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Low-income Households (low-income + household)
Selected AbstractsFactors Related to Frequency of Fruits and Vegetables Served to Children and Consumed by Mothers in Low-Income HouseholdsFAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Brenda Jean Birmingham A survey of low-income mothers of children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was conducted to identify barriers and other factors influencing the frequency of fruits and vegetables served to children and consumed by the mother. Barriers related to adults not liking a wide variety of fruits or vegetables and adults' lack of interest in trying new fruits or vegetables significantly related to mothers serving and consuming fruits and vegetables less frequently. Cost and convenience barriers related more negatively to mothers' own intakes than to what they served to children. Fruit and vegetable intakes were lower among mothers reporting indicators of household food insecurity. Recommendations for WIC nutrition education are discussed. [source] THE INITIAL IMPACTS OF A MATCHED SAVINGS PROGRAM: THE SAVER PLUS PROGRAMECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 1 2006ROSLYN RUSSELL A major emphasis in policy focus in recent years has been to promote greater levels of saving and financial inclusion in Australia. A number of studies have identified that low-income households and households with children have lower saving propensities. This paper explores the effectiveness of a particular matched savings program, Saver Plus, in promoting savings amongst low-income families that are typically at the margin of the financial sector. While noting the limitations of the lack of a formal control group, the results appear to suggest that the Saver Plus program, with its involvement of community groups, a financial education component, and co-contribution arrangements may have been successful in encouraging savings behaviour. [source] The Net Worth of Female-Headed Households: A Comparison to Other Types of HouseholdsFAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 1 2006Martha N. Ozawa Abstract: This article presents the results of a study that investigated the level of assets and debts that female-headed households have in comparison to those of married-couple households and other types of households. The empirical results revealed that the amounts of net worth of married-couple households and male-headed households were significantly larger than that of female-headed households. We discuss policy implications stemming from the findings of the study and recommend that the United States seriously consider creative policy approaches aimed at empowering low-income households such as employment-related supportive policies, microenterprise programs, and Individual Development Accounts programs. [source] Economic Instruments to Improve UK Home Energy Efficiency without Negative Social Impacts,FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 1 2006Simon Dresner Abstract The research examined how to use economic instruments to reduce carbon emissions from the UK housing sector without causing negative impacts on the poorest households. Carbon taxes would worsen the problem of fuel poverty. Compensation mechanisms involving the tax and benefit system were examined, but found not to be entirely effective because of the enormous range in the existing energy efficiency of homes. Exemptions for low-income households were examined, but found impractical to target. It was concluded that the best way to use economic instruments was through a scheme involving energy audits and surcharges to council tax and stamp duty for homeowners who failed to make cost-effective energy efficiency improvements within a specified time, with grants and loans to assist low-income households. After the implementation of such a scheme for 10 years, it would be practical to introduce a targeted carbon tax. [source] Imagining the Future: Children, Education and Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty in Urban BangladeshIDS BULLETIN, Issue 1 2009Naila Kabeer Failure to invest in children's education is widely recognised as a key mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of poverty. At the same time, rising levels of education among different socioeconomic groups in countries like Bangladesh suggest that poverty on its own is not an adequate explanation for this failure. This article uses survey data on low-income households in urban Bangladesh to explore what differentiates parents who have managed to send their children to school from those who have not. One factor is education: parents with no education are more likely to have children of school-going age who are not at school. Different aspects of household vulnerability, as captured by asset deficits, reliance on casual labour and female headship, also play an important role in determining whether children go to school or not. In addition, the article argues that contextual factors have an important influence on how parents imagine their children's future and how children themselves regard education. The hazards of daily life in slum environments, the limited range of job opportunities available and the absence of decent educational facilities all serve to undermine parental commitment and children's motivation with regard to education. The article suggests that the state and civil society should collaborate to promote educational and livelihood interventions which are responsive to the needs of the more vulnerable sections of