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Main Stream (main + stream)
Selected AbstractsA rare landform: Yerköprü travertine bridges in the Taurids Karst Range, TurkeyEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 6 2002C. Serdar Bayari Abstract Two examples of travertine bridges are observed at 8 to 15 m above stream level in the Lower Zamanti Basin, Eastern Taurids, Turkey. Yerköprü-1 and Yerköprü-2 bridges are currently being deposited from cool karstic groundwaters with log PCO2 > 10,2 atm. The surface area and the total volume of travertine in Yerköprü-1 bridge are 4350 m2 and 40 000 m3, whereas the values for Yerköprü-2 are 2250 m2 and 20 000 m3, respectively. The interplay of hydrogeological structure, local topography, calcite-saturated hanging springs, algal activity and rapid downcutting in the streambed appear to have led to the formation of travertine bridges. Aeration through cascades and algal uptake causes efficient carbon dioxide evasion that enhances travertine formation. Algal curtains aid lateral development of travertine rims across the stream. Model calculations based on a hypothetical deposit in the form of a half-pyramid implied that lateral development should have occurred from both banks of the stream in the Yerköprü-1 bridge, whereas one-sided growth has been sufficient for Yerköprü-2. The height difference between travertine springs and the main stream appears to be a result of Pleistocene glaciation during which karstic base-level lowering was either stopped or slowed down while downcutting in the main stream continued. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hydrological behaviour and modelling of a volcanic tropical cultivated catchmentHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 22 2008Jean-Baptiste Charlier Abstract The hydrological behaviour of the cultivated Féfé catchment (17·8 ha) on the tropical volcanic island of Guadeloupe was studied to identify flow paths, to quantify water fluxes, and finally, to build a lumped model to simulate discharge and piezometer levels. The approach combined two steps, an experimental step and a modelling step, which covered two time scales, the annual and the storm event scale. The hydrological measurements were conducted over 2 years. The Féfé catchment is characterized by heavy rainfall (4229 mm year,1) on permeable Andosols; the results showed that underground flow paths involved two overlapping aquifers, and that the annual water balance in 2003 was shared among outflows of the deep aquifer (42%), evapotranspiration (31%), and streamflow (27%). On the event scale, the surface runoff coefficient ranges between 6·2% and 24·4% depending on antecedent dry or wet moisture conditions. Hortonian overland flow predominated over subsurface and saturation overland flow processes. Recharge of the shallow aquifer is mainly governed by a constant infiltration capacity of the Andosols with depth in the vadose zone. Outflows of this shallow aquifer were the baseflow of the main stream and the recharge of the deep aquifer. Volcanic deposits at Féfé promoted the underground flow path, and cultivated areas seemed to explain the high stormflow values relative to other tropical small catchments under rain forest. A conceptual lumped model integrating runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, and fluctuations of the two overlapping aquifers was developed. The model has six parameters and was calibrated and validated on the hydrograph at the outlet and on the two piezometers of the shallow and the deep aquifers. The results show fair to good agreement between measured and simulated variables, and consequently, the model was consistent with the main hydrological processes observed from experimental results in wet conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Learning to love the older consumerJOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 1 2001Isabelle Szmigin Abstract This paper examines how and why marketing has largely ignored the older consumer and concentrated on younger targets. It explores some of the myths of the older consumer and through examining recent research in the USA and the UK makes a plea for accepting the older consumer as still very much in the main stream of marketing. It also explores how society constructs age and how older people may wish to see themselves. While age related myopia is unsatisfactory for both consumers and marketing, older consumers may express a wide range of identities, making them a potentially complex target for marketing. The paper suggests that more research is needed to explore the different motives and identities of these important consumers with a view to better meeting their needs in terms of appropriate products, messages and media. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications. [source] Financial Liberalisation and Economic Development: An AssessmentJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 3 2004Paul Auerbach Abstract., The financial sector has always played a central role in economic development, but analysis of its precise role has been hampered by the emphasis on ,real' factors in the main stream of economic thought and the static nature of financial theory. Empirical studies confirm the importance of finance to economic development, but are indecisive on the efficaciousness of the widely advocated policies associated with financial liberalisation. To be successful, strategies for financial liberalisation must deal with problems generated by asymmetric information and have policies to promote competition, the disclosure of information and the maintenance of governmental integrity. [source] Collection efficiencies of various designs of post-cycloneTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2001Wennan Zhao Abstract Post-cyclone (PoC) is a novel secondary dust separator, which collects a certain fraction of the particles escaping through the vortex finder of a reverse flow cyclone. Due to the residual swirl in the vortex finder, the particles in the effluent air are concentrated at the wall of the vortex finder in an outer annulus. The particles in the outer annulus are split from the main stream and collected in a bleed flow. This paper presents the experimentally determined collection efficiencies of various designs of PoC. Depending on the design, operating conditions and the size and density of the particles, PoC can reduce the emission of the parent cyclones by 5% to 50%. In some experiments, the bleed flow from PoC is recycled back to the inlet of the cyclone. Significant improvement in the removal of fines occurs when the bleed flow is recycled to the inlet. Le post-cyclone (PoC) est un nouveau séparateur de poussières secondaire, qui récupère une partie des particules s'échappant du dispositif de capture du vortex d'un cyclone à écoulement inverse. À cause du tourbillon résiduel présent dans ce dispositif, les particules dans l'air de l'effluent sont concentrees à la paroi du dispositif dans un espace annulaire extérieur. Les particules dans l'espace annulaire extérieur sont séparées du courant principal et récupérées dans un écoulement de purge. On présente dans cet article les rendements de récupération déterminées expérimentalement pour diverses conceptions de PoC. Selon la conception, les conditions opératoires ainsi que la taille et la rnasse volumique des particules, le PoC peut réduire l'émission des cyclones parents de 5% à 50%. Dans certaines expériences, l'écoulement de purge venant d'un PoC est recyclé de nouveau vers l'entrée du cyclone. Une amélioration significative est obtenue dans le retrait des fines lorsque l'écoulernent de purge est recyclé vers l'entrée. [source] Understanding and meeting the challenges of consumer/tourist experience researchINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, Issue 2 2009J. R. Brent Ritchie Abstract This paper seeks to provide a framework that will help us identify and better understand the major challenges we face in consumer/tourist experience research. These challenges have both theoretical and managerial dimensions. Based on an extensive and comprehensive review of the current literature in the field, we have categorised extant knowledge into six main streams of theoretical thinking and empirical research. These streams were identified as the fundamentals of the experience, experience-seeking behaviours, methodologies used in experience research, the nature of specific tourism experiences, managerial issues in the design and delivery of experiences, and the evolutionary trail of experience thinking. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||