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Major Criticisms (major + criticism)
Selected AbstractsEffect of Angular Error on Tissue Doppler Velocities and StrainECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 7 2003Camilla Storaa M.S. One of the major criticisms of ultrasound Doppler is its angle dependency, that is its ability to measure velocity components directly to or from the transducer only. The present article aims to investigate the impact of this angular error in a clinical setting. Apical two- and four-chamber views were recorded in 43 individuals, and the myocardium was marked by hand in each image. We assume that the main direction of the myocardial velocities is longitudinal and correct for the angular error by backprojecting measured velocities onto the longitudinal direction drawn. Strain was calculated from both corrected and uncorrected velocities in 12 segments for each individual. The results indicate that the difference between strain values calculated from corrected and uncorrected velocities is insignificant in 5 segments and within a decimal range in 11 segments. The biggest difference between measured and corrected strain values was found in the apical segments. Strain is also found to be more robust against angular error than velocities because the difference between corrected and uncorrected values is smaller for strain. Considering that there are multiple sources of noise in ultrasound Doppler measurements, the authors conclude that the angular error has so little impact on longitudinal strain that correction for this error can safely be omitted. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, October 2003) [source] ETHICS AND EDUCATION FORTY YEARS LATEREDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2007Bryan R. Warnick At least in the United States, however, it is now rarely read or discussed. In this essay, Bryan Warnick looks at the virtues and vices of Ethics and Education, examining some major criticisms of the book in light of key developments in philosophy and educational theory that have occurred since it was first published. He finds that some of the criticisms seem unjustified and overstated, while others can be met with a reading of the text that places its language analysis within a framework of communitarian ethics, a move made possible by rejecting Peters's fact/value dichotomy. This way of reading Ethics and Education reveals an interesting conception of what philosophy of education can be: namely, a sort of normative analytic anthropology. It also shows the value of engaging more with the recent history of philosophy of education. [source] Applicant and Recruiter Reactions to New Technology in Selection: A Critical Review and Agenda for Future ResearchINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 2-3 2003Neil AndersonArticle first published online: 30 JUL 200 This paper presents a narrative review of recent research into applicant and recruiter reactions to new technology in employee selection. Different aspects of the use of new technology are noted including computer-based testing, Internet-based recruitment and candidate assessment, telephone-based and video-based interviews, video-based situational judgment tests, and virtual reality scenarios. It is argued that an appropriate way to conceptualize these advances is as ,technical innovations' as defined in the creativity and innovation research in Industrial, Work, and Organizational (IWO) psychology. Applicant reactions research is reviewed thematically, and studies into three main themes are discussed: Applicant preferences and reactions, equivalence, and adverse impact. Following Bartram (2001), an amphibian-monarchistic analogy is employed at several stages in the review. Four major criticisms of the extant applicant reactions research base are noted: its atheoretical orientation, a short-termist concentration upon reactions level outcomes, an over-reliance on students as surrogates, and a patchiness of coverage of crucial research questions. The second part of this paper explores neglected issues of recruiter adoption of new technology for employee selection. Again drawing from advances in the innovation and creativity literatures, this section explores likely antecedent factors at the individual and organizational levels of analysis. A general model of recruiter adoption of new technology is posited as a framework for future research in this area. For both applicant and recruiter reactions further research is called for and implications for practice are noted throughout. [source] Goals of Action and Emotional Reasons for Action.JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, Issue 2 2008A Modern Version of the Theory of Ultimate Psychological Hedonism ABSTRACT In this paper we present a modern version of the classic theory of "ultimate psychological hedonism" (UPH). As does the UPH, our two-dimensional model of metatelic orientations also postulates a fundamentally hedonistic motivation for any human action. However, it makes a distinction between "telic" or content-based goals of actions and "metatelic" or emotional reasons for actions. In our view, only the emotional reasons for action, but not the