the poor and to reshape how parents and children envisage the future. [source] Analysis of work trips made by taxi in canadian citiesJOURNAL OF ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION, Issue 1 2010Lina Kattan Abstract This paper presents two regression models for work trips made by taxi for the year 1996 and the year 2001, respectively for 25 Canadian cities. These regression models indicates the primary factors that influence work commuting by taxi. Two major factors are identified: the total number of work trips made by public transit and the total number of low-income households. The 2001 regression model indicates an increase of the value of the transit commuter's coefficient from its 1996 figure. These results highlight the important role that taxis play in: (i) decreasing the demand for parking especially in urban cores and (ii) serving the transportation disadvantaged population especially in outlying areas poorly served by public transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Demand for nonalcoholic beverages: The case of low-income householdsAGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2004Steven T. Yen Household beverage consumption is investigated using data from the National Food Stamp Program Survey conducted in the United States. A censored Translog demand system is estimated with the full-information maximum-likelihood procedure. All own-price effects are negative and significant, and whole milk, reduced-fat milk, juice, coffee, and tea are found to be net substitutes for soft drink. Thus, prices provide a partial answer to the declining consumption of milk and rising consumption of soft drink. Nutrition information and dietary beliefs also play important roles, highlighting the importance of an effective nutrition education program directed toward the low-income households. [JEL citation: C34 (Truncated and Censored Models), D12 (Consumer Economics: Empirical), Q18 (Agricultural Policy; Food Policy).] © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 309,321, 2004. [source] Does increase in women's income relative to men's income increase food calorie intake in poor households?AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3-4 2010Evidence from Nigeria Nigeria; Intrahousehold redistribution of income; Women's income share elasticity; Calorie consumption Abstract This article addresses the important but not widely investigated question of how calorie consumption in African low-income households would respond to intrahousehold redistribution of income from men to women. Specifically, I use survey data on a sample of 480 households from semirural areas of south-western Nigeria to analyze the response of per capita calorie intake to changes in women's share of household income, after controlling for per capita income and demographic characteristics at individual, household, and community levels. I also examine the effect of marginal increases in household income on per capita calorie intake conditional on the income distribution factor: women's share of income. My results suggest that redistributing household income from men to women would neither raise per capita food energy intake nor increase the quality of food calorie source of households in rural south-western Nigeria. I also find that while the income elasticity of quantity of calorie intake is close to zero, income elasticity for quality of calorie intake is substantially positive. I conclude that neither gender-neutral household income increases nor redistribution of household income in favor of women would substantially motivate increased amounts of food energy intake within households in the population under study. However, gender neutral increase in household income is likely to substantially increase the household demand for high-quality food calorie sources. [source] General Health Status and Changes in Chewing Ability in Older Canadians over Seven YearsJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2002David Locker PhD; Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the onset of and recovery from chewing problems in an older adult population over a seven-year period and to describe factors associated with these changes. Of particular interest was the relationship between general health and changes in oral functioning - Methods: The data came from a longitudinai study of community-dwelling individuals who were aged 50 years and older when first recruited. Data were collected at baseline (n=907) and at three (n=611) and seven-year (n=425) follow-ups. Oral function was assessed by means of a six-item index of chewing ability. Data were weighted to account for loss to follow-up using weights derived from the seven-year response proportions for dentate and edentulous subjects. Logistic regression analysis using backward stepwise selection was used to identify. predictors of onset and recovery. Results: At baseline, 25 percent of subjects reported a problem chewing. This rose to 26 percent at three years and 34 percent at seven years. The seven-year incidence of chewing dysfunction was 19 percent. Of those with a chewing problem at baseline, 21 percent did not have a problem at seven years. A logistic regression model predicting the seven-year incidence of chewing problems indicated that subjects aged 65 years or older, the edentulous, those rating their oral health as poor, those without dental insurance and those without a regular source of dentai care were more likely to be an incident case. In addition, a variable denoting the number of chronic medical conditions at baseline also entered the model. A logistic regression model predicting recovery indicated that older subjects, the edentulous, those from low-income households, and those with limitations in activities of daily living were less likely to recover over the observation period. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate a marked increase in the prevalence of chewing problems in this older adult population over the seven-year observation period. Poorer general health at baseline increased the probability of the onset of a chewing problem and decreased the probability of recovery. [source] ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS AND URBAN,SUBURBAN DISPARITIESJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010JunJie Wu ABSTRACT This paper develops a spatially explicit model to examine how urban and suburban communities evolve differently with changes in local economic fundamentals such as rising income or falling commuting costs in the metropolitan area. The model highlights the importance of environmental amenities and the economy of scale in the provision of public services as determinants of urban spatial structure. Results suggest that urban sprawl, income segregation, and jurisdictional disparities are driven by the same economic conditions and thus tend to co-exist. Rising incomes or falling commuting costs for high-income households in a metropolitan area tend to increase land prices and public services in every community, while rising incomes or falling commuting costs for low-income households can have the opposite effects. [source] SENSORY EXPECTATIONS OF CHILDREN FROM DIFFERENT HOUSEHOLD INCOMES FOR A BRANDED CONFECTIONARY PRODUCTJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 2 2006MIRIAM SOSA ABSTRACT The influence of brand and price on the sensory acceptability of alfajor (an individual cake covered in chocolate) among children from different household incomes was measured. Two brands of alfajores, "cheap" and "expensive," were used. A total of 120 children, half from low-income households (LI) and half from medium- to high-income households (M,HI), participated in the study. They tasted the alfajores in three conditions: blind, package-alone and package + product. The LI children were not influenced by brand. For the M,HI children, an assimilation effect was observed. The findings highlight the importance of socioeconomic factors in sensory expectation. In the blind condition, if the price is very high, no matter how much a child likes an alfajor he/she will not buy it. If the price is low, the overall liking will highly influence the choice. Implications of results for manufacturers, money providers and nutritional education agencies are discussed. [source] Welfare, Work and Banking: The Use of Consumer Credit by Current and Former TANF Recipients in Charlotte, North CarolinaJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2005Michael A. Stegman Using data from a 2001 North Carolina household survey of low-income households, we analyze banking and credit behavior of current and recent welfare recipients in Charlotte, North Carolina. Other things equal, TANF families are 70% less likely than other low-income families to have a bank account and much more likely to have participated in a credit counseling program. Except for more frequent contact with bill collectors and credit counselors, leavers are no different from other low income families struggling to make ends meet. Race also matters when it comes to accessing mainstream banking and credit systems. Targeted programs help TANF families gain greater access to the financial mainstream. When it comes to specialization programs, however, those involved in the welfare system are not very different from other poor families. However, by virtue of their formal involvement with TANF, this population can be more efficiently served than other low-income populations. For this reason and the desire to keep families from recycling back onto welfare rolls, TANF programs should address banking and credit issues. [source] From Welfare to Work: Evaluating a Tax and Benefit Reform Targeted at Single Mothers in SwedenLABOUR, Issue 3 2007Lennart Flood We formulate and estimate simultaneously a structural static model of labor supply and welfare participation. The results suggest that labor supply among single mother households in Sweden is quite elastic, and that there is self-selection into welfare. We also find that the proposed reform would generate welfare gains for virtually everyone in the sample, benefit low-income households, and would at the same time generate a small revenue surplus. [source] A critical analysis of UK public health policies in relation to diet and nutrition in low-income householdsMATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION, Issue 2 2006Pamela Attree phd Abstract Diet and nutrition, particularly among low-income groups, is a key public health concern in the UK. Low levels of fruit and vegetable consumption, and obesity, especially among children, have potentially severe consequences for the future health of the nation. From a public health perspective, the UK government's role is to help poorer families make informed choices within healthy frameworks for living. However, the question is , to what extent are such policies in accordance with lay experiences of managing diet and nutrition on a low-income? This paper critically examines contemporary public health policies aimed at improving diet and nutrition, identifying the underlying theories about the influences on healthy eating in