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Lower Speeds (lower + speed)
Selected AbstractsInfluence of temperature on hydrodynamic costs of morphological defences in zooplankton: experiments on models of Eubosmina (Cladocera)FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2000R. Lagergren Abstract 1.,If swimming speed is correlated to fitness (e.g. by affecting food intake or the chance to evade predators) or considerable energy is expended in swimming, zooplankton wearing protruding structures (as predator defence) that significantly increase drag resistance must pay a cost for the better protection against predators that these traits imply. 2.,In an experiment with plastic models, the drag and energy consumption of swimming in two species of Eubosmina were examined. Eubosmina longispina has a typical Bosmina morphology with a low carapace and short antennule, whereas E. coregoni gibbera has a very high carapax and long antennule. 3.,At 5 °C, E. c. gibbera had 32,45% higher drag than E. longispina. At 20 °C, the difference is 20,45%. 4.,A mathematical model of swimming predicts that these differences in drag should result in 18,20 (at 5 °C) or 14,16 (at 20 °C) percentage lower speed for E. c. gibbera than for E. longispina if they use the same amount of energy in swimming. 5.,The relative difference in drag or swimming speed between the two species was highest at low Reynolds number (i.e. low speed or low temperature). These results show that hydrodynamic costs of extreme morphology may increase with decreasing temperature. 6.,The increased cost of morphological antipredator defence at low temperatures may be enlightening with regard to the role of temperature in the induction of cyclomorphic traits in zooplankton. This may be one explanation for why extreme forms of E. c. gibbera and some Daphnia are only found in the summer when water temperature is high. [source] Comparisons of overground endoscopy and treadmill endoscopy in UK Thoroughbred racehorsesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010K. J. ALLEN Summary Reasons for performing study: To date there is no information on the comparison of the more recently documented technique of performing endoscopy during ridden exercise in the field, with the more traditional method of endoscopy during high-speed treadmill exercise. Objectives: To compare the results of upper respiratory tract endoscopy in UK Thoroughbred racehorses performed during ridden exercise in the field with those obtained during exercise on the treadmill. Methods: A direct comparison was undertaken in 4 horses whereby both procedures were performed in the same horse within 10 days of each other. An indirect comparison was also undertaken whereby the results of overground endoscopy performed in 50 racehorses was compared to the results obtained during treadmill endoscopy in a further 50 racehorses. Horses were matched for age, gender, use (National Hunt vs. Flat) and presenting complaint (abnormal respiratory noise vs. poor performance). Results: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate was diagnosed less frequently during overground endoscopy than during treadmill endoscopy. There was no significant difference in the diagnosis of dynamic laryngeal collapse between the 2 techniques. The treadmill exercise test was performed over longer distances at higher inclines, albeit at lower speeds than the overground test. In contrast to the treadmill test, the overground test was frequently performed in intervals. Conclusions: The results of both the direct and indirect comparisons suggest that dorsal displacement of the soft palate is diagnosed less often during overground endoscopy than during treadmill endoscopy. Strenuous exercise tests may be more easily performed on a treadmill than by performing multiple exercise intervals in the field. Potential relevance: Care should be taken in interpreting negative findings during both procedures, but particularly during overground endoscopy if racing conditions have not been appropriately replicated. [source] Flight characteristics of birds:IBIS, Issue 2 2001I. radar measurements of speeds This is the first part of a study on flight characteristics of birds and presents an annotated list of flight speeds of 139 western Palearctic species. All measurements were taken with the same tracking radar and corrected for wind influence according to radar-tracked wind-measuring balloons. Graphical presentation of the birds' air speeds emphasizes the wide variation of speeds within species and allows easy comparison between taxonomic groups, species, and types of flight. Unlike theoretical predictions, speeds increase only slightly with size. The larger species seem to be increasingly limited to speeds close to their speed of minimum power consumption Vmp',. Released birds, apparently reluctant to depart with migratory speed, fly at considerably lower speeds than migrating conspecifics. While large birds seem to be limited to speeds around Vmp', smaller birds seem to be capable of selecting between various speeds, approaching predicted Vmp, when tending to remain airborne at low cost, but flying at much higher speeds when tending to make best progress at low cost (around predicted speed of maximum range Vmr,). Predictions of air speeds by aerodynamic models proved to be too low for small birds because the models do not account for the gain in speed attained by the reduction in profile drag during bounding flight of small passerines. The models predict excessive speeds for large birds because the power output available for flight seems to decline much more with size than previously assumed. [source] Driving speed changes and subjective estimates of time savings, accident risks and brakingAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Ola Svenson Participants made decisions between two road improvements to increase mean speed. Time saved when speed increased from a higher driving speed was overestimated in relation to time saved from increases from lower speeds. In Study 2, participants matched pairs of speed increases so that they would give the same time saving and repeated the bias. The increase in risk of an accident with person injury was underestimated and the increase in risk of a fatal accident grossly underestimated when speed increased. The increase of stopping distance when speed increased was systematically underestimated. In Study 3, the tasks and results of Study 2 were repeated with engineering students. When forming opinions about speed limits and traffic planning, drivers, the public, politicians and others who do not collect the proper facts are liable to the same biases as those demonstrated in the present study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||