goals of action, conform to the UPH. After outlining our model, we will elucidate the similarities and differences between our model and classic UPH. In this context we will clarify several basic misconceptions regarding classic UPH. In a next step, two major criticisms of the theory of ultimate psychological hedonism will be discussed, that is (1) the statement that the hedonistic principle has no motivating effect at all and (2) the argument that the hedonistic motivation is only one of many motivations of human actions. We believe that both of these arguments can be refuted. Finally, we will discuss the compatibility of our model with evolutionary theory. [source] Identity and resistance: why spiritual care needs ,enemies'JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 7 2006John Swinton PhD Aims., This paper explores certain key critiques of spirituality-in-nursing as they have been offered by people outside of the discipline. It argues that nurses have not taken seriously enough the recent criticism of the nature and role of spirituality in nursing. Not to listen to the ,enemies' of spirituality-in-nursing is to risk stagnation and a drift into obscurity. Background., The area of spirituality has become a growing field of interest for nurses and has produced a burgeoning body of research literature. Yet, whilst much has been written about the positive aspects of spirituality, nurses have offered almost no critique of the ways in which spirituality and spiritual care are understood, despite the fact that there are clearly certain key issues that require robust critique and thoughtful reflection. Almost all of the major criticisms of spirituality-in-nursing have come from people outside of the discipline of nursing. The paper argues that nurses need to listen carefully to the criticisms of spirituality and spiritual care offered by the ,enemies' of spiritual care in nursing. When listened to constructively, they highlight issues that are vital for the development and forward movement of this important area of nursing practice. Methods., Literature review and critical reflection on current critiques of spirituality in nursing practice. Conclusions., The paper concludes that nurses need to begin to develop spirituality as a specific field of enquiry with its own bodies of knowledge, methodologies, assumptions and core disciplines. Relevance to clinical practice., In listening to and taking seriously its ,enemies', nursing has the opportunity to establish spirituality as an important, creative and vibrant aspect of nursing practice that has the capacity to grow and respond constructively to its ,enemies', in ways that make whole-person-care a real possibility. [source] Beyond Bland: a critique of the BMA guidance on withholding and withdrawing medical treatmentLEGAL STUDIES, Issue 1 2000John Keownz MA (Cantab) D Phil (Oxon) In Bland1 the House of Lords held it lawful to withdraw tube-feeding from a patient in a ,persistent vegetative state' (pvs), even with intent to kill him. The British Medical Association (BMA) recently published guidance on the withholding and withdrawal of ,medical treatment', so defined as to include food and water delivered by tube. The guidance endorses the withholding/withdrawal of tube-delivered food and water not only from patients in pvs but also from other non-terminally ill patients, such as those with severe dementia or serious stroke. The underlying justification appears (as in Bland) to be that such lives lack worth. This article offers three major criticisms of the guidance. First, its argument that tube-feeding is medical treatment rather than basic care is weak. Secondly, its reasons for not treating or tube-feeding undermine the BMA's longstanding opposition to active euthanasia and active assisted suicide. Thirdly, it relies heavily on legal precedent at the expense of ethical reasoning. [source] Decades of Disillusion: Reappraising the ALP-ACTU Accord 1983,1996AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 4 2007Geoff Dow In this article we review the Accord between the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), in order to address current uncertainty over the role of unions in politics, particularly in the face of both the Coalition Government's 2006 industrial relations legislation and the ALP's apparent repudiation of the country's longstanding institutional leverage over wages and non-wage policies. The Accord exemplified an explicitly corporatist union strategy and it initially attracted extensive and hostile commentary. However, discussion of the experiment, together with other tripartite approaches to policy formation, has waned in recent years, perhaps suggesting that it was a tactic whose time has passed. Reviewing some major criticisms, we argue that critics have dismissed the Accord too hastily. Although serious problems with the Accord process are acknowledged, the articulation of a broad program of social democratic initiatives is always likely to retain support on the political left. Despite changes in union density and workforce composition, the union movement still possesses capacity to mobilise community support and develop a principled program. [source] | ||||||||||