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Main Force (main + force)
Selected AbstractsEnvironmental features influencing Carabid beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages along a recently deglaciated area in the Alpine regionECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 6 2007MAURO GOBBI Abstract 1.,The spatio-temporal approach was used to evaluate the environmental features influencing carabid beetle assemblages along a chronosequence of an Italian Alpine glacier foreland. The influence of environmental variables on species richness, morphology (wing and body length), and distribution along the chronosequence was tested. 2.,Species richness was found to be a poor indicator of habitat due to weak influences by environmental variables. It seems that the neighbouring habitats of a glacier foreland are not able to determine significant changes in carabid species richness. 3.,Instead it appears that history (age since deglaciation) and habitat architecture of a glacier foreland are strongly correlated to species adaptive morphological traits, such as wing morphology and body length. Assemblages characterised by species with reduced wing size are linked to the older stages of the chronosequence, where habitat is more structured. Assemblages characterised by the largest species are linked to the younger sites near the glacier. These morphological differentiations are explained in detail. 4.,Habitat age can therefore be considered the main force determining assemblage composition. On the basis of the relationship between morphological traits and environmental variables, it seems likely that age since deglaciation is the main variable influencing habitat structure (primary effect) on the Forni foreland. The strong relationship between carabid assemblages and habitat type indicates that site age has but a secondary effect on carabid assemblages. This may be utilised to interpret potential changes in assemblages linked to future glacier retreat. [source] Driving on liquid sunshine , the Brazilian biofuel experience: a policy driven analysisBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 8 2009Clovis Zapata Abstract This paper analyses Brazil's experience with biofuels, focusing on the central role of the federal government as the main force driving the implementation of alternative locally produced ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and biodiesel. The pioneering, large scale ethanol programme that started over 30 years ago can be considered the most successful experience with the use of biofuels to date, as the government was able to rapidly implement the use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as a substitute for petrol in the 1970s and 1980s. The work contributes to the general discussion of sustainable and renewable energy sources and sets out the key policy mechanisms used. The paper also innovatively looks at the second large governmental intervention in the renewable fuels market , the biodiesel programme. In addition to the contribution to the debate surrounding command-and-control measures and economic incentive instruments, the paper analyses how lessons learned from the ethanol experiment were taken into consideration in the design and implementation of the biodiesel mandate, including social and environmental facets. It emphasizes the uniqueness of producing sugarcane ethanol in the Brazilian context and how attempts to carry out similar fast growing biofuels programmes may not be possible in other parts of the world. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Synthesis and Structure of Inclusion Complex of Cyclomaltoheptaose (,-Cyclodextrin) with m - AminophenolCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2002Jin-Ling Wang Abstract The supramolecular compound, ,-CD/m -aminophenol [(C42H70O35)·(C6H7ON)·(H2O)7.5·CH3OH], was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in monoclinic system, P21 space group, with a = 1.5122(4) nm, b=1.0335(4) nm, c=2.0915(3) nm, ,=109.58(2)°, V = 3.0798(3) nm3 and final R = 0.0598. The system belongs to "shallow inclusion" which is rarely found. In this supramolecule, the guest is located over the narrow rim of the host There are so many hydrogen bonds that they build a dense hydrogen bond net. The hydrogen-bond interactions are the main force to form the whole system and keep the stability. [source] Thermal Properties, Heat Sealability and Seal Attributes of Whey Protein Isolate/ Lipid Emulsion Edible FilmsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 7 2001S-J. Kim ABSTRACT: From 5% w/v whey protein isolate (WPI), whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films were produced that were sorbitol- or glycerol-plasticized, containing butterfat (0.2% w/v) or candelilla wax (0.8% w/v). Thermal properties of the films determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed onset temperatures (To) of 126 to 127 °C for sorbitol- and 108 to 122 °C for glycerol-plasticized films. To values were used as the basis for heat sealing temperatures. Temperature (110, 120, 130 °C), pressure (296,445 kPa), and dwell time (1,3 s) affected seal strength. Optimum heat sealing temperature was 130 °C for sorbitol- and 110 °C for glycerol-plasticized films. All films were heat sealable with an impulse heat-sealer. Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) of the surfaces of both sealed and unsealed films showed increase in hydrogen and covalent bonds involving C-O-H and N-C, which may be the main forces responsible for the sealed joint formation of the films. [source] Study on the Interaction of Ketoconazole with Human and Bovine Serum Albumins by Fluorescence SpectroscopyCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2008Qing-Lian GUO Abstract The binding of ketoconazole to human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin was studied by using fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The measurements were performed in 0.1 mol·L,1 phosphate buffer solution at pH=7.40±0.1. Decreasing of quenching constant was observed in association with temperature increase. Our findings show that the quenching mechanism of fluorescence of serum albumins by ketoconazole was static quenching because of compound formation. The thermodynamic parameters ,G, ,H, and ,S at different temperatures were calculated, showing that the electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interaction are the main forces for the binding of ketoconazole to serum albumins. The distance r between the donor (Trp-214) and acceptor (ketoconazole) was obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer theory. [source] | ||||||||||