic structure and gene flow in wild beet populations: the potential influence of habitat on transgene spread and risk assessmentJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2006A. N. CURETON Summary 1The consequences of the movement of transgenes from genetically modified (GM) crops into wild populations of plants continues to be of concern to ecologists and conservationists because of the possible threat posed to those populations in terms of their continued survival and because of the further knock-on effects that might occur to habitats in which they occur. 2We examined five UK sea beet Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima populations from each of two major habitat types, cliff top and drift line. We assessed population genetic parameters, genetic diversity, gene flow, population differentiation and isolation by distance, to enable determination of the likelihood and consequences of spread to wild populations of genes from cultivated sugar beet group Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris, which could in the future be transgenic. 3Drift line populations were more diverse than cliff top populations and also showed greater levels of gene flow. 4Isolation by distance was identified in both habitats, but the relationship between genetic and geographical distance was detectable over longer distances for drift line populations. However, clear indications of vicariance (the subdivision of a population into distinct taxa by the appearance of a geological barrier) between cliff and drift line populations were also evident, because of the restriction of gene flow between the two habitats occurring more in one direction than the other. 5Synthesis and applications. The likelihood of transgene spread from crop to wild populations is habitat dependent and conservation management decisions could therefore vary from one population to another, for example water courses were found to facilitate seed dispersal. This should be taken into account when estimating isolation distances for GM beet, and when predicting transgene frequencies (exposure estimates) for environmental risk assessments of GM beet. [source] Habitat Preferences of Ungulates in Hunted and Nonhunted Areas in the Calakmul Forest, Campeche, Mexico1BIOTROPICA, Issue 4 2005Rafael Reyna-Hurtado ABSTRACT We investigated habitat preference in the community of ungulates in the Calakmul Forest of Southern Mexico through systematically counting the tracks of six species in randomly placed transects. Tracks were associated with one of four major forest types according to Pennington and Sarukhan (1998). Forest type availability was estimated through 393 independent points on the same transects. We surveyed 90 transects in three hunted areas and one large nonhunted area, with a total of 206 km walked. A total of 1672 tracks of the six species were found. Brocket deer (Mazama americana and Mazama pandora) preferred low-dry forest in the nonhunted area and low-flooded forest in the hunted areas. Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) was a generalist species in the nonhunted area, whereas in the hunted areas, it preferred the subperennial forest. White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) was found only in subperennial forest in the nonhunted area and favored low-flooded forest in the hunted areas. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) preferred low-flooded forest in the hunted areas, while it was a generalist in the nonhunted area. Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) preferred low-flooded forest in the hunted areas. The most evident habitat difference among hunted and nonhunted areas was a major use of low-flooded forest in the hunted areas for the species. Conservation of ungulate species in the Calakmul region requires protection of all major habitat types in hunted and nonhunted areas. RESUMEN Las preferencias de hábitat en una comunidad de ungulados fueron estimadas a través de contéos sistemáticos de huellas de las seis especies en transectos situados al azar. Las huellas encontrados fueron relacionados con cada uno de los cuatro tipos de hábitat más frecuentes encontrados en el bosque tropical (de acuerdo con Pennington & Sarukhan 1998) de la Región de Calakmul en el sur de México. La disponibilidad de los cuatro tipos de hábitats fueron estimadas a través del registro de 393 puntos independientes tomados en los transectos. Noventa transectos fueron caminados en tres áreas con cacería y una gran área sin cacería con un total de 206 kilometros caminados. Se encontraron 1672 huellas de las seis especies. Los venados temazates (Mazama americana y Mazama pandora) prefirieron el bosque bajo seco en el área sin cacería y el bosque inundable en las áreas con cacería. El pecarí de collar (Pecari tajacu) prefirió la selva subperennifolia en las áreas con cacería y no mostró preferencias en el área sin cacería, mientras que el pecarí de labios blancos (Tayassu pecari) solo se encontró en la selva subperennifolia en el área sin cacería y prefirió el bosque bajo inundable en las áreas con cacería. En estas mismas áreas el venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) prefirió el bosque bajo inundable y fue un generalista en el área sin cacería. El tapir (Tapirus bairdii) prefirió el bosque bajo inundable en las áreas con cacería. La diferencia más evidente entre áreas con cacería y sin cacería fue un mayor úso del bosque bajo inundable en las áreas con cacería por las especies. Conservación de los úngulatos en la region de Calakmul requiere protección de habitats en áreas de cacería y áreas sin cacería. [source] | ||||||||||