poor families, and exploring the extent to which these assumptions are based on experiential accounts. It draws on two qualitative systematic reviews , one prioritizing low-income mothers' accounts of ,managing' in poverty; and the other focusing on children's perspectives. The paper finds some common ground between policies and lay experiences, but also key divergencies. Arguably, the emphasis of public health policy on individual behaviour, coupled with an ethos of empowered consumerism, underplays material limitations on ,healthy eating' for low-income mothers and children. Health policies fail to take into account the full impact of structural influences on food choices, or recognize the social and emotional factors that influence diet and nutrition. In conclusion, it is argued that while health promotion campaigns to improve low-income families' diets do have advantages, these are insufficient to outweigh the negative effects of poverty on nutrition. [source] Income, Location and Default: Some Implications for Community LendingREAL ESTATE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2000Robert Van Order This paper investigates differences in default losses across income groups and neighborhoods, in an effort to see if there are significant differences between default experience on loans to low-income households or low-income neighborhoods and other loans. We find that while defaults and losses are somewhat higher in low-income neighborhoods, default behavior is similar in the sense that responses to negative equity are similar across neighborhoods, and remaining differences are small and might be explained by omitted variables such as those measuring credit history. [source] Alienation and obligation: Religion and social change in SamoaASIA PACIFIC VIEWPOINT, Issue 1 2010Alec Thornton Abstract This paper will explore social change in contemporary Samoan society with respect to the traditional expectations of the church and kinship conflicting with the modern needs of an urbanising population. In the Samoan way of life , the fa'aSamoa , religion, matai (chiefly system) and reciprocal ,gift-giving' kinship arrangements among the aiga (extended family) are fundamental and closely related elements. However, pressures from continued integration into the global economy, the importance of remittance income and related migration of well-educated and highly skilled Samoans overseas are presenting several challenges to the strongly held traditions of kinship and church obligations. Among these challenges, low-income households are increasingly placing the material well-being of the immediate household first, thus ,opting out' of the culturally defined primary obligation to the church and risk alienation from beneficial familial ties. As a result, settlement patterns are shifting towards leaseholds in urbanising Apia, with consequences, we will speculate, that may have deeper cultural implications. Our research revealed that the church has been slow to accept that, increasingly, Samoans are seeking relief from hardships that spirituality alone cannot address. However, given its influence, strengths and resources, the church is well positioned to take a lead role in facilitating opportunities for ,bottom-up', alternative development in Samoa, as well as providing lessons for church-led participatory approaches in the Pacific Island Region. [source] Monitoring poverty and social exclusion 2003CHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2004Richard Reading The New Policy Institute has produced its sixth annual report of indicators of poverty and social exclusion. This year's report focuses on regional variations across England, Scotland and Wales. With 5 years of data now available to measure progress since Labour came to office in 1997, it is becoming much clearer where the Government's strategy for combating poverty and social exclusion is being successful , and where it is not. With the number of people living in low-income households now on a steady downward trend, the latest figures (for 2001/2002) passed the notable milestone of taking income poverty lower than at any time in the 1990s. The main reason why the number of people in low-income households fell in the 5 years to 2001/2002 is that there were fewer people in workless households. But, over the same period, the number of people in low-income, working households did not fall. Out-of-work benefits to both working-age families with dependent children and to pensioners have risen by around 30% in real terms since 1998, faster than earnings. This, plus the rise in tax credits, will have had a significant impact on the severity of poverty suffered by some low-income households even when it has not taken them above the low-income threshold. In education, earlier progress in increasing the numbers of those with an adequate minimum level of qualification has stalled, with no further advance since 2000, compared with rapid progress during the second half of the 1990s. Around a quarter of young people at each of the ages of 11, 16 and 19 are still failing to reach a basic level of attainment. There is no sign of any reduction since 1997 in the health inequalities which leave people with low incomes more likely to suffer serious health-related problems. Across the range of indicators, problems of poverty and social exclusion are generally more prevalent in the North-east than in other areas of the country. London has particular problems centred on low income and work and Scotland has particular problems centred on health. [source] | ||||||||||||||||