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Apparent Resistance (apparent + resistance)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences75%

Selected Abstracts

The role of theory-constitutive metaphor in nursing science

NURSING PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2008
Jennifer Greenwood
Abstract, The current view of theoretical statements in science is that they should be literal and precise; ambiguous and metaphorical statements are useful only as pre-theoretical, exegetical, and heuristic devices and as pedagogical tools. In this paper we argue that this view is mistaken. Literal, precise statements apply to those experiential phenomena which can be defined either conventionally by criterial attribution or by internal atomic constitution. Experiential phenomena which are defined relationally and/or functionally, like nursing, in virtue of their nature, require metaphorical description and explanation. In such cases, metaphor is theory-constitutive. Using insights from the philosophies of language and mind, and examples from nursing practice, education, and our own empirical research, we explore the nature of metaphor and its role in theory constitution. We argue that the apparent resistance of certain experiential phenomena to literal description and explanation is not necessarily indicative of pre-theoretic linguistic imprecision. We suggest, rather, that such resistance provides useful insights into the nature of such experiential phenomena. We also suggest that the aim of scientific theory should be methodological or epistemological precision and not merely linguistic precision. [source]

The role of altered acetyl-CoA carboxylase in conferring resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees)

PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 11 2006
Tosapon Pornprom
Abstract From paddy field observations in 2002 and 2004, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl resistance in Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) has been studied using information collected from 11 sites in the Saphan-Sung district of Bangkok, Thailand. The resistant Chinese sprangletop was found in nine rice fields, whereas the susceptible Chinese sprangletop was found in only two rice fields. In greenhouse experiments, both fenoxaprop-P-ethyl-resistant and susceptible Chinese sprangletop from the same location were investigated for 50% growth reduction based on phytotoxicity, plant height and fresh and dry weight. The resistant Chinese sprangletop showed apparent resistance at 14,21 days after herbicide application at a rate of 21.1,337.6 g AI ha,1. The resistance index of resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10,25 times higher than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. In addition, Chinese sprangletop did not exhibit multiple resistance to oxadiazon, propanil and quinclorac. According to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) assays, the level of ACCase specific activity in the resistant Chinese sprangletop was significantly higher than that in the susceptible Chinese sprangletop. Similarly, the ACCase activity of the resistant Chinese sprangletop was 10 times less sensitive to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl than that of the susceptible Chinese sprangletop, based on the I50 values. The present study of the mechanism responsible for resistance in the biotypes investigated indicated that there was a close association between the concentration,response at the whole-plant level and ACCase sensitivity to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was conferred by a modified ACCase at the target site, as suggested by higher specific activity and less sensitivity to the herbicide. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

Interleukin 12B gene polymorphism and apparent resistance to hepatitis C virus infection

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
D. Hegazy
Summary Cellular immunity with interferon gamma production could have a role in protection from hepatitis C virus (HCV). Interleukin (IL)-12 is a key cytokine in promoting such anti-viral T helper 1 (Th1) responses. We hypothesized that a genetic background able to promote cellular responses may be associated with apparent protection from infection and have investigated the distribution of the functional 1188A/C polymorphism of IL-12B in HCV exposed but uninfected cases. The frequency of the high IL-12-producing C allele was determined by restriction enzyme genotyping in 76 exposed,uninfected individuals and 105 healthy controls. Overall, the C allele was found in 27·6% of exposed,uninfected cases compared with 16·7% of healthy controls [,2 = 6·3, P = 0·02, odds ratio (OR) = 1·9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·1,3·2]. CC genotype was found in 10·5% of exposed,uninfected cases compared with 0·9% controls (,2 = 9·3, P = 0·01, OR = 12, 95% CI = 1·5,100). Individuals at high risk of HCV infection yet who remain uninfected may be resistant in some way to infection. In our cohort of exposed,uninfected cases a genetic background of enhanced IL-12 production was associated with apparent resistance to HCV infection. This lends support to a central role for cellular immune responses in protecting from infection. [source]